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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Isolation and characterization of male flower cDNAs from maize.

Differential screening of two libraries made from whole, immature maize tassels was used to isolate six cDNAs which show enhanced levels of expression in male flowers. MFS1, MFS2, MFS4, MFS10 and MFS18, which were isolated from a 5 cm tassel library, are expressed throughout tassel growth up until mature pollen is produced in the anthers. MFS14, which was isolated from a 10-12 cm tassel library, has a narrower window of expression associated with microsporogenesis and declines as mature pollen is produced. MFS18 mRNA accumulates in the glumes and in anther walls, paleas and lemmas of mature florets. MFS18 mRNA is particularly associated with the vascular bundle in the glumes and encodes a polypeptide of 12 kDa, rich in glycine, proline and serine that has similarities with other plant structural proteins. In contrast, MFS14 mRNA accumulates in the tapetum and encodes a polypeptide of 13 kDa that is rich in alanine. The MFS14 and MFS18 proteins are basic (isoelectric points of 11.56 and 9.54, respectively) and both have hydrophobic N-termini which display all the characteristics of signal peptides, indicating that these proteins may be secreted.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

The blue light-responsive AthH2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is primarily expressed in expanding as well as in differentiating cells and encodes a putative channel protein of the plasmalemma.

According to our previous studies the Arabidopsis gene AthH2 which is inducible by blue light and phytohormones codes for an intrinsic membrane protein. It bears a resemblance to several distinct channel proteins of plant and animal species classified as the MIP/NOD-26/GlpF family. In the present study biochemical analyses and electron microscopic immunochemistry were used to elucidate the subcellular location of the AthH2 protein. The results clearly demonstrate that it is an exclusive constituent of the plasmalemma. Furthermore, the expression of the AthH2 gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing the promoter region of AthH2 fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene was studied. The in situ localization of gus activity revealed that the specific promoter is temporally activated by light in expanding and/or differentiating cells comprising newly formed tissues and organs: root elongation zone, guard cells of stomata, vascular bundle sheaths, filaments of stamen and young siliques. Several sites of gus expression coincide spatially with those of in situ hybridization and the immunocytochemical reaction, respectively, suggesting that the AthH2 promoter had correctly responded to light as an important exogenous factor with relevance to the complex pattern of differentiation. Studies with protoplasts from plants transformed with an antisense construct revealed a water transport capacity of the AthH2 protein.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1996

Expression of the early nodulin, ENOD40, in soybean roots in response to various lipo-chitin signal molecules.

The lipo-chitin (LCO) nodulation signal (nod signal) purified from Bradyrhizobium japonicum induced nodule primordia on soybean (i.e. Glycine soja) roots. These primordia were characterized by a bifurcated vascular connection, cortical cell division, and the accumulation of mRNA of the early nodulin gene, ENOD40. A chemically synthesized LCO identical in structure to the Nod signal purified from B. japonicum cultures showed the same activity when inoculated on to soybean roots. Surprisingly, synthetic LCO or chitin pentamer, inactive in inducing root hair curling (HAD) or cortical cell division (NOI) in G. soja, induced the transient accumulation of ENOD40 mRNA. In roots inoculated with such LCO, ENOD40 mRNA was abundant at 40 h after inoculation but decreased to the background levels 6 days after inoculation. In contrast, nod signals active in inducing HAD and NOI induced high levels of ENOD40 accumulation at 40 h and 6 days after inoculation. In situ hybridization analysis showed that ENOD40 mRNA accumulated in the pericycle of the vascular bundle at 24 h after root inoculation with nod signal. At 6 days post-inoculation with nod signal, ENOD40 expression was seen in dividing subepidermal cortical cells. These results provide morphological and molecular evidence that nodule induction in soybean in response to purified or synthetic nod signal is similar, if not identical, to nodule formation induced by bacterial inoculation. Surprisingly, ENOD40 mRNA accumulation occurs in response to non-specific chitin signals. This suggests that, in the case of ENOD40, nodulation specificity is not determined at the level of initial gene expression.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1998

A pectate lyase from Zinnia elegans is auxin inducible.

The Zinnia mesophyll cell system consists of isolated leaf mesophyll cells in culture that can be induced, by auxin and cytokinin, to reproducibly trans-differentiate into tracheary elements (TE) after 96 h, while in the presence of auxin alone the cells simply elongate. In a search for genes involved in modifications to cell-wall architecture before any overt signs of cell differentiation, a differential hybridization of a 72-h cDNA library with probes from mRNA at time-points of 24 h and 72 h was done revealing a number of transcripts up-regulated between these times. One of these cDNAs shows homology to pectate lyase, a pectin-degrading enzyme. The complete cDNA sequence (ZePel) corresponds to a translated protein of 44 kDa with an N-terminal signal peptide of about 2 kDa, and one potential N-glycosylation site. Northern analysis confirms that the strong expression of this gene during TE induction occurs at a very early stage of the process and is due solely to the presence of auxin in the induction medium. In situ hybridization studies in young Zinnia stems show that ZePel expression is associated with vascular bundles and shoot primordia. Recombinant protein made in Escherichia coli possesses calcium-dependent pectate lyase activity. Pectate lyase activity is detected in elongating and differentiating in vitro cell populations. The role of this enzyme in remodelling the cell wall during cell elongation and differentiation is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Expression of a soybean nodule-enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene that shows striking similarity to another gene for a house-keeping isoform.

Three different cDNAs for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were isolated from soybean root nodules. The full-length cDNA of the most abundant isoform (GmPEPC7) was very similar to another one (GmPEPC15), the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to that of a reported clone (gmppc1) (Vazquez-Tello, A., Whittier, R.F., Kawasaki, T., Sugimoto, T., Kawamura, Y. and Shibata, D. (1993) Plant Physiol. 103, 1025-1026). In the coding region, the newly isolated GmPEPC7 and the previously reported were gmppc1 99% and 98% identical at the amino acid and nucleotide levels, respectively. In contrast, they exhibited only 39% identity in the 3' non-coding region, indicating that they are encoded by distinct genes. Northern blot analysis with 3' non-coding regions as isoform-specific probes showed that GmPEPC7 is nodule-enhanced whereas GmPEPC15 (gmppc1) is expressed in most soybean tissues. The third clone (GmPEPC4) was much less homologous to the above two clones and thus was not further characterized. It was also shown by in situ hybridization that the nodule-enhanced isoform is expressed in all cell types in nodules, including in Bradyrhizobium-infected and uninfected cells and cortical cells. A relatively strong hybridization signal was detected in the vascular bundle pericycle. Southern blot analysis indicated that there are only two PEPC genes exhibiting a high degree of similarity in the soybean genome, one for the nodule-enhanced GmPEPC7 and the other for the constitutively expressed gmppc1. A phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences of soybean PEPCs and nodule-enhanced PEPCs of alfalfa and pea suggested that the soybean nodule-enhanced isoform evolved from the housekeeping PEPC gene after the ureid-translocating and amide-translocating legumes diverged from each other.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Allene oxide synthases of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Salome): tissue specific regulation in seedling development.

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is the first enzyme in the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway which leads to formation of jasmonic acid (JA). Two full-length cDNAs of AOS designated as AOS1 and AOS2, respectively, were isolated from barley (H. vulgare cv. Salome) leaves, which represent the first AOS clones from a monocotyledonous species. For AOS1, the open reading frame encompasses 1461 bp encoding a polypeptide of 487 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 53.4 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.3, whereas the corresponding data of AOS2 are 1443 bp, 480 amino acids, 52.7 kDa and 7.9. Southern blot analysis revealed at least two genes. Despite the lack of a putative chloroplast signal peptide in both sequences, the protein co-purified with chloroplasts and was localized within chloroplasts by immunocytochemical analysis. The barley AOSs, expressed in bacteria as active enzymes, catalyze the dehydration of LOX-derived 9- as well as 13-hydroperoxides of polyenoic fatty acids to the unstable allene oxides. In leaves, AOS mRNA accumulated upon treatment with jasmonates, octadecanoids and metabolizable carbohydrates, but not upon floating on abscisic acid, NaCl, Na-salicylate or infection with powdery mildew. In developing seedlings, AOS mRNA strongly accumulated in the scutellar nodule, but less in the leaf base. Both tissues exhibited elevated JA levels. In situ hybridizations revealed the preferential occurrence of AOS mRNA in parenchymatic cells surrounding the vascular bundles of the scutellar nodule and in the young convoluted leaves as well as within the first internode. The properties of both barley AOSs, their up-regulation of their mRNAs and their tissue specific expression suggest a role during seedling development and jasmonate biosynthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

The roles of three functional sulphate transporters involved in uptake and translocation of sulphate in Arabidopsis thaliana.

To investigate the uptake and long-distance translocation of sulphate in plants, we have characterized three cell-type-specific sulphate transporters, Sultr1;1, Sultr2;1 and Sultr2;2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression in the yeast sulphate transporter mutant indicated that Sultr1;1 encodes a high-affinity sulphate transporter (Km for sulphate 3.6 +/- 0.6 microM), whereas Sultr2;1 and Sultr2;2 encode low-affinity sulphate transporters (Km for sulphate 0.41 +/- 0.07 mM and >/= 1.2 mM, respectively). In Arabidopsis plants expressing the fusion gene construct of the Sultr1;1 promoter and green fluorescent protein (GFP), GFP was localized in the lateral root cap, root hairs, epidermis and cortex of roots. beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expressed with the Sultr2;1 promoter was specifically accumulated in the xylem parenchyma cells of roots and leaves, and in the root pericycles and leaf phloem. Expression of the Sultr2;2 promoter-GFP fusion gene showed specific localization of GFP in the root phloem and leaf vascular bundle sheath cells. Plants continuously grown with low sulphate concentrations accumulated high levels of Sultr1;1 and Sultr2;1 mRNA in roots and Sultr2;2 mRNA in leaves. The abundance of Sultr1;1 and Sultr2;1 mRNA was increased remarkably in roots by short-term stress caused by withdrawal of sulphate. Addition of selenate in the sulphate-sufficient medium increased the sulphate uptake capacity, tissue sulphate content and the abundance of Sultr1;1 and Sultr2;1 mRNA in roots. Concomitant decrease of the tissue thiol content after selenate treatment was consistent with the suggested role of glutathione (GSH) as a repressive effector for the expression of sulphate transporter genes.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2001

Spatial and temporal expression of two cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in Scots pine: functional implications on nitrogen metabolism during early stages of conifer development.

Ammonium assimilation during the initial stages of Scots pine growth involves two cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS, EC: 6.3.1.2) isoenzymes encoded by separate genes, GS1a and GS1b. GS1a was most exclusively expressed in photosynthetic tissues of the seedling whereas GS1b was expressed ubiquitously showing higher levels in non-photosynthetic tissues such as root and hypocotyl. Temporal expression analysis has shown that when germination starts GS1b is the predominant form in the embryo, however, its relative abundance in the tissue decreased in the postgerminative stages when green cotyledons are developed. In contrast GS1a was present at a low level in the embryo but its abundance increased markedly during germination and seedling growth. These data suggest that GS1a and GS1b genes display different and non-redundant roles in the nitrogen metabolism of conifers. The precise localization of individual transcripts by in situ hybridization strongly supports this possibility. GS1 gene products are mainly expressed in different cellular types: GS1a in chlorophylic parenchyma and GS1b in the vascular bundles of all tissues examined in the seedling. Our data support that glutamine biosynthesis in pine seedlings follows a different pattern related to angiosperms involving two cytosolic GS proteins: one of them a typical cytosolic GS which may be involved in the generation of glutamine for N transport and a second cytosolic GS generating amino donors for the biosynthesis of major N compounds in photosynthetic tissues, a closer role to angiosperm chloroplastic GS. The results are discussed with regard to recent studies on N mobilization and metabolism during the initial stages of conifer development.

Cycadopsida↗
PubMed2001

Evidence for the plant-specific intercellular transport of the Arabidopsis copper chaperone CCH.

Arabidopsis copper chaperone (CCH) belongs to a family of eukaryotic proteins that participates in intracellular copper homeostasis by delivering this metal to the secretory pathway. In this work we show that the CCH protein is mainly located along the vascular bundles of senescing leaves and petioles, as shown by tissue prints and immunohistochemical detection. CCH protein also accumulates in stem sieve elements and is collected in phloem exudates. Accordingly, Arabidopsis CCH is the only member of the metallochaperone family described to function intercellularly to date. Moreover, the CCH protein remains stable when plants are subjected to excess copper that causes a rapid and specific decrease in its mRNA. These facts point to a role for CCH in copper mobilization from decaying organs towards reproductive structures, as a result of metalloprotein breakdown.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Isolation, cloning and expression of a multifunctional O-methyltransferase capable of forming 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone, one of the key aroma compounds in strawberry fruits.

Strawberry fruits contain an uncommon group of key aroma compounds with a 2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone structure. Here, we report on the methylation of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) to 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMMF) by a S-adenosyl-L-methionine dependent O-methyltransferase, the cloning of the corresponding cDNA and characterization of the encoded protein. Northern-hybridization indicated that the Strawberry-OMT specific transcripts accumulated during ripening in strawberry fruits and were absent in root, petiole, leaf and flower. The protein was functionally expressed in E. coli and exhibited a substrate specificity for catechol, caffeic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, caffeoyl CoA and DMHF. A common structural feature of the accepted substrates was a o-diphenolic structure also present in DMHF in its dienolic tautomer. FaOMT is active as a homodimer and the native enzyme shows optimum activity at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C. It does not require a cofactor for enzymatic activity. Due to the expression pattern of FaOMT and the enzymatic activity in the different stages of fruit ripening we suppose that FaOMT is involved in lignification of the achenes and the vascular bundles in the expanding fruit. In addition, it is concluded that the Strawberry-OMT plays an important role in the biosynthesis of strawberry volatiles such as vanillin and DMMF.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2002

Functional characterization of a heavy metal binding protein CdI19 from Arabidopsis.

Heavy metals are potentially highly toxic for organisms. Plants possess the ability to minimize damage but the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be detailed. Screening Cd-responsive genes in Arabidopsis, we previously identified a gene encoding a putative metal binding protein CdI19, which, upon introduction into yeast cells, conferred marked toleration of Cd exposure. Here we describe that bacterially expressed CdI19 directly interacts with Cd at its CXXC motif, as revealed by circular dichroism analysis, and that it is exclusively localized at plasma membranes, as revealed by heterologous expression of fusion product with a green fluorescent protein in BY2 cells. Northern blot analyses indicated that CdI19 transcripts were induced not only by Cd, but also by dicationic forms of Hg, Fe and Cu. Histochemical assays using transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the CdI19 promoter::GUS showed CdI19 to be expressed in petiole, hypocotyl, peduncle and vascular bundles in root tissues. Overexpression of the CdI19 cDNA conferred Cd tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results suggest that CdI19 plays an important role in the maintenance of heavy metal homeostasis and/or in detoxification by endowing plasma membranes with the capacity to serve as an initial barrier against inflow of free heavy metal ions into cells.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

The role of invertases and hexose transporters in controlling sugar ratios in maternal and filial tissues of barley caryopses during early development.

To analyse carbohydrate metabolism and its role during early seed development of barley we characterised genes encoding two cell wall-bound invertases (HvCWINV1 and HvCWINV2) and two putative hexose transporter-like genes (HvSTP1 and HvSTP2). No typical vacuolar invertase gene could be identified. Instead, a gene encoding sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (HvSF6FT1), an enzyme with soluble acid invertase activity, was isolated and characterised. Furthermore, enzyme activities and sugar levels were measured. HvSF6FT1-mRNA levels and acid soluble invertase activity are highest in the maternal pericarp 1-2 days after flowering (DAF). HvSF6FT1 is strongly expressed in regions flanking the main vascular bundle and to a lower extent in filial endospermal transfer cells, which persist until maturity and never accumulate starch. In contrast, cell wall-bound invertase HvCWINV2 is expressed early in development mainly in the style region and later on in pericarp areas which transiently accumulate starch and undergo degradation later in development. The hexose transporter HvSTP2 shows a temporal and spatial expression pattern similar to HvCWINV2. Transcripts of HvCWINV1 have been localised within the first row of endospermal cells and in the outermost area of the nucellar projection as well as in endospermal transfer cells before starch filling; the same regions of the endosperm are labelled with a hexose transporter HvSTP1-probe. HvSTP1 is expressed at very low levels within the pericarp but much higher in the syncytial endosperm at 3 DAF and in endospermal transfer cells 7 DAF. The temporal and spatial association of HvCWINV1 and HvSTP1 expression indicates that hexoses liberated by the invertase within the endospermal cavity are taken up by the transporter to be delivered into the central uncellularised space of the endosperm to supply mitotically active endosperm cells with hexoses. The results are discussed and compared with published data on the role of soluble sugars as signal molecules in seed developmental processes.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2003

AtNRAMP3, a multispecific vacuolar metal transporter involved in plant responses to iron deficiency.

Metal homeostasis is critical for the survival of living organisms, and metal transporters play central roles in maintaining metal homeostasis in the living cells. We have investigated the function of a metal transporter of the NRAMP family, AtNRAMP3, in Arabidopsis thaliana. A previous study showed that AtNRAMP3 expression is upregulated by iron (Fe) starvation and that AtNRAMP3 protein can transport Fe. In the present study, we used AtNRAMP3 promoter beta-glucoronidase (GUS) fusions to show that AtNRAMP3 is expressed in the vascular bundles of roots, stems, and leaves under Fe-sufficient conditions. This suggests a function in long-distance metal transport within the plant. Under Fe-starvation conditions, the GUS activity driven by the AtNRAMP3 promoter is upregulated without any change in the expression pattern. We analyze the impact of AtNRAMP3 disruption and overexpression on metal accumulation in plants. Under Fe-sufficient conditions, AtNRAMP3 overexpression or disruption does not lead to any change in the plant metal content. Upon Fe starvation, AtNRAMP3 disruption leads to increased accumulation of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the roots, whereas AtNRAMP3 overexpression downregulates Mn accumulation. In addition, overexpression of AtNRAMP3 downregulates the expression of the primary Fe uptake transporter IRT1 and of the root ferric chelate reductase FRO2. Expression of AtNRAMP3::GFP fusion protein in onion cells or Arabidopsis protoplasts shows that AtNRAMP3 protein localizes to the vacuolar membrane. To account for the results presented, we propose that AtNRAMP3 influences metal accumulation and IRT1 and FRO2 gene expression by mobilizing vacuolar metal pools to the cytosol.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2003

Three rice nicotianamine synthase genes, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, and OsNAS3 are expressed in cells involved in long-distance transport of iron and differentially regulated by iron.

Nicotianamine (NA), a chelator of metals, is ubiquitously present in higher plants. In graminaceous plants, NA is a biosynthetic precursor of phytosiderophores and is thus a crucial component for iron (Fe) acquisition. Here, we show that three rice NA synthase (NAS) genes, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, and OsNAS3 are expressed in cells involved in long-distance transport of Fe and that the three genes are differentially regulated by Fe. OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 transcripts were detected in Fe-sufficient roots but not in leaves, and levels of both increased markedly in both roots and leaves in response to Fe deficiency. In contrast, the OsNAS3 transcript was present in leaves but was very low in roots of Fe-sufficient plants. Further, OsNAS3 expression was induced in roots but was suppressed in leaves in response to Fe deficiency. Promoter-GUS analysis revealed that OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 were expressed in Fe-sufficient roots in companion cells and pericycle cells adjacent to the protoxylem. With Fe deficiency, OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 expression extended to all root cells along with an increase in phytosiderophore secretion. In Fe-deficient plants, OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 were expressed in the vascular bundles of green leaves and in all cells of leaves showing severe chlorosis. OsNAS3 expression was restricted to the pericycle and companion cells of the roots, and in companion cells of leaves irrespective of Fe status. These results strongly suggested that NAS and NA play an important role in long-distance transport of Fe in rice plants, in addition to their roles in phytosiderophore secretion from roots.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗
PubMed2003

Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the rat carotid body.

The rat carotid body was immunohistochemically stained for carbonic anhydrase I, II and III (CA-I, CA-II and CA-III). Immunoreactivity for CA-I was distributed in type I cells, type II cells and nerve bundles. Smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of blood vessels were also strongly stained for CA-I. CA-II immunoreactivity was distinctly positive in type I cells and nerve bundles. Vascular smooth muscle cells were weakly positive, and type II cells were negative for CA-II. CA-III immunoreactivity was identified in type I cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Our results suggest that carbonic anhydrase isozymes in type I cells play an important role in chemoreception for hypercapnia. Immunoreactivities for CA-I and CA-II in the nerve fibres may participate in the synergic action of carotid sinus nerve between hypoxic and hypercapnic stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The lumbar artery perforator based island flap: anatomical study and case reports.

A lumbar artery island flap can be elevated based on a single lumbar artery. We studied the vascular anatomy using 21 specimens of lumbar arteries in 11 cadavers, and investigated the skin territory of the artery using fluorescein injection. We observed lumbar perforators emerging through the lumbar fascia at the lateral border of the erector spinae muscle, situated 5-9 cm from the midline. The diameter of the vascular bundle at the site of perforation ranged from 1 to 5 mm. Perforators of the second and fourth lumbar arteries were much more developed than others. The cutaneous territory supplied by the second lumbar artery extended from the posterior midline to the lateral border of the rectus sheath, and at least 10 cm above the anterosuperior iliac spine. We transferred four clinical flaps for coverage of ulcers on the lower back. All flaps survived and their donor site defects were closed primarily. The cadaver dissection, the injection study and our clinical success have confirmed the feasibility of lumbar artery island flaps.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Combined pedicle and free-tissue transfer to improve functional restoration of the foot: the "backpack principle".

Reconstruction of weight-bearing areas of the foot remains a challenging problem for the reconstructive surgeon. The principle described involves the combination of an innervated regional pedicle flap providing sensate, durable coverage of the weight-bearing heel, and a microvascular fascia flap for thin, pliable coverage of a large surface defect, based on the same vascular bundle. This provides excellent long-term stability and minimizes the disruption of blood supply to the foot. The result after 3 years demonstrates that this concept may represent an interesting solution for these particular problems.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗
PubMed1996

Ring avulsion injuries: microsurgical management.

Microsurgical treatment of ring avulsion injuries is often difficult, due to widespread intimal damage of the digital vascular bundles. Thirty-one patients with such injuries in varying degrees were treated during the period 1986 to 1992: of these, 15 underwent microsurgical revascularization. In addition to the traditional procedures applied in seven patients (arteriolysis, direct vessel suture, vein grafts), a technique consisting of vessel transfer from the middle finger was also employed. In five patients, the ulnar digital artery of the middle finger was transferred to the ring finger. In four patients, at least one vein was transferred from the dorsal aspect of the middle finger. Twelve of 15 microreconstructions were successful: with an average follow-up of 48.3 months, these patients showed very good functional (mean total active range of motion: 234 degrees and mean s2PD: 9.8mm) and cosmetic recovery. These results lead to the conclusion that, except for cases characterized by proximal amputation at the flexor superficialis tendon insertion, microsurgical treatment should always be carried out.

Adult↗