SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “peer functioning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Complete dentures for a child with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report.

Young children with anodontia caused by hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia not only have difficulties in eating and speaking but can also sense that their appearance is different than others. Enabling children with HED to look and act more like their peers through the use of well-fitting and functioning dentures with age-appropriate denture teeth will greatly assist in their transitioning into the school years. Although denture fabrication requires multiple patient appointments and good cooperation, it is shown that even young children can cooperate for the denture-making process. The desire to be like others who have teeth can be a motivator for cooperation in even the young child. Children should be given every opportunity to develop to their fullest potential. The dentist can make a significant contribution to the overall development and well being of a child with HED.

Anodontia↗

PubMed1985

Delayed female sexual maturation. How to approach differential diagnosis.

Delayed sexual development is present when an adolescent girl fails to experience, at an age that is beyond the average for her peers, those pubertal events that are indexes of gonadal function. Adolescent girls whose sexual development is delayed can be divided into three groups: (1) those who have not menstruated but have well-developed secondary sexual characteristics, indicating that they have a functioning hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian mechanism, (2) those with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics whose hypothalamus and pituitary are functional but who have ovarian failure, as indicated by high levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), and (3) those with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics whose normal ovaries are not functioning because of a hypothalamic or pituitary disorder, as indicated by low or low normal serum FSH/LH levels (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism). There are, in addition, individuals with a female habitus and external female genitalia who were reared as females but have an XY karyotype and come to the physician with a complaint of delayed female sexual maturation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Common exon duplication in animals and its role in alternative splicing.

When searching the genomes of human, fly and worm for cases of exon duplication, we found that about 10% of all genes contain tandemly duplicated exons. In the course of the analyses, 2438 unannotated exons were identified that are not currently included in genome databases and that are likely to be functional. The vast majority of them are likely to be involved in mutually exclusive alternative splicing events. The common nature of recent exon duplication indicates that it might have a significant role in the fast evolution of eukaryotic genes. It also provides a general mechanism for the regulation of protein function.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed2003

The causes of schizophrenia: neurodevelopment and other risk factors.

Understanding the etiology of schizophrenia has been a considerable challenge. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis has held sway in recent years, focusing our attention on biological causes acting in early life. Much evidence supports this hypothesis and risk factors operating in early life (e.g., obstetric complications) have been shown to be associated with the later development of schizophrenia. Indicators of abnormal neurodevelopment that characterize individuals vulnerable to later developing schizophrenia have also been identified. For example, as a group, children who will later develop schizophrenia subtly differ from their peers in terms of their motor, cognitive, and social functioning. However, there is much that cannot be explained in purely neurodevelopmental terms. There is growing evidence of associations between the risk of schizophrenia and factors such as drug misuse, ethnicity/migration, life events, and urbanicity. A multifactorial model of causation that encompasses biological, social, and psychological elements is arguably both a better representation of current research findings and a more appropriate model for clinical practice.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Practitioner review: Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2- and 3-year-old children.

BACKGROUND: Progress has recently been made in the earlier identification of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Whilst being welcome, this progress to earlier referral and diagnosis presents new challenges to clinical practice, including the accuracy and stability of early diagnosis, the utility of standardised assessment instruments with young pre-schoolers and the ability to indicate prognosis. METHOD: A selective review of recent research literature on the characteristic features of ASD in preschool children. RESULTS: Multidisciplinary diagnostic assessment should include detailed information on developmental history, parents' descriptions of the everyday behaviour and activities of the child, direct assessment of the child's social interaction style, including where possible with age peers, and formal assessment of communicative, intellectual and adaptive function. Clinical assessments need to concentrate on the identification of impairments in early non-verbal social communication behaviours that characterise children with ASD from the second year of life, including social orienting, joint attention, imitation, play and reciprocal affective behaviour. The particular pattern of symptoms that presents in a 2-year-old with ASD may differ from that seen at the more prototypic age of 4 or 5 years. In particular, overt repetitive and stereotyped behaviours may be less notable, although where these are seen alongside the social and communicative impairments they are highly indicative of ASD. The use of standardised assessment instruments and the strict application of the DSM and ICD diagnostic criteria need to be employed with caution, as an expert clinical view has been shown to be more accurate. An important aspect of early diagnostic consultation is an open and straightforward approach to the negotiation of the diagnostic view with parents over time. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier diagnosis and rising recognition of ASD have significant implications for primary healthcare and specialist diagnostic and therapeutic services.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1990

Goal structure effects on social interaction: nondisabled and disabled elementary students.

This study compared social interaction behavior between nondisabled and disabled students, as a function of the way tasks were structured during a peer integration program. Of the eight pairs of students, four pairs were assigned to an individualistic goal-structured condition; the other four pairs, to a cooperative condition. For nondisabled students, the cooperative condition was associated with more social interaction during activity and free play sessions. For disabled students, the cooperative condition was associated with more social interaction during activity sessions, but not during free play sessions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury: reintegration challenges in educational settings.

Changes in federal law have paved the way for students with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to receive special educational services. Although not all students with TBI need special education, many will need careful planning for reintegration into the classroom. The present article presents information about the range of services that need to be considered for these students and the problems that can affect students' academic and social functioning. Characteristics that distinguish this group of students from peers with special learning needs are highlighted and specific suggestions are made to help educators work more effectively with these students when they return to school. A case study is used to highlight the issues discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form: normative data.

BACKGROUND: The International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form may be used to measure symptoms, function, and sports activity for people with a variety of knee disorders, including ligamentous and meniscal injuries, osteoarthritis, and patellofemoral dysfunction. To date, normative data have not been established for this valid, reliable, and responsive outcomes instrument. PURPOSE: To provide clinicians and researchers with normative data to facilitate the interpretation of results on the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: The Subjective Knee Evaluation Form was mailed to 600 people in each of 8 age/gender categories (18-24 years, 25-34 years, 35-50 years, and 51-65 years for both male subjects and female subjects). Participants were drawn from a panel of 550 000 households (1 300 000 subjects) representative of noninstitutionalized persons in the United States and were matched to data from the United States Census Bureau on geographical region, market size, income, and household size. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 5246 knees. Twenty-eight percent of respondents reported an injury, weakness, or other problem with one or both knees. Normative data were determined for respondents as a whole and for the subset of respondents with no history of knee problems. Mean scores were determined for men aged 18 to 24 years (89 +/- 18), 25 to 34 years (89 +/- 16), 35 to 50 years (85 +/- 19), and 51 to 55 years (77 +/- 23); mean scores were also determined for women aged 18 to 24 years (86 +/- 19), 25 to 34 years (86 +/- 19), 35 to 50 years (80 +/- 23), and 51 to 65 years (71 +/- 26). Scores were higher for the subset of respondents with no history of current or prior knee problems. CONCLUSION: Scores on the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form vary by age, gender, and history of knee problems. The normative data collected in this article will allow clinicians to interpret how patients with knee injuries are functioning relative to their age- and gender-matched peers and will enable researchers to determine the clinical outcomes of treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Presenting problems and assigned diagnoses among young Latino children with disruptive behaviors.

It is unclear whether the behaviors that alert families to the need for services are those that classify children for the diagnoses they receive. This study describes the behaviors that Latina mothers from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic report to have induced them to seek services for their young children. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were used. Results indicated that mothers most frequently cited behaviors that fell in the categories of Hyperactivity, Aggression/Temper Tantrums, and School Complaints as reasons for help seeking. Whereas aggression and self-injurious acts were most alarming to mothers, School Complaints appeared to be a strong motivator for help seeking. Children whose mothers cited school behavior as a reason for help seeking had significantly poorer global functioning and presented significantly higher care giving demands than peers. In addition, their mothers reported significantly more disciplinary laxity than the mothers of peers without School Complaints. Maternal narratives of children's behaviors moderately concurred with assigned diagnoses. Mothers overlooked inattentive behaviors in children with ADHD and reported much more aggression and oppositionality than might be expected from the number of diagnoses of ODD that were assigned.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2000

Predicting cognitive performance in alcoholics and nonalcoholics: specification of affective, childhood behavior disorders, and antisocial variables.

Glenn, Errico, Parsons, King, and Nixon (1993) reported that composite indexes of childhood behavior disorders, current affective distress, and lifetime antisocial behaviors predicted different aspects of neurocognitive functioning in abstinent male and female alcoholics and in peer nonalcoholics. To make the results more pertinent to clinical assessment, we have: (a) identified the components of the composite indexes that were the best predictors, (b) added new data predicting overall impairment, and (c) conducted within-group male and female comparisons. In alcoholics, the depressive symptoms component of the affective distress composite index predicted set-shifting and overall impairment scores; the childhood attention deficit disorder behaviors component of the childhood behavior disorders composite predicted lower verbal performance. For nonalcoholics, childhood attention disorder behaviors predicted verbal, visuospatial, set-shifting, and overall impairment scores. Results for men and women were generally consistent with overall group analyses. The results have implications for cognitive assessment in alcoholic and nonalcoholic persons.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Mechanisms of disease: the blood-brain barrier.

OBJECTIVE: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is often perceived as a passive membrane. However, evidence has demonstrated that the BBB plays an active role in normal homeostasis and in certain disease processes. METHODS: Approximately 300 peer-reviewed publications that discussed normal or abnormal BBB function were reviewed. RESULTS: The role of the BBB and how it contributes to disorders of the central nervous system vary, depending on the specific disease process. CONCLUSION: In health and disease and extending to old age, endothelial cells, neurons, and glia constitute a neurovascular unit that regulates the BBB. Advances toward penetrating the BBB must account for both normal and abnormal functions of the neurovascular unit.

Blood-Brain Barrier↗

PubMed1989

Aerobic and resistive exercise modify risk factors for coronary heart disease.

An awareness of the health-related benefits of regular physical activity, prudent diet, and cessation of cigarette smoking are some of the mechanisms by which risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and the incidence of complications of atherosclerosis have declined in the American population. Exercise training is associated with improvements in lipid and glucose metabolism that are manifested by enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved glucose tolerance, increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, reduced triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and reductions in blood pressure. In addition to reduced risk factors for atherosclerosis, physically conditioned individuals have better cardiovascular function at rest and during exercise than their inactive peers. Thus, exercising training reduces morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic complications through both direct (cardiovascular) and indirect (risk factor modification) mechanisms. Many studies demonstrate a strong association between regular physical activity and reduced risk for CHD. This article provides a review of risk factors for CHD and the potential health benefits of aerobic and resistive exercise. The time seems apt for the institution of multifactorial cardiovascular risk prevention programs in which aerobic and resistive exercise are combined with prudent diet therapy and smoking cessation to reduce risk factors for CHD.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2001

Body image, psychosocial functioning, and personality: how different are adolescents and young adults applying for plastic surgery?

This study addressed three questions: (1) Do adolescents undergoing plastic surgery have a realistic view of their body? (2) How urgent is the psychosocial need of adolescents to undergo plastic surgery? (3) Which relations exist between bodily attitudes and psychosocial functioning and personality? From 1995 to 1997, 184 plastic surgical patients aged 12 to 22, and a comparison group of 684 adolescents and young adults from the general population aged 12 to 22 years, and their parents, were interviewed and completed questionnaires and standardised rating scales. Adolescents accepted for plastic surgery had realistic appearance attitudes and were psychologically healthy overall. Patients were equally satisfied with their overall appearance as the comparison group, but more dissatisfied with the specific body parts concerned for operation, especially when undergoing corrective operations. Patients had measurable appearance-related psychosocial problems. Patient boys reported less self-confidence on social areas than all other groups. There were very few patient-comparison group differences in correlations between bodily and psychosocial variables, indicating that bodily attitudes and satisfaction are not differentially related to psychosocial functioning and self-perception in patients than in peers. We concluded that adolescents accepted for plastic surgery have considerable appearance-related psychosocial problems, patients in the corrective group reporting more so than in the reconstructive group. Plastic surgeons may assume that these adolescents in general have a realistic attitude towards their appearance. are psychologically healthy, and are mainly dissatisfied about the body parts concerned for operation. corrective patients more so than reconstructive patients. Introverted patients may need more attention from plastic surgeons during the psychosocial assessment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

The maternal representation. A comparison of caregiver- and mother-reared toddlers.

Two groups of toddlers and their caregivers were observed at the Margaret S. Mahler Observational Research Nursery on different days. In one group (the caregiver group) the children of full-time employed mothers were cared for at home by paid caregivers. In the other group (the mother group) the children were cared for full-time by their actual mothers. These two groups are compared in terms of the children's expression of affect, interest in peers, identifications, separation protests, signals of communication, and symbolic functioning. Contributions from infant research are used to illustrate how recent conceptualizations about the construction of the maternal representation further understanding about the child's experience of multiple caregivers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The nurse's role in a child psychiatric unit of St. Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece].

The role of the nurse in a child psychiatric unit is defined by the systems: a. Nurse-child b. Nurse-child-family c. Nurses-children d. Nurses-disciplinary team (a). In these systems the nurse: assesses the child, identifies the problems, sets the goals, provides care, educates the child. (b). Reinforces the parents' role, intervenes to help the relationships in the family. (c). Facilitates the team interactions and also the healthy behaviour in the peer group team, provides secure relationships. The nurse also functions as a reinforcement which leads to maturity. (d). The nurse is an equal member in the therapeutic team, is the link for communication and the main source for information. He participates in the organization and management of the team. Many nurses are specialized in psychiatric and child psychiatric nursing. All nurses believe in the continuing education and they attend various seminars. Through the activities in the unit the nurses have an update information on the subject of their work. Supervisions with educational character have been established for the nursing team. The nurse works on the base of the "special nurse-child" relationship and has the full responsibility of the child. The special nurse fulfills the nursing history. Systematic observation and evaluation are performed by the special nurse: he identifies the problems, sets the goals, formulates a programme, writes down and evaluates the results which means that he works with the implementation of the nursing process.

Child↗

PubMed1980

Child competence and psychiatric risk. III. Comparisons based on diagnosis of hospitalized parent.

The school competence of children whose parents were previously hospitalized for psychiatric disorder was studied. These children, at risk themselves for behavioral disorder, were compared to classmates as well as to each other based upon the diagnosis of the hospitalized parent. Four diagnostic groups were employed: narrowly defined schizophrenic, broadly defined schizophrenic, affective psychotic, and hospitalized nonpsychotic patients. Significant differences between the risk sample and classmates are reported along with differences among the diagnostic groups. Sons of nonpsychotic hospitalized patients were functioning most poorly and were in marked defiance of peer and adult norms. Parental and child IQ were found to have had little impact upon the data and were not considered major interactive variables. Issues concerning systems of diagnoses and the developmental implications of the findings are presented.

Achievement↗

PubMed2000

Adolescent individuation and alcohol use in multi-ethnic youth.

OBJECTIVE: A structural equation modeling approach is used to assess adolescent alcohol use as a function of two measures of individuation in the context of other family and peer psychosocial factors for adolescents in three ethnic groups. The separation measure captures aspects of individuation related to detachment or rebelliousness. Intergenerational individuation measures increasing self-reliance and control with maintenance of supportive family bonds. METHOD: A sample of 1,200 sixth through eighth grade black, Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white adolescents participated. A structural equation model describing adolescent alcohol use as a function of two measures of individuation, family conflict, communication with mother, stress and peer use of alcohol was tested and compared for the three ethnic groups. RESULTS: Significant direct and indirect paths to adolescent alcohol use were indicated for individuation measures and family use, peer use and stress variables. The proposed model fit for each of the groups, although the way in which separation related to stress was different in the black group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the role of individuation as a contributing factor in adolescent alcohol use for each ethnic group. They indicate the importance of family and parent-adolescent relationships in adolescent alcohol use and suggest directions for both family-based and school-based preventive interventions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The long road back.

"The Long Road Back" captures the undulating path of the recovery process from sexual abuse and bipolar disorder in the public mental heath system. It highlights ways the traditional mental health system can help and harm. Even more so. it highlights for the author the importance of involvement in the peer self-help movement. Role modeling, hope, and recovery by fellow recipients of services enabled movement toward life-engaging functions such as volunteerism, school and career possibilities. and a commitment to advocacy on behalf of her peers still in the public mental health system. The peer perspective can especially enhance care. Utilizing peer self-help and carefully listening to the voices of those in the system can make mental health services more responsive to our needs.

Female↗