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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Breast lesions detected with MR imaging: utility and histopathologic importance of identification with US.

PURPOSE: To determine the utility and histopathologic importance of ultrasonographic (US) depiction of breast lesions detected with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was performed of 654 consecutive breast MR examinations performed from November 1999 to February 2001. This yielded 64 patients with 93 suspicious, nonpalpable, mammographically occult lesions evident on MR images and recommended for biopsy, for which directed US assessment was performed. Images, pathologic records, and medical records of these patients were reviewed for imaging findings, patient demographics, and histopathologic findings from subsequent biopsy. Statistical analysis was performed with the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The median size of MR abnormalities was 0.9 cm (range, 0.3-5.0 cm). The pattern of enhancement was a focal mass in 76 (82%) lesions and nonmass in 17 (18%). A US correlate was identified in 21 (23%) lesions detected with MR--19 (25%) of 76 focal mass and two (11%) of 17 nonmass lesions. Carcinoma was found in nine (43%) of these lesions, of which seven (78%) were invasive carcinoma and two (22%) were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Among the lesions without a US correlate, 10 (14%) yielded carcinoma, of which five (50%) were invasive carcinoma and five (50%) were DCIS. The frequency of cancer was significantly higher for lesions that were detected with MR imaging and had a US correlate than for those that did not have a US correlate (43% vs 14%, P =.01). Overall, 19 (20%) lesions detected with MR imaging and examined with US yielded carcinoma at biopsy, and nine (47%) malignant lesions were seen on US images. US depicted seven (58%) of 12 invasive cancers and two (29%) of seven instances of DCIS. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of carcinoma was significantly higher among lesions with a US correlate (43% carcinoma) than lesions without a US correlate (14% carcinoma).

Biopsy↗
PubMed1995

Krukenberg's tumor of the ovary: MR imaging features.

OBJECTIVE: Krukenberg's tumors are metastatic tumors of the ovary. Some of these tumors had hypointense solid components on T2-weighted MR images. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MR features of Krukenberg's tumors and to compare them with those of other solid ovarian tumors to determine whether hypointense solid components on MR images were characteristic of Krukenberg's tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with 21 surgically proven Krukenberg's tumors of the ovary were included in the study; the tumors were bilateral in nine and unilateral in three. The MR images were studied to determine the morphologic characteristics and signal intensity patterns of the tumors (especially the presence or absence of hypointense solid components on T2-weighted images and isointense components on T1-weighted images). MR findings were correlated with histopathologic results. The MR features of 26 additional benign or malignant solid primary ovarian tumors were reviewed for comparison. RESULTS: Of the 21 Krukenberg's tumors, 14 were mostly solid and seven were entirely cystic or mostly cystic on MR images. All had sharp margins, and the oval configuration was preserved in 16. Twelve (57%) of the 21 tumors showed various amounts of hypointense solid components in random distribution or predominantly in the periphery on MR images; pathologically, these components corresponded to areas of dense collagenous stroma. MR imaging also showed that the cystic components within the masses had either well-defined or ill-defined borders. Multiseptation was noted in two masses. Of the 26 additional primary ovarian tumors, only three showed hypointense solid components on MR images. These included thecoma, fibrothecoma, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that identification of hypointense solid components within an ovarian mass on T2-weighted MR images is a characteristic, although not specific, finding for Krukenberg's tumors, especially when the tumors are bilateral, have sharp margins, and have an oval configuration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Colorized digital transmission electron microscopic images for teaching pathology.

We describe how electron microscopic images can be selectively colorized to accentuate ultrastructural detail for teaching purposes. Images are either captured by a CCD camera attached to the electron microscope or are scanned into a computer as electron micrographs. The computer's digital images are then manipulated using image-editing and colorizing software to highlight specific ultrastructural details, and subsequently printed or converted into 35-mm slides to be used for teaching.

Image Enhancement↗
PubMed2004

Semiautomated thermal lesion segmentation for three-dimensional elastographic imaging.

Several studies have demonstrated that lesion volumes computed from multiple planar slices through the region-of-interest (ROI) are more accurate than volumes estimated assuming simple shapes and incorporating single or orthogonal diameter estimates. However, manual delineation of boundaries on multiple planar 2-D images is tedious and labor-intensive. Automatic extraction of lesion boundaries is, therefore, attractive and imperative to remove subjectivity and reduce assessment time. This paper presents a semiautomated segmentation algorithm for thermal lesions on 3-D elastographic data to obtain both area and volume information. The semiautomated segmentation algorithm is based on thresholding and morphologic opening of both 2-D and 3-D elastographic data. Results obtained on 44 thermal lesions imaged in vitro using elastography were compared to manual delineation of both elastographic and pathology images. Results obtained using semiautomated segmentation demonstrate a close correspondence with manual delineation results. However, area and volume estimates obtained using both manual and semiautomated segmentation of lesions seen on elastograms slightly underestimate areas and volumes measured from pathology.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Malignant germ cell tumours of undescended testes: imaging features with pathological correlation.

AIM: To illustrate the imaging features of malignant germ cell tumours complicating undescended testes, emphasizing the importance of recognizing this condition and providing a correct diagnosis to facilitate appropriate management. METHODS: The clinical presentation, ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) features of eight consecutive patients with malignant germ cell tumours of undescended testes were reviewed. RESULTS: CT performed in seven patients showed well-circumscribed soft-tissue masses with inhomogeneous enhancement in all cases. US in four patients showed circumscribed masses with inhomogeneous echogenicity. On pathological examination, there were two cases of embryonal carcinoma and six cases of seminoma. All tumours showed necrosis that correlated to inhomogeneous areas on imaging. CONCLUSION: The radiologist has an important role as he may be the first physician to suggest the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

MR imaging of adrenal masses: value of chemical-shift imaging for distinguishing adenomas from other tumors.

OBJECTIVE: CT and conventional MR imaging are helpful in characterizing adrenal tumors, but a specific diagnosis is not achieved for a substantial number of lesions. Chemical-shift imaging relies on the different resonance frequencies of protons in water and triglyceride molecules and therefore may permit a more specific diagnosis of adrenal adenomas, which are known to contain abundant lipid. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of chemical-shift MR imaging in the differentiation of adrenal adenomas from other adrenal masses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-one adrenal masses (17 nonhyperfunctioning adenomas, two aldosteronomas, six pheochromocytomas, one ganglioneuroma, five adrenal carcinomas, one lymphoma, seven metastases, one case of extramedullary hematopoiesis, and one leiomyosarcoma) suspected clinically or identified by sonography or CT in 38 patients were prospectively evaluated with MR imaging. Pathologic proof of diagnosis was obtained for 28 lesions, and stability on imaging follow-up (mean, 19 months) was accepted as proof of diagnosis of benign adenoma for 13 lesions. In-phase T1-weighted spin-echo sequences (500/20 [TR/TE]) and opposed-phase gradient-echo sequences (142/6.3, flip angle = 90 degrees) of the adrenal regions were applied. Quantitative analysis of signal intensity loss in the adrenal lesions relative to reference tissues (liver, muscle, and spleen) on in-phase and opposed-phase sequences was done to differentiate adenomas from nonadenomas. Region-of-interest signal intensity measurements were obtained in a standard fashion by selection of the largest possible representative sample. RESULTS: Using liver as the reference standard, we found that mean signal intensity ratios were 0.47 (range, 0.23-0.97) for adrenal adenomas and 0.88 (range, 0.65-1.32) for nonadenomas; signal intensity ratios for two adenomas overlapped those of the nonadenomas. Using muscle as the reference standard, we found that mean signal intensity ratios were 0.44 (range, 0.22-0.66) for adrenal adenomas and 0.85 (range, 0.59-1.39) for nonadenomas; signal intensity ratios for two adenomas overlapped those of the nonadenomas. Using spleen as the reference standard, we found that mean signal intensity ratios were 0.45 (range, 0.27-0.73) for adrenal adenomas and 0.97 (range, 0.8-1.18) for nonadenomas, with no overlap. The mean signal intensity ratios were significantly different between adenomas and nonadenomas for all three reference tissues (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Our results show that chemical-shift MR imaging is an important new technique that enables the differentiation of adrenal adenomas from other adrenal masses, reducing the need for biopsy and prolonged imaging follow-up in patients with adrenal tumors.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2004

Cystic degeneration of medullary bone infarction evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging correlated with pathologic examination.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the imaging pattern of cystic degeneration of medullary infarcts of the long bones. Medullary infarction of the long bones is a well-recognized entity. Cystic degeneration, however, is extremely rare and may frequently cause difficulty in the differential diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed 15 cases of cystic degeneration of infarction of the long bones in 13 women and 2 men whose mean age was 41 (range 21-82) years. Conventional radiographs were obtained in every case. Eleven of the 15 cases were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Six of the lesions occurred in the humerus, 5 in the femur, 2 in the tibia and 2 in the iliac bone. Fourteen patients presented with dull pain over the area; 1 patient was asymptomatic. The size of the lesions ranged between 1.5 cm and 12 cm in their greatest diameter. All of the 15 lesions proved to be benign on pathologic examination. On plain radiographs, about half of the lesions showed an expansile pattern and contained faint-to-dense calcifications. Using MRI, the lesions showed decreased signal intensity on T,-weighted imaging and appeared heterogeneously bright on T2-weighted imaging. After contrast injection, a well-defined unenhanced lesion was consistent with fluid collection. CONCLUSION: MRI is a valuable tool in diagnosing cystic degeneration of medullary infarction. Findings such as unenhanced lesions with well-defined margins are suggestive of fluid collection. The presence of dystrophic calcification and the thinned, but intact, cortex may suggest a benign underlying process such as medullary infarct.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Image-guided tissue sampling: where radiology meets pathology.

Image-guided breast tissue sampling has become an acceptable alternative to open surgical biopsy for nonpalpable lesions. Advantages of minimally invasive core biopsy compared to open surgical biopsy include lower cost, lower complication rates, and less cosmetic deformity for patients. However, false-negative core biopsies can occur. Thus the imaging of a breast lesion and the histologic result of the core biopsy must be carefully correlated. This involves communication between radiology and pathology.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2002

[The study for the hemodynamics of expansive skin and the transplant time of skin flap designed by expansive skin].

OBJECTIVE: To study the change rule of the hemodynamics of expanded skins and research the transplant time of random-pattern flaps that are made of the expanded skin. METHODS: 72 ears of 64 rabbits were used as a subject of experiment. Four items of the contrasted skin (n = 8) and expanded skin (n = 8 x 8), Which include the microvessel diameter, the microvessel density, the blood velocity and the blood volume, were observed and measured by the microcirculatory imaging computer analysis system, the enzyme histochemical dyeing and the more functions colored pathological imaging computer analysis system. The length -width proportion and the largest area of the flaps that had made of the expansive skin and survived were measured. RESULTS: (1) The four items of expanded skin, that the microvessel diameter, the microvessel density, the blood velocity and the blood volume are 13.43 +/- 0.98 micrometer, 0.0472 +/- 0.0022, 1012.70 +/- 65.51 micrometer/s, 14.71 +/- 0.74 micrometer(3)/s respectively, are much bigger or quicker than those of contrasted skin [(7.22 +/- 0.71) micrometer, 0.0108 +/- 0.0002, (327.01 +/- 65.51) micrometer/s, (1.46 +/- 0.41) micrometer(3)/s] and there is the significant difference between both (6.49 < t < 49.49, P < 0.01). (2) The blood velocity increases in the expanding phases and always keeps on higher level. The other items all change periodically. Span of the period is four weeks. The microvessel diameter and the blood volume have a peak value at third weekend of every period and in the later period enhance more on the basis of the former period. The microvessel density changes in definite range in every period. (3) The surviving area of the random skin flaps is the largest which were made of the expanded skin in third weekend of every period, it changes more than those of other weekends in same period and later period is superior to the former period. There is a significant difference compared with contrasted random skin flaps (q = 3.7215, P < 0.05; q = 5.5026, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The hemodynamics of the expanded skin changes periodically in expansive course. The time of peak value of the blood volume is the best opportunity that random-pattern skin flaps are made of the expanded skin in every period.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Factors critical to highly accurate diagnoses of malignant breast pathologies by ultrasound imaging.

In an interdisciplinary program on diagnoses of breast pathologies by ultrasonic imaging, analyses of results have been completed for a symptomatic population totaling 1892 subjects. Application of a comparatively simple ultrasound instrument in conjunction with specific examination techniques has allowed the achievement of a diagnostic accuracy of 95% for the 73 malignant masses which have been encountered in the examined population.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1999

Semi-automatic segmentation of computed tomographic images in volumetric estimation of nasal airway.

The objective of this study was to determine nasal cavity volumes and cross-sectional profiles from segmented coronal high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images. Pathological mucosal changes and congenital sinonasal variants were quantitated and three-dimensional (3D) images for determining sinonasal airway diseases evaluated by using the new semiautomatic segmentation software, Anatomatic. Anterior to posterior cross-sectional profiles of the sinonasal airway were obtained from acoustic rhinometry and segmented coronal HRCT images and compared in five patients having complaints of nasal obstruction and chronic sinusitis. Results showed that accurate volumes of air spaces in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were obtained. When compared, the cross-sectional profiles of the nasal cavities obtained from acoustic rhinometry and the segmentation technique were similar in the anterior portion, but differed in the posterior portion. The results obtained by coronal HRCT and segmentation were more reliable than those produced with acoustic rhinometry. 3D images acquired from segmented images were found to help make a good pre-operative assessment of the whole sinonasal compartment. Segmentation and volumetric analysis using the Anatomatic technique also proved to be well suited to the evaluation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus geometry in patients with sinonasal diseases.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1992

Diagnostic imaging of liver abscess.

This article on imaging of liver abscess discusses the appearance of pyogenic, amebic, and fungal abscesses using a multimodality approach, as well as imaging-pathologic correlation. It summarizes the experience obtained reviewing 100 cases of hepatic abscesses from two geographical areas that have different incidences of etiologic factors. Sixty abscesses were collected at the Hospital General de Mexico, where there is a high incidence of amebic abscesses, and 40 cases were collected at the University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, where pyogenic and fungal abscesses predominate. This article includes sections on pathology, etiology, epidemiology, clinical findings, prognosis, and therapy of hepatic abscesses, as well as imaging findings. Imaging is divided by techniques, including plain films, nuclear medicine, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiography. It also includes a differential diagnosis section where different imaging findings of cystic lesions of the liver other than abscesses are displayed. Thirty-three references from both U.S. and Mexican authors are included, as well as 20 illustrations. In summary, in this article, we demonstrate how imaging is useful in diagnosing hepatic abscesses and how a focal mass in the liver may be distinguished between an abscess and a necrotic tumor. A practical approach is used so radiologists can benefit from the authors' experience and apply the findings described in their daily practice.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed1986

[Magnetic resonance imaging of craniofacial pathology].

Effectiveness of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was compared with that of the CT scan in several cases involving different lesions: intracranial, base of skull, facial sinuses, parapharyngeal spaces. MRI provided excellent contrast in soft tissues with good detection of tumors and their limits, the condition of neighboring tissues and any local or regional tumor extension. Vessels were also visualized. It was not influenced by dental artefacts, and allowed three-dimensional sections to be obtained simply without manipulation of patients. In contrast, bone structures were analyzed less clearly than by the CT scan. Marked progress in MRI technical features and results obtained can be expected in the very near future.

Glomus Tumor↗
PubMed2003

[Application of spiral CT and post-image processing technique in the staging of central lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To assess image processing techniques including multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), volume rendering technique (VRT) and spiral CT angiography (SCTA) in the staging of central lung cancer (CLC), with transverse image, pathology and findings on the operation table as comparison. METHODS: Forty-six suspected CLC received spiral CT examination, on basis of prospective randomization, by a Picker 6 000 scanner. Contrast medium was injected at a rate of 4 ml/s with a power injector. The study volume done in a single breath-hold was from the aortic arch to the inferior pulmonary veins, using 3-mm collimation, pitch of 1.0 and reconstruction at 1-mm interval. Six patients were excluded after operation. Transverse CT scans, MPR and VR images were studied in a double-blind way by 3 experienced radiologists, with the findings compared with the surgical and pathological results. RESULTS: Post-processing image was more accurate than transverse CT scan in T categories (95.7% vs 82.6%), chi(2) = 4.039, P = 0.044. Four cases of N3 category on transverse CT scans were not proved by surgical or pathological results. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates in N categories were 75.0% (12/16), 26.9% (7/26) and 45.2% (19/42). The accuracy rate of staging was 58.7% (27/46) by transverse CT scans and 67.4% (31/46) by post-processing images (chi(2) = 0.746, P = 0.338). CONCLUSION: Post-processing image is more accurate than transverse image in T categorizing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Modern imaging technologies in toxicologic pathology: An overview.

Modern imaging technology, now utilized in most biomedical research areas (bioimaging), enables the detection and visualization of biological processes at various levels of the molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ and/or whole body. In toxicologic pathology, the impact of modern imaging technology is becoming apparent from digital histopathology to novel molecular imaging for in vivo studies. This overview summarizes recent progresses in digital microscopy imaging and newly developed digital slide techniques. Applications of virtual microscopy imaging are discussed and compared to traditional optical microscopy reading. New generation digital pathology approaches, including automatic slide inspection, digital slide databases and image management are briefly introduced. Commonly used in vivo preclinical imaging technologies are also summarized. While most of these new imaging techniques are still undergoing rapid development, it is important that toxicologic pathologists embrace and utilize these technologies as advances occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The Wellcome Foundation lecture, 1984. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medicine: medical and biological applications and problems.

From early biological work and the first T1 nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) animal image in 1974, whole-body patient images, by using a two-dimensional Fourier transform method were achieved in Aberdeen in 1980 with a 0.04 T vertical resistive magnet. Different pulse sequences produce images dependent by different amounts on proton density, T1 and T2, and for clinical work it is advantageous to use more than one pulse sequence to image pathology. The slow improvement of spatial resolution with increasing standing magnetic field strength is discussed and information on the T1 and T2 contrast dependence is reviewed: it suggests that the gains from high fields may be less than believed hitherto. Electrocardiogram gating can be used to produce moving images of the beating heart; blood flow can be imaged and surface radiofrequency coils are used for improved detail. N.m.r. imaging has considerable potential for studying response to therapy; mental states and dementia; tissue generation; discriminating body fat and body fluids. Other nuclei such as 23Na can be imaged and the potential to image fluorine-labelled pharmaceuticals could be very exciting; n.m.r. contrast agents are now being developed. Images formed from T1 values measured for each pixel are very useful for diagnosis, but the numerical values themselves are less valuable for distinctive pathological identification. With 15 companies manufacturing n.m.r. imagers and over 200 in use in hospitals, the technique is rapidly becoming established in diagnostic clinical practice and some typical uses are presented.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

COMPARE radiology: creating an interactive Web-based training program for radiology with multimedia authoring software.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computer-based training has two primary benefits: Content can be presented interactively, and students can choose the time, place, and pace of learning. As a subject of medical education, radiology lends itself particularly well to computer-based training because of its highly visual content. To improve the efficiency of radiology training at their institution, the authors decided to create an interactive Web-based training site. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Working with a group of medical students knowledgeable in multimedia authoring, the authors used authoring software to create "COMPARE Radiology," an interactive training program that follows the modality-based structure of the undergraduate curriculum for radiology at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany, and at medical schools worldwide. RESULTS: The Web-based program offers cases and exercises in radiographic anatomy at different selectable levels of difficulty, allowing users to test and build their knowledge of radiology. Pathologic images are initially presented without any further information. Additional information (patient history, laboratory results, reports from other imaging studies, and normal images for comparison) can be retrieved selectively and successively. Further information regarding the diagnosis and pathologic findings can be found by following links to external Web sites. The COMPARE Radiology program content is extended and updated regularly. The program is subject to internal peer review and can be evaluated by the user online. CONCLUSION: The authors' experience shows that a highly interactive Web-based training program for radiology, tailored to the requirements of the target group, can be developed economically by a team of medical students using an advanced storing system, with the guidance of a radiologist and without the help of professionally trained computer experts.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗