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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Quantitative evaluation of HER-2/neu status in breast cancer by fluorescence in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry with image analysis.

We correlated quantitative results obtained in 40 invasive breast cancer cases for HER-2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization with protein expression by immunohistochemical studies with computer-assisted image analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results were quantified as the mean number of fluorescent signals per nucleus, and immunohistochemical slides were read by semiquantitatively assessing membranous immunostaining intensity in tumor cells vs nonneoplastic breast tissue or quantitatively evaluated by image analysis. We found high correlation between immunohistochemical results by semiquantitative scoring and by image analysis. FISH results correlated with immunohistochemical results moderately when the staining intensity of only tumor cells was assessed and significantly better when the difference in staining intensity between tumor cells and nonneoplastic breast tissue was assessed. The correlation with FISH results was further improved when immunohistochemical study was combined with heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER). Although FISH and immunohistochemical studies assess different aspects of the HER-2/neu gene (amplification vs overexpression), we found good correlation between the diagnostic techniques. The correlation was best when immunohistochemical studies were combined with HIER and assessed as the difference between tumor cells and nonneoplastic breast tissue.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Phase image analysis in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Role of transesophageal pacing.

Phase image analysis (first Fourier harmonic transformation) has been performed in 5 men with WPW syndrome to define the abnormal patterns of ventricular emptying during sinus rhythm and transesophageal pacing at different rates. All patients but one showed basal ventricular preexcitation. Of the 4 patients with basal ventricular preexcitation the earliest ventricular emptying occurred in the left ventricular free-wall in 1 patient and in the right ventricular free-wall in 3 patients. In the patient without ventricular preexcitation at rest transesophageal pacing at a rate of 100 bpm induced first ventricular activation in the left lateral ventricular free-wall while at a rate of 120 bpm it returned to normal. In the patients with ventricular preexcitation at rest, the basal image abnormalities become more evident as preexcitation was augmented. Of interest, in 1 patient with basal type B ventricular preexcitation the sequential phase image analysis, at a rate of 100 bpm confirmed the earliest ventricular activation in the right ventricular free-wall while at a rate of 120 bpm showed the earliest emptying in left ventricular free-wall suggesting the presence of 2 accessory connections. We conclude that phase mapping combined with transesophageal pacing may be a useful and reliable method to localize single as well as multiple accessory pathways in patients with ventricular preexcitation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endocervical columnar cell atypia coincident with cervical neoplasia characterized by digital image analysis.

In the course of classifying uterine cervical epithelial cells for digital image analysis, certain changes in endocervical cells were observed. These changes coincided with the process ongoing in the squamous or metaplasia epithelium. Specifically, in severe dysplasias or carcinomas in situ (CIS), the endocervical nuclei reflected some of the same cytologic changes observed in the dysplastic or CIS squamous cells and yet definitely retained their columnar shape and cytoplasmic quality. This paper deals with almost unexplored area of the endocervical columnar cell in the face of significant cervical neoplasia. Correlation is made between the cytologic criteria observed by the human eye with the light microscope and significant parameters measured by digital image analysis. These measurements suggest that endocervical columnar cells may participate in the dysplastic progression toward CIS.

Carcinoma in Situ↗
PubMed1992

Quantitative analysis of activated Kupffer cells in viral hepatitis: application of computer image analysis for lectin histochemistry.

Lectin histochemistry revealed that Kupffer cells in the normal liver bound lectins such as Concanavalin A (Con A), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) and Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), but did not bind Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Dolichos fibflorus agglutinin (DBA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I) or Soybean agglutinin (SBA). Kupffer cells in viral liver diseases, however, bound the PNA lectin and the binding was specific to Kupffer cells in liver parenchyma. Computer image analysis was performed using light micrographs of sections stained with immunoperoxidase and diaminobenzidine (DAB). The dark brown area of reaction products was detected by analyzing each color component (red, green and blue) in the picture and was expressed as the percent area in the parenchyma. Quantitative analysis revealed the percent area occupied by Kupffer cells positive for the PNA lectin was as follows: acute hepatitis, 2.83 +/- 0.74; chronic persistent hepatitis, 2.51 +/- 0.88; chronic aggressive hepatitis, activity moderate and severe, 4.71 +/- 2.23 and 3.45 +/- 1.84; and liver cirrhosis, 1.96 +/- 0.99. The percent area of Kupffer cells was significantly higher in CAH2A than that in chronic persistent hepatitis or in liver cirrhosis. These results suggest that the PNA lectin could be used as a marker for activated Kupffer cells and that activated Kupffer cells were increased in volume in chronic aggressive hepatitis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2004

A mammographic image analysis method to detect and measure changes in breast density.

We present an image analysis method that can detect and measure breast density from digitised mammograms. We present initial results on applying our method to characterise breast changes, in particular, changes due to Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). It has been established that long-term use of certain hormone replacement therapies can increase the risk of breast cancer, a fact that encourages the notion that objective measures of tissue density can be an important development in breast cancer image analysis. A set of 59 temporal pairs of mammograms of patients undergoing HRT (two images per patient) were used. The clinician's assessment of density changes constituted the ground truth for evaluating the proposed quantitative measures of density change. The measures we developed are based on the Standard Mammogram Form (SMF) representation of interesting tissue and their performance (agreement with the expert's description) is also compared to the "interactive thresholding" method that has been used in the past to characterise mammographic density. The results clearly indicate that present methods for measuring mammographic density fail to characterise temporal changes while the proposed measures have the potential to aid the radiologist in assessing temporal density changes both on a global and a local basis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Laser diffraction and image analysis as a supportive analytical tool in the pharmaceutical development of immediate release direct compression formulations.

Immediate release direct compression tablet formulations require a strict control of the particle characteristics (i.e. particle size (distribution) and shape) of both the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the excipients. In this publication, the development of a dry dispersion laser diffraction (LD) method has been outlined. With this method, the chemical development of an API meant for the manufacturing of an immediate release direct compression tablet formulation can be supported. Comparison with static image analysis (SIA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data often shows laser diffraction to generate different size data. However, since LD is fast and frequently shows an adequate precision over a wide particle size range, the technique is still considered as a valuable analytical tool in the screening of the particle size distribution of API batches. In the future, automated (static) image analysis and dynamic image analysis are believed to become more and more important, since these techniques will allow the fast analysis of large amounts of particles with a minimum intervention of the operator.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1977

[Selective contrast enhancement of microscopical specimen by optical procedures for automatized quantitative image analysis (author's transl)].

One of the most important problems in automatic image analysis is the discrimination of features by, a certain range of grey levels. To obtain as many as possible different grey levels sufficient contrast is achieved mainly by specific staining. Alternative and supplementary methods are some micrscopical methods, not routinely used. Interference microscopy, interference reflexion microscopy and microfluorimetry are discussed in detail. These optical procedures enhance the contrast of specimen specifically without the necessity for the application of specimen specifically without the necessity for the application of sophisticated staining methods. In interference contrast, tissues can be separately detected by grey level discrimination due to varying concentration of dry mass; this is shown for a cornifying part of fish skin (breeding tubercle of Rutilus rutilus L.). Furthermore, very small amounts of dry matter can be determined with high precision, as demonstrated for a single tissue culture cell (XTH-cell). Automatisation of image analysis provides a unique opportunity for routine application of interferometric measurements. The principles of the procedures are outlined. By interference reflexion microscopy cellular attachment areas to a glass surface are visualized, providing a powerful tool in cellular diagnosis based on grey level discrimination (darkest parts correspond to zones of closest contact to the substratum). A fast migrating lymphocyte and stationary endothelial cells have been chosen for demonstration. Various histochemical problems can be solved elegantly by fluorescence methods, e.g. mitochondria in living cells are specifically stained by a fluorochrome (DASPMI) and the distribution of fluorescence intensity can be followed within the mitochondrial population of a cell. Fluorescence was recorded from fotographic negatives taken with a fluorescence microscope. Additionally a short comment is given on the application of polarisation microscopy for feature detection.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Image analysis in multiple myeloma at diagnosis. Correlation with cytogenetic study.

The DNA content of plasma cells (DNA Index or DI) was determined after Feulgen reaction using computed image analysis in 46 patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis. Aneuploidy was found in 40/46 (87.0%) patients; 27 (58.7%) were hyperdiploid (DI = 1.05-1.45), 11 (24.0%) were hypodiploid (DI = 0.90-0.95), and two (4.3%) were biclonal. Cytogenetic study showed at least one abnormal mitosis in 21/46 (45.7%) cases. All patients with numeric changes had aneuploid DI, and thus confirmed DI > or = 1.05 and DI < or = 0.95 as good limits for aneuploidy with image analysis. Since abnormal karyotypes were observed mainly in stages II and III (55.6% and 54.5%, respectively) rather than in stage I (26.7%), aneuploid DI was found in most patients in all three stages, namely in all 15/15 (100%) patients in stage I. The prognostic value of aneuploidy was difficult to ascertain in our series. Hypodiploidy or DI > 1.15 was not especially associated with aggressive disease, as it was observed in 7/15 patients in stage I; however, with the same limits, patients with stages II and III were refractory to first-line chemotherapy. Image analysis is a highly sensitive method showing aneuploidy in most patients with MM at diagnosis and, in association with cytogenetic study, may help to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease. The independent prognostic value of aneuploidy was not fully established in this report.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1998

Single cell multiple biomarker analysis in archival breast fine-needle aspiration specimens: quantitative fluorescence image analysis of DNA content, p53, and G-actin as breast cancer biomarkers.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a sensitive and cost-effective method for evaluating breast lesions. However, the diagnosis of early premalignant lesions is less reliable by FNA because of a lack of distinctive cytological features. Accurately defining the risk of such lesions at the individual level may have significant impact in breast cancer prevention and management. The main objective of this preliminary study was to develop a method to study multiple biomarkers on archival FNA slides using quantitative fluorescence image analysis (QFIA). Biomarkers p53, G-actin, and DNA content were labeled with an immunofluorescence technique and measured by QFIA simultaneously on a single cell basis. QFIA allows the labeling and measurement procedures to be carried out in situ, without the need to remove cells from the slide while preserving the morphology of the cells. FNA slides from 72 incident patients were obtained for this study. Fifty-six cases had an adequate number of cells for the actual analysis (25 benign breast lesions, 14 proliferative breast diseases with nuclear atypia, and 17 malignant lesions). The DNA content (> or = 5c) and G-actin (average gray mean, > 90) were positive in 81% and 88% of malignant lesions, respectively. These were significantly higher than the corresponding positive rates in benign lesions (7% and 15%, respectively; P <0.01 for both). None of the benign cases were positive for G-actin and DNA simultaneously, and none of the malignant cases were negative for G-actin and DNA together. p53 was positive in 33% of malignant lesions and 8% of benign lesions (P >0.05). Our study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating multiple biomarkers by QFIA on archival FNA-fixed specimens. The G-actin and DNA content assayed by QFIA may be potential intermediate end point markers for breast cancer individual risk assessment.

Actins↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative image analysis: applications using sequential transformations.

The theoretical foundations of quantitative image analysis and its implementation in the Leitz T.A.S. have been discussed in the preceeding paper [4]. Especially the Mathematical Morphology and its recent developments have been pointed out. Sequential image transformations are a new approach of morphological analysis. Elementary transform steps, which are hardwired in the device, performed in specific sequences, which are implemented as macroinstructions in the programming language have proven to be a very useful tool in image analysis. A specific sequence of elementary steps will be referred to as morphological function. This new approach will be illustrated by four general examples: analysis of fibers, computing the number of edges for metallic grains, separation of overlapping cells, analysis of minerals which occur free and locked to another one.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed1997

Canine neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: a study using image analysis techniques for the discrimination of metastatic versus nonmetastatic tumors.

Canine pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors were studied using different image analysis techniques (nuclear image histometry, analysis of argyrophilic proteins of nucleolar organizer regions, determination of the mouse anti-Ki 67 antigen proliferation index, and DNA densitometry) to correlate their biological behavior with objective phenotypic markers. The methods were compared to determine the best method for distinguishing between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors. Discrimination between the two types of tumor was possible using nuclear image histometry in combination with morphometric analysis of argyrophilic proteins of nucleolar organizer regions. In contrast, the mouse anti-Ki 67 antigen proliferation index, DNA measurement, and immunohistochemical parameters revealed no significant difference between the two types of tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Computerized microscopic image analysis method in tissue-biomaterials interaction.

The use of computer-based image analysis belongs to the new methods of biocompatibility testing. When materials were implanted subcutaneously in animals the cells of the connective tissue capsule can give a good standard for the evaluation of biocompatibility. The application of image processing systems allows the automation of a great number of measurings and test - techniques. It is also possible to get quantitative information on cell - and haemocompatibility testing. With the help of the automatic microscopic image analysis the accuracy of morphometric methods increased and scientists time was saved.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Image analysis in the determination of ploidy and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma.

The usefulness of ploidy determination by flow cytometry in renal cell carcinoma is disputed. An alternative technique for DNA quantitation, computerised static image analysis, has several advantages over flow methods. Tissue from 90 cases of primary renal cell carcinoma was analysed by image analysis. Cases were assigned a histological grade and staged and stratified by the TNM system. Fifty-two cases were diploid, 28 were aneuploid and 9 were tetraploid (1 was unanalyzable). Heterogeneity of ploidy was noted in 4 cases. The degree to which nuclear DNA content exceeded that of normal nuclei from the same block was also calculated (5C exceeding rate). Stage and grade provided independent prognostic information. Aneuploidy was associated with higher mortality but neither ploidy nor 5C exceeding rate were prognostic indicators. Image analysis is a useful and accurate method for ploidy determination and provides additional data on DNA quantitation but this information is not predictive of the clinical outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Image analysis of lymphoid cell differentiation in rat thymus throughout development.

In order to identify subtle changes in cell morphology and nuclear pattern modification during thymus ontogenesis, cell image analysis using System for Analytical Microscopy in Biological Applications (SAMBA 200) was applied in 9 stages of rat thymus development. The morphometric and chromatin parameters made it possible not only to identify automatically between the two main cell populations in the thymus gland (lymphoid and epithelial cells), but also to classify automatically 5 lymphoid sub-populations (lymphoid stem cells, lymphoblasts, large lymphocytes, medium lymphocytes and small lymphocytes). The evaluation of the 18 parameters during the lymphoid cell differentiation was studied in detail. The nuclear texture parameters made it possible to discriminate, in each cell subpopulation, 4 phases of cell cycle (G0, G1, S-phase, and cells in G2). Evaluation of the nuclear parameters of the cell cycle in each lymphoid sub-population was studied in this investigation. The results illustrate the high majority of the lymphoid stem cells at the 14-day-old embryo stage while in the 20-day-old embryo the small lymphocytes become the main part of the whole lymphoid population. From the continuously renewed modification of lymphoid nuclear image analysis we discuss the origin of thymus lymphocytes. Lymphoid cells can be distinguished into different functional states and the striking morphological changes appearing during cell differentiation are related with drastic structural changes occurring in chromatin pattern from undifferentiated lymphoid stem cells to small lymphocytes. Terminal cell differentiation is associated with inhibited cell proliferation. The relative increase of chromatin condensation and nuclear pattern heterogeneity which reaches an extreme in small lymphocytes is accompanied by a progressive diminution of the nuclear area during the successive differentiation of the lymphoid population. Using one parameter of the nuclear texture features from the co-occurrence matrix (as LM or CON) and one parameter of the nuclear textures from the run-length section matrix (as GLD or RPC) the image analysis can discriminate between the different states of lymphoid cell differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Image analysis of the human inner ear.

The KS 300 is a multifunctional software image analysis system using an object-oriented programming environment. The possibility of its application for the inner ear was studied by using specimens from humans and squirrel monkeys, immunostained for the brain-derived calcium-binding protein, S-100 protein. Grey images were used for measurements. The cell borders were outlined by hand, using a digitizer. The absolute grey values of the pixels changed when the brightness of the images or other conditions changed. By contrast, the relative grey values, i.e. the absolute grey values correlated to the mean grey values of the histoimage, remained constant. By utilizing these relative grey values, it was possible to compare cells both between different specimens and between different areas within the same specimen. The different grey values of spiral ganglion cells stained for S-100 protein are objective quantitative measurements and are believed to reflect differences in their function. In some regions of both human and squirrel monkey specimens, relatively intensely stained cells predominated, whereas in other regions, relatively weakly stained cells were mainly observed. Thus, our image analysis system using the relative grey values has proved suitable for quantitative analysis of immunostained specimens in order to compare them and to assess cell function.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Digital image analysis (DIA) of colour changes in human skin exposed to standardized thermal injury and comparison with laser Doppler measurements.

Clinical macrophotography followed by digitization and computer-assisted image analysis was performed on volunteers exposed to a mild experimental thermal injury. The aim was to elaborate a non-invasive technique allowing repetitive and quantitative monitoring of induced erythema and to evaluate a possible relationship with laser Doppler measurement of skin perfusion. A standardized 1 x 1 cm large thermal trauma was induced in the skin of the ventral forearm of 12 volunteers. Photographic recordings and skin blood flow measurements were made preburn and at 30-min, 1-h, 2-h, 4-h and 12-h postburn. Image analysis was performed with two colour systems, normalized rgb-values (rgb) and Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI). Erythema measured by rgb and HSI was most pronounced during the first hour postburn, after which it gradually decreased in order to increase again at 12 h postburn. Skin perfusion peaked at 30 min postburn and then continuously decreased during the course of the experiments. Degree of erythema could be quantified using both colour systems and a linear relationship was obtained between the observed colour changes of both systems and changes in skin perfusion. Results may also indicate that erythema can be present without a concomitant increase in skin perfusion, probably representing postburn venous stasis. The present study showed that digital image analysis is a non-invasive technique allowing repetitive and quantitative analysis of skin erythema which can be used to monitor pathophysiological changes in the body as well as the result of their treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Detection of changes of the optic disc in glaucomatous eyes: clinical examination and image analysis with the Topcon Imagenet system.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the clinical agreement in the detection of optic disc changes and the ability of computerized image analysis to detect glaucomatous deterioration of the optic disc. METHODS: Pairs of stereophotographs of 35 glaucomatous optic discs taken 5 years apart and of 5 glaucomatous discs photographed twice on the same day. Two glaucoma specialists examined the pairs of stereophotographs (35 cases and 5 controls) in a masked manner and judged whether the optic disc showed changes in the optic disc compatible with progression of glaucomatous damage. The stereophotographs of the five optic discs photographed twice on the same day (which by definition did not change) and of five cases judged to have deteriorated by both glaucoma specialists were analyzed by computerized image analysis with the Topcon ImageNet system. Intra- and inter-observer agreement in the detection of optic disc changes (evaluated using kappa statistic), and changes in the rim area to disc area ratio (evaluated using descriptive statistics and paired t-test). RESULTS: Intra-observer agreement had a kappa value of 0.75 for observer 1 and 0.60 for the observer 2. Inter-observer agreement between the glaucoma specialists had a kappa value of 0.60. The image analyzer did not discriminate between controls and cases with clinically apparent glaucomatous change of the optic disc. CONCLUSION: Clinical agreement in detecting changes in the optic disc was moderate to substantial. Computerized image analysis with the Topcon ImageNet system appeared not to be useful in detecting glaucomatous changes of the optic disc.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed1998

A versatile image analysis approach for simultaneous chromosome identification and localization of FISH probes.

Modern cytogenetic techniques, such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and the multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques of multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY), require a coordinated banding analysis to maximize their usefulness. All of the methods currently used, including Giemsa (G-) banding, Alu banding, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI) banding, have serious drawbacks. A simple and effective method to band chromosomes concurrently with FISH is needed. To address this problem, we stained chromosomes with DAPI and chromomycin A3, and then used an image analysis program to generate banding by dividing the image taken with a DAPI excitation filter by the image taken with a chromomycin A3 excitation filter. The result was a metaphase spread in which the chromosomes possessed a banding pattern characteristic of R-banding. The image analysis program was then used to generate linescans of pixel intensity versus relative position along the length of chromosomes that were banded using this technique, which we have called D/C R-banding. Each chromosome in a genome was represented by a characteristic scan profile, which was unaffected by FISH signals. Reference linescans were prepared by karyotyping D/C R-banded chromosomes for a given species, and then drawing lines along the length of the known chromosomes. The linescans were combined into a spreadsheet database, which was linked by dynamic data exchange to the image analysis program and normalized for length and intensity. The linescan of an unknown chromosome was then transferred to the spreadsheet, where it was normalized for length and intensity and overlaid on the linescans of each chromosome in the genome. Unknown chromosomes were identified by comparison of their graphs with graphs in the standardized reference genome. We have used this approach to create reference linescan karyotypes of several species, and to identify chromosomes on which FISH was performed.

Animals↗