Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ectopic”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Chronic activity of ectopic type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase in prostate epithelium results in hyperplasia accompanied by intraepithelial neoplasia.

BACKGROUND: Ectopic expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) tyrosine kinase in epithelial cells is associated with progression of prostate cancer. Ectopic expression by transfection of FGFR1 in premalignant epithelial cells from nonmalignant Dunning tumors accelerated time-dependent progression of epithelial cells to malignancy. This study was designed to test the effect of chronic androgen-dependent ectopic activity of FGFR1 in the normal adult mouse epithelium by gene targeting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Constitutively active FGFR1 (caFGFR1) was targeted to prostate epithelial cells using the androgen-dependent probasin (PB) promoter. Prostate tissues of three strains were characterized over a period of 2 years by HE staining, immunohistochemical analyses for cytokeratin and alpha-actin, and rate of androgen-induced regeneration after castration. RESULTS: Relative to wildtype littermates, transgenic mice showed increased overall size, hyperplasia in epithelial, and, to a lesser extent, stromal compartments and nuclear atypia in epithelial cells of the prostate with increasing age. Androgen-induced regeneration after castration was enhanced at day 3 by two-fold in mice expressing ectopic caFGFR1. CONCLUSIONS: The ectopic presence and chronic activation of FGFR1 in mouse prostate epithelial cells induces progressive prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. These results confirm results suggested by the transplantable Dunning tumor and cell culture models that, in contrast to homeostasis-promoting resident FGFR2, chronic ectopic FGFR1 kinase activity in the epithelium disrupts homeostasis between stroma and epithelium. Although insufficient alone, it may cooperate with other oncogenic changes to promote epithelial cells down the path to malignancy.

Actins↗
PubMed2004

Expectant management of tubal ectopic pregnancy: prediction of successful outcome using decision tree analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether a decision tree based on a combination of clinical, morphological and biochemical parameters could be constructed to help in the selection of women with tubal ectopic pregnancies for expectant management. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study in a tertiary referral early pregnancy unit in an inner city teaching hospital. The study group consisted of 179 women with ultrasound diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Demographic, clinical and ultrasound data were recorded in each case at the initial visit. In addition all women had a blood sample taken for the measurements of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and progesterone. Clinically stable women with non-viable pregnancies and no signs of hematoperitoneum were managed expectantly on an outpatient basis until their serum beta-hCG declined to <20 IU/L. Women who developed pelvic pain during follow-up and those with non-declining serum beta-hCG were offered surgery. RESULTS: A total of 107/179 (59.8%) tubal ectopics were considered suitable for expectant management. Ectopic pregnancy resolved spontaneously in 75/107 (70%) women, which was 41.9% of the total number of tubal ectopics. Maternal age, initial serum beta-hCG and progesterone were all significantly different in pregnancies that resolved spontaneously compared to those requiring surgery (P < 0.05). Initial serum beta-hCG level was the best predictor of the outcome of expectant management. These differences enabled a construction of a four-level decision tree to estimate the likelihood of successful expectant management. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in demographic, ultrasound and biochemical findings between spontaneously resolving ectopics and those requiring treatment. Decision tree analysis may be used as a guide to estimate the probability of successful expectant management in individual cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The patterns of innervation and movements of ectopic hindlimb supplied by brachial spinal cord segments in the chick.

Pools of motoneurons in the ventral horn of the brachial spinal cord segments 13-16, innervating muscles of an ectopic hindlimb were mapped in chicks with the use of retrograde axoplasmic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). On the third day of incubation the right wing bud of the acceptor embryo was removed and replaced by either a right or left hindlimb bud of the donor embryo. HRP was injected into selected muscles of the ectopic and intact hindlimbs as well as into muscles of the intact left wing between 17-21 days of incubation and after hatching. The position of labelled motoneuron pools representing individual muscles was determined. In 19-21 day old embryos and in hatched chicks the movement of the ectopic limbs was also studied. HRP histochemistry showed that the ectopic limb muscles of dorsal and ventral embryonic muscle mass origin were innervated by motoneurons located in the lateral and medial parts of the ventral horn, respectively. This is similar to the innervation pattern of normal wing and hindlimb muscles. Despite the ordered motor nerve supply to the ectopic limbs they failed to display any co-ordinated movements characteristic of a normal hindlimb. These observations indicate specific target affinities between pools of motoneurons in the spinal cord segments and appropriate limb muscles, even when the motoneuron pools and the limb are inappropriately matched. Nevertheless, it is evident that the 'wing-like' motor activation pattern of the brachial spinal cord segments is unable to initiate co-ordinated movements of the ectopic hindlimb.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The occurrence of ectopic pregnancy with and without clomiphene citrate use in assisted and nonassisted reproductive technology.

An eleven-year review of treatment records of patients who became pregnant as a result of infertility treatment (n = 3692) was conducted. All records were examined to determine whether clomiphene citrate (CC) was used in the cycle of conception and whether or not an ectopic pregnancy occurred. Data were additionally analyzed for the incidence of ectopic pregnancy with and without assisted reproductive technology (ART). The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was similar between CC (3.4%) and non-CC (3.4%) treatment groups receiving non-ART treatment. For non-ART treatments, tubal disease and severe endometriosis resulted in an increase in ectopic pregnancies independent of CC use. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in patients receiving CC + human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) for in vitro fertilization (5.4%) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (3.1%) was similar compared to ART treatments with hMG alone. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was more closely associated with infertility diagnosis rather than CC use.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Localization of ectopic parathyroid glands using technetium-99m sestamibi imaging: comparison with magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging.

The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of technetium-99m sestamibi imaging for localization of ectopic parathyroid glands in patients with hyperparathyroidism with that of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Eleven patients with primary (n=3) or secondary (n=8) hyperparathyroidism were studied with 99mTc sestamibi parathyroid imaging CT and MR imaging. Images of the neck were acquired at 10 min and 2-3 after tracer injection. The three patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and five patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism underwent parathyroidectomy. The ectopic glands were confirmed by histopathological examination of the resected specimens. In respect of 20 parathyroid glands in the eight patients explored surgically, the sensitivity and specificity of sestamibi imaging were 70% (14/20) and 88%, respectively, those of CT, 40% (8/20) and 88%, and those of MR imaging, 60% (12/20) and 88%. Of these patients, three had parathyroid adenomas while five had hyperplasia (17 glands). Sestamibi imaging localized eight ectopic parathyroid glands, which were surgically confirmed (six were located in the thymus and two in the mediastinum). In one patient explored surgically, the ectopic gland was located outside the field of the MR coil. Although the remaining three cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism were not confirmed surgically, these patients demonstrated sestamibi uptake in five parathyroid glands, including three ectopic glands. MR images demonstrated abnormal parathyroid glands in the same regions as sestamibi imaging. Our data indicate that 99mTc-sestamibi imaging should be used initially to localize the ectopic parathyroid glands in patients with hyperparathyroidism for anatomical guidance prior to MR or CT imaging.

Choristoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ectopic varices in the gastrointestinal tract: short- and long-term outcomes of percutaneous therapy.

To evaluate the results of percutaneous management of ectopic varices, a retrospective review was carried out of 14 patients (9 men, 5 women; mean age 58 years) who between 1992 and 2001 underwent interventional radiological techniques for management of bleeding ectopic varices. A history of prior abdominal surgery was present in 12 of 14 patients. The interval between the surgery and percutaneous intervention ranged from 2 to 38 years. Transhepatic portal venography confirmed ectopic varices to be the source of portal hypertension-related gastrointestinal bleeding. Embolization of the ectopic varices was performed by a transhepatic approach with coil embolization of the veins draining into the ectopic varices. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was performed in the standard fashion. Eighteen procedures (12 primary coil embolizations, 1 primary TIPS, 2 re-embolizations, 3 secondary TIPS) were performed in 13 patients. One patient was not a candidate for percutaneous treatment. All interventions but one (re-embolization) were technically successful. In 2 of 18 interventions, re-bleeding occurred within 72 hr (both embolization patients). Recurrent bleeding (23 days to 27 months after initial intervention) was identified in 9 procedures (8 coil embolizations, 1 TIPS due to biliary fistula). One patient had TIPS revision because of ultrasound surveillance findings. New encephalopathy developed in 2 of 4 TIPS patients. Percutaneous coil embolization is a simple and safe treatment for bleeding ectopic varices; however, recurrent bleeding is frequent and reintervention often required. TIPS can offer good control of bleeding at the expense of a more complex procedure and associated risk of encephalopathy.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2000

A computerised vector manometry study of the so-called ectopic anus.

There are several totally different definitions of the so-called ectopic anus. To determine whether computerized eight-channel manometry helps to define the entity of the ectopic anus, ten patients (nine females) were operated upon for an ectopic anus by the anal transposition technique (perineal pull-through procedure). Besides the software-supported manometric data, the qualitative imaging analysis was of interest. We calculated the factor by which the pressure of the three ventrally-located segments was lower than the mean segmental pressure at this part of the anal canal. The results were compared to standard age-related values established in a former study in 100 children. Besides pre- and postoperative manometry, barium roentgenograms were obtained. The anal-canal length at rest in the ectopic anus was significantly (P < 0.0001) longer. The segmental asymmetry index in the lower anal canal (LAC) was increased, but not significantly. The pressure in the ventral segments of the LAC was significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased and was less than one-half of the mean segmental pressure in this zone. We found a significant correlation between the degree of anterior displacement and the factor by which the ventrally-located pressure values were decreased. Postoperatively, this factor increased significantly. From a functional point of view, the definition of the ectopic anus includes a deficient high-pressure zone ventrally in the LAC. The LAC seems to run out or nearly out of the ventral sphincteric issue to end ectopically on the perineal surface.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Single-system ectopic ureter: a 15-year review.

Ectopic ureters present in childhood with symptoms related to an abnormal site or structure (refluxing, obstructed) of the ureteric orifice. The majority drain duplex kidneys. The diagnosis is relatively easy if the poles are functioning or hydronephrotic. Associated malformations are rarely seen and the results of surgery are gratifying. If an ectopic ureter drains a single kidney, it is called a single-system ectopic ureter (SSEU). We reviewed a 15-year experience (1980-1995) with 127 ectopic ureters from our hospital:11 SSEUs in ten consecutive children were managed during this period. Our data lead us to believe that SSEUs are a special subset of ectopic ureters. Diagnosis is often delayed because the ectopic ureter may be associated with a single small, dysplastic, poorly-functioning, non-visualised kidney and the child may be thought to have a contralateral normal "solitary kidney". Associated systemic malformations are common. Residual symptoms of wetting may persist in the early postoperative period. A high degree of suspicion must be maintained for this entity when a child presents with urinary symptoms of wetting or recurrent infection and a "solitary kidney". Early endoscopic examination of the genitourinary tract will clinch the diagnosis in the majority of cases. Residual symptoms of wetting in the postoperative period generally resolve with passage of time.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Ectopic calcification: new concepts in cellular regulation.

Ectopic calcification is a common response to soft tissue injury and systemic mineral imbalance, and can lead to devastating clinical consequences when present in heart valves or blood vessels. It is hypothesized that mesenchymal and inflammatory cells normally maintain the balance between procalcific and anti-calcific regulatory proteins in soft tissues such that ectopic deposition of apatite is avoided. Alterations in this balance induced by injury or disease is postulated to induce ectopic apatite deposition. We have developed in vitro and in vivo models of ectopic calcification and found that: 1) elevated extracellular phosphate levels induce smooth muscle culture mineralization morphologically similar to that observed in calcified human valves and atherosclerotic plaques, 2) sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter function is required for smooth muscle cell culture mineralization, 3) smooth muscle cell culture mineralization is associated with a dramatic loss of smooth muscle-specific gene expression and gain of osteoblast-like properties, including expression of osteoblast differentiation factor, Cbfa-1, and 4) osteopontin, a secreted phosphoprotein abundant in macrophages found in human calcified atherosclerotic and valvular lesions, is a potent inhibitor of ectopic calcification in vitro and in vivo. These studies suggest that both constitutively expressed (surveillance) and inducible (damage control) mineralization inhibitory molecules are produced by mesenchymal and inflammatory cells to control ectopic calcification.

Apatites↗
PubMed2003

Ectopic expression of the Suppressor of Underreplication gene inhibits endocycles but not the mitotic cell cycle in Drosophila melanogaster.

The Suppressor of Underreplication ( SuUR) gene contributes to the regulation of DNA replication in regions of intercalary heterochromatin in salivary gland polytene chromosomes. In the SuUR mutant these regions complete replication earlier than in wild type and, as a consequence, undergo full polytenization. Here we describe the effects of ectopic expression of SuUR using the GAL4-UAS system. We demonstrate that ectopically expressed SuUR exerts qualitatively distinct influences on polyploid and diploid tissues. Ectopic expression of SuUR inhibits DNA replication in polytene salivary gland nuclei, and reduces the degree of amplification of chorion protein genes that occurs in the follicle cell lineage. Effects caused by ectopic SuUR in diploid tissues vary considerably; there is no obvious effect on eye formation, but apoptosis is observed in the wing disc, and wing shape is distorted. The effect of ectopic SuUR expression is enhanced by mutations in the genes E2F and mus209 ( PCNA). Differential responses of polyploid and diploid cells to ectopic SuUR may reflect differences in the mechanisms underlying mitotic cell cycles and endocycles.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ectopic liver (choristoma) associated with the gallbladder encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report.

Ectopic liver has been but rarely described usually in the vicinity of liver such as on the gallbladder, hepatic ligaments, diaphragm, thoracic cavity, adrenal glands, pancreas, omentum, spleen, esophagus and umbilical cord. A simple classification for anomalous liver tissues found on the wall of gallbladder is 1. Accessory liver lobe 2. Ectopic nodule 3. Aberrant microscopic tissue. Ectopic nodules of liver tissue attached to the gallbladder are completely detached from the liver and has been described by various names such as accessory lobe, ectopic liver, accessory liver and heterotopic liver but the specific pathological term for this entity is choristoma introduced by Albert in 1904 meaning displacement. Several possible mechanisms may explain ectopic liver at various sites such as the development of an accessory lobe of the liver with atrophy or regression of the original connection to the main liver or migration of pars hepatica to the rudiment of various organs. In this paper we present a case of ectopic liver or choristoma attached to the gallbladder encountered during an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy which was successfully removed with the gallbladder.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic activity in survivors of acute myocardial infarction who receive propranolol.

Beta blockers are frequently prescribed for survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although ventricular ectopic activity was found to be associated with mortality in several cohorts, there are no data on the relation of ventricular ectopic activity to mortality in patients with AMI who receive beta blockers. One thousand six hundred and fifty participants in the Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial who were randomized to receive propranolol (60 or 80 mg 3 times daily) had 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography at baseline. By multivariate analysis considering 16 variables, ventricular ectopic activity was independently associated with sudden death (p = 0.02 to 0.001) and total mortality (p = 0.04 to 0.0001) for an average follow-up of 25 months. By univariate analysis, ventricular ectopic activity was associated with increased total mortality (odds ratios 2.13 to 3.54) and sudden death mortality (odds ratio 2.26 to 3.93). The association of ventricular ectopic activity with mortality was observed in both high- and low-risk patient subsets with odds ratios similar to the placebo group. Thus, treatment with propranolol does not alter the relation between ventricular ectopic activity and mortality.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Management of early ectopic pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Management of early ectopic pregnancy was investigated in a multicenter, prospective study. METHODS: Serum beta-hCG levels were monitored after therapy and correlated to the type of management, gestational age, and initial serum beta-hCG levels in 119 patients with ectopic pregnancies detected at 5-7 postmenstrual weeks. RESULTS: Salpingectomy was performed in 16 patients. No post-operative complications were reported. After conservative laparoscopic surgery of 51 ectopic pregnancies, 9 (18%) had delayed decrease or an increase of serum beta-hCG levels. Re-operations were performed in 4 (7%) patients. Similar findings were noted in 2/6 patients after conservative operations performed by laparotomy. Intrachorionic injection treatment was successful in 17/18 ectopic pregnancies, and expectant management in 7/8 patients with initial serum beta-hCG levels below 250 mIU/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Persistence of trophoblastic activity is a potential complication of conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. A detailed diagnosis as early as 6-7 post-menstrual weeks may be the key for future non-surgical management of ectopic pregnancy.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1989

Antidromic firing occurs spontaneously on thalamic relay neurons: triggering of somatic intrinsic burst discharges by ectopic action potentials.

Eighty-two identified thalamocortical relay neurons were recorded extracellularly in the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus in 29 urethane-anaesthetized rats. Electrical stimulations were applied to the contralateral vibrissae or to the ipsilateral neocortex for ortho- or antidromic activation. The critical period following a known somatic action potential and during which no antidromic response could reach the soma was systematically determined for each cell using a collision test. Thus, the possible ectopic axonal origin of a given impulse could be determined. Thalamic neurons displayed either tonic or phasic firing modes, the latter characterized by episodes of rhythmic high-frequency burst discharges. The present results suggest that such bursts were generated at the soma and probably involved an intrinsic mechanism, since: (1) a modulation of the somatic excitability with an excitatory or inhibitory amino acid affected the intra-burst structure; (2) an antidromic test action potential collided with the second or any of the later impulses of such bursts; (3) an orthodromic activation could evoke a burst structurally similar to a natural one; and (4) the duration of the first interval of such an evoked burst was always inferior to the sum of the critical period plus the antidromic conduction time, ruling out the possibility that it might have been entirely ectopically generated on thalamic terminals. The results further show that a spontaneous ectopic axonal impulse could trigger a somatic burst, since: (1) an electrically-evoked antidromic action potential could trigger a burst structurally similar to a spontaneous one; (2) on 42% of the tested thalamic cells, a known antidromic action potential delivered during the critical period following a spontaneous single impulse could not collide with it: in many cases such non-collisions were seen with the first action potential of a burst; and (3) with increasing ionophoretic doses, GABA could: (i) convert bursts to single action potentials, while the ortho- but not the antidromic responses were abolished, (ii) block these single impulses at similar doses than those which abolished known antidromic ones, and (iii) multiply by a factor of 3 the probability of testing an ectopic action potential. On 70% of the cells tested, such GABA-isolated impulses could be proved to have been ectopically generated. Finally, ectopic impulses have never been observed during periods of tonic firing, indicating that such a feature was not an experimental artifact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated current by ZD7288 suppresses ectopic discharges of injured dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

Peripheral nerve injury causes ectopic discharges of different firing patterns, which may play an important role in the development of neuropathic pain. The molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of ectopic discharges are still unclear. In the present study, by using in vivo teased fiber recording technique we examined the effect of ZD7288, a specific blocker of hyperpolarization-activated current (I(h)), on the ectopic discharges in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons injured by spinal nerve ligation. We found that ectopic discharges of all three firing patterns (tonic, bursting and irregular) were dose- and time-dependently inhibited by local application of ZD7288. Interestingly, the extent of suppression was negatively related to frequency of firing prior to application of ZD7288. We also observed that ZD7288 could alter the firing patterns of the ectopic discharges. At 100 microM, tonic firing pattern was gradually transformed into bursting type whereas at 1 mM, it could be transformed to integer multiples firing. These results indicate that I(h) might play a role in the generation of various forms of ectopic discharges in the injured DRG neurons and may thus be a possible target for neuropathic pain treatment.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

HOXA10 expression in ectopic endometrial tissue.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HOXA10 expression in endometriosis. DESIGN: Laboratory study using human tissue. SETTING: Academic research center. PATIENT(S): Eutopic endometrial tissue was collected from 20 fertile women without endometriosis. Ectopic endometrial tissues from pelvic peritoneum, ovary, and lung parenchyma were collected from 20 women undergoing surgery for endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): HOXA10 protein expression and localization with immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Quantitative analysis of HOXA10 expression, according to H score. RESULT(S): Both eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue expressed HOXA10. Ectopic endometrial tissue had lower stromal HOXA10 expression compared with eutopic endometrium. The mean H score for stromal expression of HOXA10 was 7.6 in eutopic endometrium and 1.3 in ectopic endometrial tissue. Glandular epithelium from both eutopic and ectopic endometrium had similarly low HOXA10 expression. HOXA10 was also expressed at low levels in lung parenchyma containing endometriosis and in ovarian endometriomas. CONCLUSION(S): HOXA10 is expressed in endometriosis at locations outside of the normal HOXA10 expression domain, where it is likely necessary to impart endometrial developmental identity on endometriosis. HOXA10 might be necessary for "de novo" endometrial development. However, the diminished expression of HOXA10 in ectopic endometrium might not allow for normal endometrial development and might contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis by creating P resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Postnatal development of ectopic sensory fibers containing endomorphin-2 in the white matter of the spinal cord of a transgenic mouse expressing nerve growth factor in oligodendrocytes.

Transgenic mice ectopically expressing nerve growth factor in oligodendrocytes have high levels of nerve growth factor immunoreactivity in the white matter of the spinal cord from birth until 2 months of age. The nerve growth factor over-expression leads to the appearance of ectopic substance P containing sensory fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord that persist throughout the life of the animal. These transgenic mice have been found to display hypersensitivity to a thermal stimulus following a sensitizing pinch stimulus known to release endogenous substance P. Surprisingly, this hypersensitivity is completely reversed following the administration of morphine, to the extent that transgenic mice become less sensitive to pain than the wild type mice given morphine. Endomorphin-2, an endogenous opioid peptide, has been found co-localized with substance P in primary sensory fibers in the spinal cord. In this study, we show that the ectopic fibers also express endomorphin-2, and describe the postnatal development of such expression, as detected by immunocytochemistry. We confirmed that endomorphin-2 expression starts later in the postnatal period than substance P. Surprisingly, transgenic animals had delayed appearance of endomorphin-2 in the superficial dorsal horn, compared with wild type, and expressed particularly high levels of endomorphin-2 immunoreactivity in the ectopic fibers from postnatal days 10-30, coinciding with the peak of nerve growth factor expression in oligodendrocytes. Endomorphin-2 immunoreactivity was still readily detected in ectopic fibers of 120-day-old animals. Furthermore, we detected immunoreactivity for the mu-opioid receptor in the ectopic fibers, where it was co-localized with endomorphin-2 immunoreactivity. In the superficial dorsal horn, there were no apparent differences in the distribution and intensity of mu-opioid receptor immunoreactivity between wild type and transgenic animals. Taken together, these data could provide an explanation for the enhanced effect of opioid analgesics in transgenic mice, when compared with control mice, as well as provide the basis for studies of the postnatal development of the hyperalgesia and allodynia demonstrated by these animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Association of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity with thallium myocardial perfusion and angiographic coronary artery disease in stable, low-risk populations.

This study sought to determine the association of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity with thallium perfusion defects and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD). Two cohorts consisting of adults without heart failure or known severe ventricular ectopic activity at rest were studied. The first cohort consisted of adults (n = 2,743) who underwent maximum exercise thallium stress testing. The second cohort consisted of adults (n = 423) who underwent coronary angiography within 90 days of treadmill testing. Significant exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity was defined as frequent ventricular premature complexes or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Severe CAD was defined as left main CAD (> or = 50% stenosis), 3-vessel CAD (> or = 70% stenosis), or 2-vessel CAD with > or = 70% stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending artery. In the thallium cohort, exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity was associated with a greater frequency of thallium defects (35.2% vs 18.7%, odds ratio [OR] 2.35, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.62 to 3.42, p <0.001); after adjusting for possible confounders, this association persisted (for any defect adjusted OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.53, p = 0.02; for septal defect adjusted OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.51 to 5.07, p <0.001). There was no association between exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity and mortality during 2 years of follow-up. In the angiographic cohort, there was no association of exercise-induced ventricular ectopy with severe CAD (19% vs 20%, OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.09, p = NS). Exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity was associated with a greater likelihood of thallium perfusion defects, but was not associated with angiographic severity of coronary disease or with short-term mortality.

Adult↗