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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Evidence relating human verbal memory to hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates have linked the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors within the hippocampus to animals' performance on memory-related tasks. However, whether these receptors are similarly essential for human memory is still an open question. Here we present evidence suggesting that hippocampal NMDA receptors, most likely within the CA1 region, do participate in human verbal memory processes. Words elicit a negative event-related potential (ERP) peaking around 400 ms within the anterior mesial temporal lobe (AMTL-N400). Ketamine, an NMDA-receptor antagonist, reduces the amplitude of the AMTL-N400 (in contrast to other hippocampal potentials) on initial presentation, eliminates the typical AMTL-N400 amplitude reduction with repetition, and leads to significant memory impairment. Of the various hippocampal subfields, only the density of CA1 neurons correlates with the word-related ERPs that are reduced by ketamine. Altogether, our behavioral, anatomical, and electrophysiological results indicate that hippocampal NMDA receptors are involved in human memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of dynamic office chairs on trunk kinematics, trunk extensor EMG and spinal shrinkage.

Seated work has been shown to constitute a risk factor for low-back pain. This is attributed to the prolonged and monotonous low-level mechanical load imposed by a seated posture. To evaluate the potential health effects with respect to the low back of office chairs with a movable seat and back rest, trunk kinematics, erector spinae EMG, spinal shrinkage and local discomfort were assessed in 10 subjects performing simulated office work. On three separate occasions subjects performed a 3 h task consisting of word processing, computer-aided design and reading. Three chairs were used, one with a fixed seat and back rest and two dynamic chairs, one with a seat and back rest movable in a fixed ratio with respect to each other, and one with a freely movable seat and back rest. Spinal shrinkage measurements showed a larger stature gain when working on the two dynamic chairs as compared with working on the chair with fixed seat and back rest. Trunk kinematics and erector spinae EMG were strongly affected by the task performed but not by the chair type. The results imply that dynamic office chairs offer a potential advantage over fixed chairs, but the effects of the task on the indicators of trunk load investigated were more pronounced than the effects of the chair.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Source document position as it affects head position and neck muscle tension.

Measurements of head position, mechanical load at C7, and level of muscle EMG activity in the muscles of the neck were compared across six document positions in both a reading task and a typing (word processing) task. Source documents, identified as a primary visual task, were placed in two positions in front of the subject, flat on the table to each side of the keyboard, and on a document stand at each side of the keyboard. Each of the 20 subjects performed both a reading task and a typing task in each of these document positions while measurements were taken. It was found that the greatest variations in head position occurred in head rotation with documents flat on the table. This document position on each side also produced the greatest level of muscle tension in both the neck extensors and, to a lesser degree, the sternocleidomastoid muscles. In addition, greater variability between document position measures was found in the typing condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Analysis of ocular surface area for comfortable VDT workstation layout.

This paper proposes a comfortable visual display terminal (VDT) workstation layout based on an analysis of ocular surface area (OSA). A large OSA induces eye irritation and eye fatigue because the eye surface is highly sensitive to various stimuli. The authors considered that OSA must be one of the useful indices of visual ergonomics and applied it to evaluate VDT workstation layout. Each subject was asked to perform a word processing task using four different VDT workstation layouts. It was found that the main factor affecting OSA was not cathode ray tube (CRT) height itself but the distance between the CRT and keyboard. Thus the following workstation layout is recommended to realize comfortable VDT operation: (1) the desk height should be adjusted to the user's height; and (2) the CRT display should be set closer to the keyboard to provide a smaller OSA.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The role of computer-aided assessment in health professional education: a comparison of student performance in computer-based and paper-and-pen multiple-choice tests.

There is a lack of empirical research in the use of computers in assessment. A study was conducted to compare student performance in computerized and paper-and-pen multiple-choice tests and assess the extent and effect of 'computer anxiety'. The LXR.TEST 5.1 software was used for the computerized test. A validated rating scale was used to assess computer anxiety. Most students had little computer experience other than in word processing. Only about a third of the students had moderate to mild computer anxiety. Neither computer experience nor anxiety correlated significantly with performance in the computer test. Whereas students performed significantly better in the paper test than in the computer test, there was no statistical difference in ranking in the two assessments formats. This suggests that computer-based assessment could be used with confidence for the purposes of ranking students, but care should be taken in using it for grading.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

The effects of a computer skill training programme adopting social comparison and self-efficacy enhancement strategies on self-concept and skill outcome in trainees with physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: The aim of this controlled, quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the effects of both self-efficacy enhancement and social comparison training strategy on computer skills learning and self-concept outcome of trainees with physical disabilities. METHOD: The self-efficacy enhancement group comprised 16 trainees, the tutorial training group comprised 15 trainees, and there were 25 subjects in the control group. Both the self-efficacy enhancement group and the tutorial training group received a 15 week computer skills training course, including generic Chinese computer operation, Chinese word processing and Chinese desktop publishing skills. The self-efficacy enhancement group received training with tutorial instructions that incorporated self-efficacy enhancement strategies and experienced self-enhancing social comparisons. The tutorial training group received behavioural learning-based tutorials only, and the control group did not receive any training. The following measurements were employed to evaluate the outcomes: the Self-Concept Questionnaire for the Physically Disabled Hong Kong Chinese (SCQPD), the computer self-efficacy rating scale and the computer performance rating scale. RESULTS: The self-efficacy enhancement group showed significantly better computer skills learning outcome, total self-concept, and social self-concept than the tutorial training group. The self-efficacy enhancement group did not show significant changes in their computer self-efficacy: however, the tutorial training group showed a significant lowering of their computer self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The training strategy that incorporated self-efficacy enhancement and positive social comparison experiences maintained the computer self-efficacy of trainees with physical disabilities. This strategy was more effective in improving the learning outcome (p = 0.01) and self-concept (p = 0.05) of the trainees than the conventional tutorial-based training strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Work Content and Eye Discomfort in VDT Work.

A questionnaire study of Swedish public employees with frequent and different types of VDT work (n = 2,025) was conducted. Eight different kinds of eye discomfort were examined, and an additive index was constructed. Eye discomfort was statistically related to aspects of work organization. The highest levels of discomfort were reported by computer-aided design (CAD), data entry, and word processing groups; groups with mixed VDT tasks displayed the lowest level of symptoms. Time spent at a VDT, low degree of work control, time pressure, and high pace of work were all associated with relatively high levels of eye discomfort. There was significant interaction between experience of stress and time spent at a VDT with respect to both the eye discomfort index and three specific symptoms (itching, gritty feeling, and dryness). Whereas dryness, smarting, and itching of the eyes seem most strongly related to work conditions, redness and watery eyes seem most weakly related.

Control↗
PubMed1995

Dimensions of Job Control in Computerized and Traditional Office Work and Its Health Effects.

This study investigates whether a consistent relationship exists between computerization and job control. It also examines the role of job control as a predictor of stress symptoms typical for data entry and word processing (VDU) work. Two groups of VDU users and two comparable non-VDU-user groups took part in this study. A special questionnaire made it possible to assess global job control and four indexes of control related to specific aspects of work (control over choice of tasks and methods, control over time frame, control related to one's skill, and control related to participation in the decision-making process). Results did not show an unequivocal relation between computerization and the latitude of control. The latitude of control depends on the task performed and the aspect of control we are considering. Regression analyses showed that global control is a good predictor of job satisfaction, some mood disturbances, and visual complaints. The other aspects of control are related in a variety of ways to stress symptoms. The role of a Type A behavior pattern in the relationship between job control and stress symptoms varies depending on which aspect of control is being considered. It was concluded that because of the high functional differences between various aspects of control, it is better to avoid using the concept of global control and, when possible, apply specific indexes of control.

VDU work↗
PubMed1983

Apple II computer software for DNA and protein sequence data.

In our attempt to make the aid of a computer for the molecular biology laboratory available on a low-cost basis, we have improved the programs that we published recently. We have experienced in our laboratory, and have learned from others, that the average lab has an increasing demand to use a time-sharing-independent computer for the bulk of data handling. A microcomputer can give this independence. At the same time, a microcomputer can serve as a terminal for the few computer jobs, such as data communication or extensive search programs, which have to be conducted on a time-sharing basis. In this paper, we describe the programs which can be executed on a Apple II microcomputer using the Apple Language System. This system gives the researcher the opportunity to learn to handle sequence data, and it also includes a word processing system useful in writing letters and manuscripts and storing text.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

A dBASE III surgical pathology reporting and encoding microcomputer system.

The authors have developed a menu-driven dBASE III system for surgical pathology reporting and encoding in Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED). The system requires no knowledge of dBASE and is readily installed on any IBM-standard personal computer equipped with a fixed disk. The use of dBASE memo fields provides the integration of word processing and database functions. Preliminary gross examination reports are automatically accompanied by data from former cases on the same patient. Patient demographics, SNOMED codes, and final diagnoses are stored on the fixed disk; complete reports are saved on floppy diskettes. Cases can be retrieved by patient name, surgical number, or SNOMED codes. Daily work lists, frozen section-final diagnosis correlations, turnaround time reports, and listings of incomplete cases are easily obtained. Cytologic results can also be entered, allowing automatic correlation with surgical cases.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Building a better online formulary.

The history of and improvements made to the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) inpatient online formulary are described. The current formulary at UMHS is the third version of the Web-based formulary. The original effort in 1997 consisted of converting word-processing documents to HTML format and exporting this information to the university's intranet. There was no mechanism to search for formulary items, no therapeutic class cross-referencing, and no cost information. Documents and their conversion had to be manually maintained. The second version incorporated a series of automatic daily computer downloads from the inpatient pharmacy computer system. Web pages were built to dynamically display the formulary information from the database based on users' requests. The formulary enabled searching by brand or generic names, provided therapeutic category cross-references, listed the location of products within automated dispensing cabinets, provided accurate cost information, and was always up-to-date. Maintenance efforts drastically decreased. The current version has incorporated additional logic to meet users' needs. If no matches are found, the system expands its search by automatically linking to UMHS's inpatient pharmacy system repository of all drugs, finding matches to what the user entered, and then returning the names of therapeutically similar formulary agents to the user. A cross-index feature allows the system to return all the drugs that fall under the searched therapeutic category. Dramatic improvements have been made to UMHS's inpatient online formulary in the past two years. The current formulary provides a very low-cost, easily maintainable, and effective means to access the formulary and clinically relevant and timely information specific to each medication.

Computers↗
PubMed2000

TEXshade: shading and labeling of multiple sequence alignments using LATEX2 epsilon.

MOTIVATION: Typesetting, shading and labeling of nucleotide and peptide alignments using standard word processing or graphics software is time consuming. Available automatic sequence shading programs usually do not allow manual application of additional shadings or labels. Hence, a flexible alignment shading package was designed for both calculated and manual shading, using the macro language of the scientific typesetting software LATEX2 epsilon. RESULTS: TEXshade is the first TEX-based alignment shading software featuring, in addition to standard identity and similarity shading, special modes for the display of functional aspects such as charge, hydropathy or solvent accessibility. A plenitude of commands for manual shading, graphical labels, re-arrangements of the sequence order, numbering, legends etc. is implemented. Further, TEXshade allows the inclusion and display of secondary structure predictions in the DSSP-, STRIDE- and PHD-format. AVAILABILITY: From http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/beitz/tse.h tml (macro package and on-line documentation) CONTACT: eric.beitz@uni-tuebingen.de

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Sample size calculation, power analysis and randomization: research project design in Windows.

Single estimates of sample size for a study may be easily obtained by use of a hand calculator or from published tables. In contrast, performing multiple calculations is a tedious and time-consuming task, which is greatly simplified by a computer program. The computer program presented here assists the investigator in calculating sample size estimates, determining statistical power and creating randomization tables for a study. The program is designed primarily for clinical trials and thus includes some features not found in other software packages performing similar tasks. Sample size calculation and power analysis are performed for dichotomous, continuous (parametric and non-parametric tests) and time-to-failure (exponential distribution and log-rank test) response variables, and for correlation coefficients. Sample size estimates and significance levels may be adjusted for multiple participating centers, non-compliance, interim analyses and.multiple testing. The randomization subroutine generates tables for studies with up to nine treatment arms and with any valid block size. As a Windows application, the program runs in a multitasking environment, allowing switching between programs and easy pasting of results into word-processing documents and other applications. It is very simple to use, with a completely menudriven interface and sufficient built-in help to obviate the use of a manual.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Brain activity during reading. The effects of exposure duration and task.

Brain activity during reading tasks was investigated using PET. The aim was to account for differences in the results of two previous studies [those of Petersen et al. (Science 1990; 249: 1041-4) and Howard et al. (Brain 1992; 115: 1769-82)] by systematically varying the type of reading task and the exposure duration of the word stimuli. Both variables strongly influenced patterns of brain activity. There were three types of task: (i) reading aloud; (ii) reading silently; and (iii) lexical decision on visually presented words and pseudowords. Reading aloud and reading silently engaged the left middle and superior temporal regions, confirming the important role of these areas in visual word processing. The areas principally engaged during lexical decision were the left inferior and middle frontal cortices and the supplementary motor area; activity in these areas suggests that the subjects were using a phonological strategy to perform the task. There was also a significant effect of exposure duration, with activity being greater for short (150 ms) exposure durations than for long (1000 ms or 981 ms) exposure durations. We conclude that until we understand how subtle variations in experimental design influence brain activity during reading tasks, the association of specific processing functions with individual anatomical areas activated during reading is premature.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Different activation patterns in the visual cortex of late and congenitally blind subjects.

A key issue in developmental neuroscience is the role of activity-dependent mechanisms in the epigenetic induction of functional organization in visual cortex. Ocular blindness and ensuing visual deprivation is one of the rare models available for the investigation of experience-dependent cortical reorganization in man. In a PET study we demonstrate that congenitally blind subjects show task-specific activation of extrastriate visual areas and parietal association areas during Braille reading, compared with auditory word processing. In contrast, blind subjects who lost their sight after puberty show additional activation in the primary visual cortex with the same tasks. Studies in blind-raised monkeys show that crossmodal responses in extrastriate areas can be elicited by somatosensory stimulation. This is consistent with the crossmodal extrastriate activations elicited by tactile processing in our congenitally blind subjects. Since primary visual cortex does not show crossmodal responses in primate studies, the differential activation in late and congenitally blind subjects highlights the possibility of reciprocal activation by visual imagery in subjects with early visual experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Single word reading in developmental stutterers and fluent speakers.

Ten fluent speakers and nine developmental stutterers read isolated nouns aloud in a delayed reading paradigm. Cortical activation sequences were mapped with a whole-head magnetoencephalography system. The stutterers were mostly fluent in this task. Although the overt performance was essentially identical in the two groups, the cortical activation patterns showed clear differences, both in the evoked responses, time-locked to word presentation and mouth movement onset, and in task-related suppression of 20-Hz oscillations. Within the first 400 ms after seeing the word, processing in fluent speakers advanced from the left inferior frontal cortex (articulatory programming) to the left lateral central sulcus and dorsal premotor cortex (motor preparation). This sequence was reversed in the stutterers, who showed an early left motor cortex activation followed by a delayed left inferior frontal signal. Stutterers thus appeared to initiate motor programmes before preparation of the articulatory code. During speech production, the right motor/premotor cortex generated consistent evoked activation in fluent speakers but was silent in stutterers. On the other hand, suppression of motor cortical 20-Hz rhythm, reflecting task-related neuronal processing, occurred bilaterally in both groups. Moreover, the suppression was right-hemisphere dominant in stutterers, as opposed to left-hemisphere dominant in fluent speakers. Accordingly, the right frontal cortex of stutterers was highly active during speech production but did not generate synchronous time-locked responses. The speech-related 20-Hz suppression concentrated in the mouth area in fluent speakers, but was evident in both the hand and mouth areas in stutterers. These findings may reflect imprecise functional connectivity within the right frontal cortex and incomplete segregation between the adjacent hand and mouth motor representations in stutterers during speech production. A network including the left inferior frontal cortex and the right motor/premotor cortex, likely to be relevant in merging linguistic and affective prosody with articulation during fluent speech, thus appears to be partly dysfunctional in developmental stutterers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Subthalamic nucleus stimulation affects striato-anterior cingulate cortex circuit in a response conflict task: a PET study.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has generally been considered as a relay station within frontal-subcortical motor control circuitry. Little is known about the influence of the STN on cognitive networks. Clinical observations and studies in animals suggest that the STN participates in non-motor functions which can now be probed in Parkinson's disease patients with deep brain stimulation of the STN, allowing selective and reversible modulation of this nucleus. Using PET, we studied changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) associated with a response conflict task (Stroop task) in Parkinson's disease patients ON and OFF bilateral STN stimulation. The Stroop task requires subjects to name the font colour of colour words (e.g. "blue") printed in an incongruent colour ink (e.g. yellow). During STN stimulation, impaired task performance (prolonged reaction times) was associated with decreased activation in both right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right ventral striatum. Concomitant increased activation in left angular gyrus indicative of ongoing word processing during stimulation is consistent with an impairment to inhibit habitual responses. ACC and ventral striatum are part of the ACC circuit associated with response conflict tasks. The decreased activation during STN stimulation in the ACC circuit, while response conflict processing worsened, provides direct evidence of STN modulating non-motor basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry. Impairment in ACC circuit function could account for the subtle negative effects on cognition induced by STN stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

PET activation of posterior temporal regions during auditory word presentation and verb generation.

Previous studies using positron emission tomography (PET) report blood flow changes in superior and middle temple gyri associated with auditory and language tasks (Petersen et al., 1988, 1989; Wise et al., 1991; Demonet et al., 1992; Howard et al., 1992; Sergent et al., 1992; Zatorre et al., 1992; Petrides et al., 1993; Raichle et al., 1994; Fiez et al., 1995). An important issue is whether these changes reflect the activation of a single functional region or multiple regions with distinct functional contributions. In the present study, we examined this issue by focusing upon two tasks for which we have previously reported posterior temporal blood flow changes: listening to auditorily presented words (Petersen et al., 1988, 1989), and generation of a verb in response to a visually presented noun (Raichle et al., 1994); see also Wise et al. (1991). We began by further characterizing a left temporoparietal region of change previously associated with auditory word presentation. This previously reported response was replicated, and the results were extended by demonstrating presentation of pseudowords also produced activation. We next asked whether the activation associated with auditory word presentation could be distinguished from that associated with the generation of verbs in response to visually presented nouns. It was found that the activations associated with these two tasks could be both functionally and spatially dissociated. Thus, two posterior temporal areas associated with auditory word presentation and verb generation appear to represent distinct areas concerned with word processing. More generally, the results demonstrate an approach for assessing the independence of two activated areas.

Acoustic Stimulation↗