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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative characterization of a wool-wax extract by two complementary chromatographic techniques.

A detailed characterization of lipids present in a wool-wax extract, obtained by supercritical fluid extraction, is presented. Thin-layer chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (TLC-FID) has been used as a screening technique to identify the different chemical classes of complex mixtures. Furthermore, to confirm peak identification obtained by TLC-FID and to check its suitability as a quality control technique, preparative TLC fractionation has been carried out by re-analyzing the different fractions obtained by TLC-FID and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in the electron impact and in the chemical ionization modes. By means of this comparative study, the TLC-FID identification has been confirmed. Also, the complementarity of the different techniques used confirmed the identification of different lipid classes, namely fatty acids, alcohols, sterols, sterane diol, stanone, steryl sulphate, hydroxyacids, alkane diols, aliphatic and steryl esters, hydroxy steryl esters, triacylglycerol, diesters, and ceramides types II and VI.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Patients' perception of itch induced by histamine, compound 48/80 and wool fibres in atopic dermatitis.

Itch and flare responses were investigated in 32 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and in 32 healthy controls. Itch was induced chemically by intradermal injections of histamine (1, 3.3, 10 and 100 micrograms/ml) and compound 48/80 (10 micrograms/ml) into non-lesional skin and mechanically by wearing a woollen sweater. Continuous recording of itch intensity allowed the calculation of itch duration (ID), maximal itch intensity (Imax) and a "total itch index" (Tii). The itch responses were significantly increased in AD patients compared with controls for wool fibres and one of the histamine concentrations (10 micrograms/ml), but not for the remaining three histamine concentrations or compound 48/80. Conversely, the flare response was significantly smaller in AD patients than in controls for the two strongest histamine solutions and compound 48/80. Significant dose-response relationships were found between histamine concentration and each of ID, Imax, Tii and flare in both patients and controls. The slope of the flare-regression line was significantly steeper in controls than in AD patients, whereas the slopes of the itch-regression lines did not differ significantly between the two groups, i.e. their ability to discriminate between weak and strong histamine concentrations did not differ significantly. No increased skin mast cell releasability in vivo to compound 48/80 was shown in AD patients compared with controls. The itch and flare responses of AD patients did not correlate significantly with clinical itch intensity, eczema score or serum IgE level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Hygienic characteristics of the air and air microflora in the weaving mill of the wool textile industry].

Modern wool textile factories are characterized by hygienically inadequate labour conditions which include exceeding dust and microbe contamination of the air in the working zone and poor microclimate conditions in some shops. Basing on the studies of the air contamination sources, the contributors propose recommendations for health-related improvement of the air conditions.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1986

Effect of hypoxia on the initiation of secondary wool follicles in the fetus.

The development of secondary wool follicles in single fetal sheep subjected to hypobaric hypoxaemia was studied. One group of pregnant ewes were exposed to 57.1 kPa from 30 to 135 days gestation. Fetal weights (mean +/- s.d.) for the hypoxaemic group (3.35 +/- 0.53 kg; n = 4) were significantly lower than for the controls (4.19 +/- 0.31 kg; n = 3, P less than 0.05). At 110 days gestation, a second group had arterial and venous catheters surgically implanted into the ewe and fetus and skin samples were taken from the fetus. At 120 days gestation (10 days after surgery) these animals were subjected to hypoxia for 20 days, at a level to maintain fetal carotid pO2 between 1.47 and 1.87 kPa (mean carotid pO2 for the control fetuses was 2.84 +/- 0.28 kPa). Fetal weight at 140 days was not significantly different in the hypoxaemic and control groups. Morphometric analysis revealed that the secondary to primary follicle ratio (S:P) was less in both groups of hypoxaemic fetuses than in their respective controls. Although hypoxia for 20 days did not significantly alter fetal weight, it produced a low S:P ratio similar to the longer-term hypoxaemic animals. It is concluded that hypoxia has a marked effect in reducing the initiation of secondary follicles in the last third of gestation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Antibodies against merokeratin from sheep wool decorate cytokeratin filaments in non-keratinizing epithelial cells.

Merokeratin is an easily soluble proteolytic derivative of mature alpha-keratin. Guinea pig antibodies have been raised to merokeratin prepared from sheep wool. These antibodies decorate in immunofluorescence microscopy arrays of bundles of intermediate sized filaments present in established epithelial cell lines growing in culture. Thus, the highly helical soluble proteolytic fragments of mature alpha-keratin contains antigenic determinants shared by the cytokeratins present in non-epidermal cells, and antibodies to these keratin fragments can be used for the demonstration of at least some cytokeratin-containing structures in other cells and tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effect of a drying agent (B26) on wool moisture and blowfly strike.

A drying agent (B26) was applied as a mist to sheep fleece. A reduction of 30 per cent in wool moisture was recorded, which persisted for 10 to 12 weeks. Reapplication of B26 extended the period of dryness, without adding to the reduction of moisture. Treatment using 100 to 200 ml of the drying agent resulted in reduced fleece moisture content for seven days when exposed to wetting by simulated rain. Treated sheep showed a 60 per cent reduction in the number and severity of fleece rot lesions. Diazinon reduced the incidence of natural flystrike by 50 per cent and the drying agent by 75 per cent over a five week period before shearing compared with untreated animals.

Aluminum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wool grease-derived alpha-monohydric fatty alcohols are carcinostatic depending on their branched alkyl moiety bulkiness.

Wool fatty alcohols (WF-Alc) separated from esterolysates of sheep cutaneous wax were fractionated by molecular distillation and HPLC, resulting in two homogeneous antitumor compounds identified by GC-MS and 13C-/1H-NMR as a-monohydric branched saturated fatty alcohols, 14-methyl-1-pentadecanol (iso-C16OH) and 14-methyl-1-hexadecanol (anteiso-C17OH). Both the alcohols markedly prolonged the life-span of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma- or S180 fibrosarcoma-implanted mice without acute toxic side-effects, whereas other iso- or n-fatty alcohols (C16-C30) contained in WF-Alc were slightly effective. Thus antitumor activity of WF-Alc depended on the molecular balanced hydrophobicity attributed to both the branched alkyl moiety bulkiness derived from the diverse fatty alcohols contained, and a hydroxyl group.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Biological effects of four PSEN1 gene mutations causing Alzheimer disease with spastic paraparesis and cotton wool plaques.

We describe the biological consequences on PSEN1 exons 8 or 9 splicing and Abeta peptides production of four PSEN1 mutations associated with a phenotypic variant of Alzheimer disease, which includes cotton wool plaques and spastic paraparesis (CWP/SP). Two of these mutations (c.869-22_869-23ins18 and c.871A > C, p.T291P) are novel mutations located in intron 8 and exon 9, respectively. The c.869-22_869-23ins18 mutation caused exon 9 skipping whereas the c.871A > C (p.T291P) mutation showed only a modest effect on exon 9 skipping. The previously reported E280G and P264L mutations, located in exon 8, had no effect on mRNA splicing. Infection of cells with mutant T291P, E280G, or P264L cDNAs caused a variable increase in secreted Abeta42. We conclude that none of the previously proposed mechanisms, i.e. exceptionally large increases in secreted Abeta42 levels or loss of PSEN1 exons 8 or 9, provides complete explanation of the CWP/SP phenotype.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1995

Glass wool-H2O2/CoCl2 test system for in vitro evaluation of biodegradative stress cracking in polyurethane elastomers.

Environmental stress cracking (ESC) in polyetherurethanes has been demonstrated in animal models. However, duplication of this phenomenon in vitro has been a challenge. The glass wool-H2O2/CoCl2 test system was designed to provide oxidation components found in vivo, i.e., hydroxyl radical (HO.), molecular oxygen (O2), and superoxide (O2-.) required for auto-oxidation of polyetherurethanes. The in vitro test is not only reliable in duplicating the characteristics of in vivo stress cracking in polyetherurethanes at 37 degrees C, but also accelerates ESC as much as seven times. The test results on several types of polyurethanes showed that Tecothane 80A was as vulnerable to biodegradative stress cracking in vitro as Pellethane 2363-80A, while the new generation of polyurethanes, Corethane, demonstrated great resistance against stress cracking.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1990

Cotton-wool spots and AIDS related complex.

Twenty-nine patients with the AIDS Related Complex (ARC) were studied retrospectively. Cotton-wool spots (CWSs) were the main ophthalmological finding, present in 9 patients (31%) at this stage of the disease. The CWSs were asymptomatic and were therefore discovered during a routine examination. The proportion of patients with significant weight loss was greater among ARC patients with CWSs than among those with normal fundi. Leukocyte counts were found to be significantly lower (p = 0.03, odds ratio 10.0 [1.24 to 80.4]) among ARC patients with CWSs. Lymphocyte counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio were also found to be diminished in these patients. Among the nine patients with CWSs during ARC, seven developed major opportunistic infections or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) related neoplasias during the following months (3.8 +/- 3.5 months). These findings are consistent with a poorer prognosis for HIV infected patients who have CWSs.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed2002

A novel mutation (G217D) in the Presenilin 1 gene ( PSEN1) in a Japanese family: presenile dementia and parkinsonism are associated with cotton wool plaques in the cortex and striatum.

We report a family of Japanese origin that has five individuals from two generations affected by an illness characterized by dementia, a stooped posture and an antiflexion gait with an onset in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Two siblings had a clinical phenotype characterized by dementia and Parkinsonism with stooped posture, rigidity and bradykinesia. Neuropathological alterations in both patients included numerous 'cotton wool' plaques (CWPs), senile plaques, severe amyloid angiopathy, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal rarefaction and gliosis. CWPs were present throughout the cerebral cortex as well as in the caudate nucleus, putamen, claustrum, thalamus, substantia innominata and colliculi. These plaques contained a small quantity of argyrophilic and tau-immunopositive neurites as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunopositive elements. They were mildly fluorescent with thioflavin S and immunopositive using monoclonal antibodies recognizing amyloid beta (A beta) ending at residue 42. The main constituents of CWPs were neuropil elements and extracellular amyloid fibrils. These neuropil elements were small dendrites including spines, axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles and astrocytic processes. Dendrites occasionally contained bundles of paired helical filaments. Dendrites and axons often had an irregular outline and appeared as degenerating osmiophilic processes containing electron-dense mitochondria. Genetic analysis of the proband's affected sibling revealed a novel nucleotide substitution (G to A) in exon 8 of the Presenilin 1 ( PSEN1) gene. This nucleotide change results in a glycine to aspartic acid substitution at residue 217 of the PSEN1 protein. This study provides further evidence of clinical and pathological heterogeneity in dementing illnesses associated with PSEN1 mutations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Variability and heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease with cotton wool plaques: a clinicopathological study of four autopsy cases.

We describe three cases of early- (cases 1-3, 28-39 years) and one of late-onset (case 4, 76 years) Alzheimer's disease (AD) with 'cotton wool' plaques (CWPs) but without a family history indicating autosomal dominant inheritance. The early-onset cases, but not the late-onset case, showed remarkable aggression, disinhibition, and impulsiveness. Spastic paraparesis was observed in only one early-onset case. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections showed numerous CWPs, especially in the temporal cortex, in all cases. Bielschowsky-stained sections showed neurofibrillary tangles and minor neuritic changes surrounding the CWPs in three cases, but not in case 2. Gallyas-Braak-stained sections showed weak argyrophilia in homogeneous material of the CWPs in cases 2 and 4. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that Abeta42 was deposited more predominantly than Abeta40 in three cases. However, in case 2, approximately twice as much Abeta40 as Abeta42 was deposited. Tau immunostaining demonstrated neuritic changes in three cases, but not in case 2. alpha-Synuclein-positive Lewy bodies (LBs) and astrocytic lesions containing non-Abeta component of AD amyloid (NAC), a central fragment of alpha-synuclein, were found in case 3. In conclusion, (1) a frontal lobe syndrome-like personality change may be one of the characteristic clinical features of early-onset CWP-AD, (2) the deposition pattern of Abeta40 and Abeta42 in CWP-AD is more variable than that of presenilin-1-linked cases, (3) Abeta deposition can result in development of dementia without tau pathology, and (4) CWP-AD with LBs and several other neurodegenerative disorders with LBs share a common process involving alpha-synuclein and NAC deposition.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Mechanism of refractory ceramic fiber- and rock wool-induced cytotoxicity in alveolar macrophages.

OBJECTIVES: Man-made vitreous fibers (MMVFs) can induce cytotoxicity in a way similar to that of other particles, including silica and asbestos fibers. However, as yet the mechanism of MMVF-induced cytotoxicity is still not clear. This report aims to clarify the mechanism of MMVF-induced cytotoxicity in the alveolar macrophage (AM). In this mechanism, an attempt to prove the involvement of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation system and the polyinosinic acid-inhibitable scavenger receptors was made. METHODS: Several parameters were observed for cytotoxicity, such as cell viability, the release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and ATP levels in rat AM's that were treated with refractory ceramic fibers (RF2) and rock wool (RW1). A specially designed ATP generation system was used to determine the effect of MMVF on ATP generation. A scavenger receptor ligand was applied to evaluate the relationship between scavenger receptors and MMVF-induced ATP depletion. RESULTS: A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that both RF2 and RW1 caused a decrease in cell viability and this decrease was concentration-dependent. RF2 and RW1 increased the release of LDH with increasing fiber concentration. From these parameters, RF2 was shown to exhibit greater cytotoxicity than did RW1. Both fibers decreased the intracellular ATP content and this decrease was concentration-dependent. The decrease was more pronounced in RW1 than in RF2 at all fiber concentrations. These fibers suppressed succinate-triggered oxygen consumption. Polyinosinic acid, a ligand of the scavenger receptor, inhibited the MMVF-induced decrease in ATP concentration. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that RF2 and RW1 can induce cytotoxicity and ATP depletion in the AM through the polyinosinic acid-inhibitable scavenger receptor. ATP depletion was the important factor in MMVF cytotoxicity, especially by RW1.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1985

Characteristic biochemical differences in human T and B lymphocytes separated on nylon wool.

T and B lymphocytes from human tonsils were separated on a nylon wool column. T. cells are enriched in the nonadherent, B cells in the adherent fraction. Several enzymes and other markers were tested in separated and non separated lymphocyte populations. Certain enzymes and other properties can be used as T or B lymphocyte markers because of their preferential occurrence and because of the advantages of their estimation (simple, quick methods, objective evaluation). The following characteristics were considered as markers on the basis of our results: (I) acid phosphatase, Na+-K+-activated ATPase, BAEE-peptidase and chromium labeling in T lymphocytes; (II) 5'-nucleotidase, FITC-IgG binding, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, thymidine and valine incorporation in B lymphocytes.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1979

Non-selective lymphocyte isolation from human blood by nylon wool filtration and density centrifugation.

A new method was employed to isolate lymphocytes from human peripheral blood. Continuous flow filtration through a nylon wool filter, at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min, produced a lymphocyte yield of 90.5% and a purity of 96% without any shift in the B-T cell ratio. Ficoll-Isopaque with a specific gravity of 1.085 g/ml instead of 1.077 g/ml could be used to remove the erythrocytes. An overall recovery, including defibrination, filtration, Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation and washing step, of 74.5% was achieved.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1979

Lymphocyte membrane alterations caused by nylon wool column separation.

Use of the nylon wool column method to separate lymphocytes results in preparations which, while fully viable, have grossly depleted cellular levels of phospholipid, cholesterol and sialic acid. These membrane effects, which relate mainly to T cells, indicate that the method is unsuitable for use in biochemical analysis of lymphocytes.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1992

The use of nylon wool for the isolation of T lymphocyte subpopulations.

A simple method for the affinity isolation of lymphocyte subpopulations using nylon wool as a solid phase matrix is described. This matrix was coated with an acid-treated IgG fraction of polyclonal antibodies against mouse immunoglobulins. Using this approach, a simple isolation procedure for lymphocyte subpopulations, yielding purities higher than 95% was developed. The method can be used on a large scale for positive and negative cell selection, with very little non-specific binding. The isolated populations are fully functional.

Animals↗