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Results for “Weight Perception”

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PubMed1986

Visual impairment, verbal humor, and conservation.

Through a cerebral hemispheric specialization model, I speculated that the reported discrepancy between visually impaired children's competency in language development and lags in cognition may be explained by the use of visual-spatial measurements of cognition. The performance of 51 visually impaired and 51 sighted children, ages 7 to 15 years, on a task of joke comprehension and conservation of weight scores was analyzed. I hypothesized that the ability to comprehend verbal humor would reflect the function of the left hemisphere of the brain and the ability to perform a Piagetian visual-spatial task would reflect the function of the right hemisphere. The findings indicate that although age and IQ contributed significantly to predicting joke comprehension, the ability to conserve did not have a unique contribution. In conclusion, I suggest that the cerebral hemispheric specialization model be considered when investigating language and cognition of visually impaired children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The balance-scale dilemma: either the subject or the experimenter muddles through.

We examined two critiques of rule-assessment methodology: (a) the method does not take into consideration other rules that subjects use to solve problems, and (b) its multiple-choice format misrepresents subjects' cognitive level. In Study 1, high school students completed a paper-and-pencil, multiple-choice balance scale questionnaire. Their performance was assessed with Siegler's original rules and a revised set of rules that included an addition and a qualitative proportionality rule. Results showed that Siegler's Rule 3 was not homogeneous and that distinguishing specific patterns of answers among Rule 3 subjects increased the diagnostic value of the rule-assessment methodology. In Study 2, we compared rule-assessment methodology to the Piagetian clinical model. High school students solved balance-scale problems within each method. Results indicated an overall match between Piagetian levels of Siegler's rules, with the exception of Rule 3, suggesting again the pertinence of specifying alternative rules.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Patterns of nonverbal behavior among adolescents responding to a formal reasoning task.

This study investigated nonverbal behavior patterns of 11 adolescents who responded to the Inhelder-Piaget (1958) balance task, which provides an assessment of proportional reasoning and was the first study of how students behave while being assessed for formal reasoning ability. Interdependency among the precisely defined categories of behavior was found, even when the categories were collapsed on a conceptual basis. Consequences of this categorical interdependency were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Force matching at the elbow joint is disturbed by muscle soreness.

These experiments are concerned with the ability of human subjects to match isometric torque in their elbow flexor muscles when biceps of one arm is made sore. Pain was induced by injection of hypertonic saline. Subjects were asked to generate a level of torque, 30% of maximum, with one arm, the reference arm. To achieve the required torque, subjects were given visual feedback. Subjects were then asked to match this torque with their other arm, the indicator arm. In control measurements, subjects were consistent in their matching ability and often were quite accurate. However, when biceps of one arm was made sore, subjects consistently and significantly underestimated the level of torque being generated by the sore arm. Painful heat applied to the skin over biceps produced a similar pattern of errors. Heating skin remote from elbow flexors had no significant effect. One interpretation of these findings is that the nociceptive input from the sore region of skin or muscle leads to reduced excitability of the motor cortex. That, in turn, disturbs the relationship between the centrally generated effort and motor output, leading to matching errors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Afferent contributions to digit force coupling and force level variation during performance of non-lift pinch.

Afferent contributions to the coordination of thumb and index finger forces during non-lift pinch were studied using an anesthetization case study design. Two subjects, one performing with and without digital anesthetization and one with intact sensation, produced dynamic pinch forces against a stable object, with and without visual feedback. Error corrections were less frequent post-anesthetization, and the cross correlation between digit forces was lower when sensation was removed. However, this decrease in cross correlation between digit forces seemed to reflect a loss in the magnitude of tightly coupled error corrections when sensation was removed, rather than more frequent deviations of force magnitude between the digit forces. Force-time output without visual feedback lacked these error corrections, and the correlation between digit forces remained high, irrespective of sensory status. Additionally, with vision occluded, the time rate of force change did not vary in a gradual manner as would be expected from a neural representation of a sinusoidal target, but was instead marked by sudden abrupt reversals of force rate of change, invariant of somatosensory status. The coupling of digit forces and rates of force change during non-lift pinch appear to be controlled primarily with feedforward mechanisms, where the lack of proprioceptive feedback does not seem to disrupt this coupling.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Explicit and objective scoring criteria for the taylor complex figure test.

The Rey and Taylor figures are two constructional and visual memory tests used interchangeably. The purpose of this study was to develop a scoring system for the Taylor figure based on the explicit guidelines established by Meyers and Meyers (1995) for the Rey figure. Younger (n = 97; mean age = 21 years) and older (n = 61; mean age = 72 years) participants' performance on the Taylor figure was scored according to the proposed scoring system and the original scoring system devised by Taylor (1989). Both scoring systems yielded comparable scores on the Taylor figure as well as comparable patterns of validity and good interrater reliabilities (0.85-0.98). Although the present system does not further improve scoring reliability, it renders both tests similar in methodology and simplifies training to evaluate the two figures. The present study also reveals the limitations of the use of the Taylor and the Rey in test-retest situations but suggests that administering the Taylor first would improve the comparability of the two figures in a test-retest situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Sensations of heaviness.

We have studied the appreciation of heaviness in two groups of subjects; in 8 patients with varying degrees of unilateral 'upper motor neuron' weakness but without sensory symptoms or signs, and in 10 volunteers during partial curarization of the forearm and hand. In all experiments the subjects matched a reference weight lifted on the weak side with a variable weight on the strong side to provide an objective indication of the heaviness of the reference weight. Patients matched the weights of tennis balls filled with mercury or weights lifted by extending the index finger. Weights were judged as heavier when lifted by the weakened side both in the hemiparetic patients and in normal subjects weakened with curare. In both the hemiparetic patients and the subjects weakened with curare peripheral sensory information would signal the forces exerted in lifting the weight; however, both groups of subjects clearly placed more reliance on the effort that was being put into the contraction than on peripheral tensions achieved. The concept that we rely in part on a sensing command to the motoneurons when estimating weight agrees with observations by Holmes on patients with unilateral cerebellar dysfunction, and with recent physiological experiments.

Hemiplegia↗
PubMed1979

Age differences in resolving power and decision strategies in a weight discrimination task.

Current theories of aging suggest that at least part of the decline in performance on psychophysical tasks, commonly observed in older subjects, may be the result of their becoming more cautious about sensory decisions. This conclusion has been supported by experiments in which the criterion index, beta, from signal detection theory is shown to be higher (indicating a strict criterion) for older subjects. A weight-discrimination experiments is reported which failed to replicate the earlier results; older subjects' criteria were the same or more lax than those of younger controls on that task. The possibility that extreme caution on the part of older people may be specific to certain classes of task is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Age and sex differences in sensitivity and response bias in a weight discrimination task.

Forty young adults (18 to 31 years) and 40 older adults (61 to 82 years) participated in weight discrimination study. The subject's task was to decide if two weights lifted successively were the same or different and to rate the decision confidence of each response. The standard weight was 210 grams and the comparison weight was either 210 or 225 grams. It was found that the younger adults discriminated between the pair of weights better than the older adults and that men discriminated better than women, but an age by sex interaction was not observed. With regard to d, much of the age difference rested with older men being less sensitive than younger men at two of five rating scale categories. There was a tendency for older adults to set stricter criteria than young adults, but this was seen only when age groups differing in sensitivity were compared. When matched for sensitivity, age differences in response bias were not found. When shifts in response bias were observed it was such that young men set higher criteria than old men at the first category of the rating scale and lower criteria at the fifth category.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Stimulus generalization of lifted weights in older and younger women.

Older (62 to 86 years) and younger (17 to 30 years) women were essentially similar in acquisition of weight discriminations and in generalized responding to a range of weights during postdiscrimination tests. In both age groups, acquisition was facilitated by increases in the difference between the positive and negative stimuli, and postdiscrimination gradients were displaced away from the value of the negative stimulus, particularly when it was the heavier of the training pair. The finding from personality test scores that the older women were more introverted than the younger ones, together with the absence of age differences in acquisition and generalization, does not support the Eysenck-Gray hypothesis that introversion influences conditioning processes. The results do suggest that basic conditioning processes are maintained with increasing age in healthy older adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Panmodal processing imprecision as a basis for dysfunction of transient memory storage systems in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with cognitive disturbances that may reflect underlying deficits in the functioning of brain transient memory storage systems. This study investigates performance in three distinct tasks that require transient memory storage: (1) tone discrimination, (2) object weight discrimination, and (3) "AX"-type visual continuous performance task. The tests used were chosen to investigate the degree to which a similar pattern of performance deficit could be observed across multiple sensory and cognitive domains in schizophrenia. In each of the paradigms, a similar pattern emerged: subjects with schizophrenia showed severe performance deficits whenever performance depended on functioning of transient memory systems. The deficits were apparent at both short and long interstimulus intervals (ISI), however, and schizophrenia subjects were no more affected by increasing ISI than were controls. Moreover, when short ISI performance was matched across groups by manipulating task difficulty, subsequent decay in performance was equivalent across groups. Thus, although schizophrenia subjects show severe performance deficits in memory-dependent tasks, the deficits do not appear to reflect impaired transient memory per se. Rather, they appear to reflect impaired precision of operation of such systems, irrespective of the duration over which representations must be maintained. The severe deficits in processing precision, despite the relatively preserved maintenance of representation, may be relevant to pathophysiological models of schizophrenia.

Adult↗