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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

A genetic analysis of the cytological region 46C-F containing the Drosophila melanogaster homolog of the jun proto-oncogene.

The cytogenetic region 46C-F on the right arm of Drosophila chromosome 2, which contains the homolog of the human jun proto-oncogene, has been genetically mapped and characterized. This project led to the identification and characterization of a Jra (jun-related antigen) mutation, which has been described in detail elsewhere. Three mutagens, EMS, DEB and gamma-rays, were used to isolate 126 lethal lines for this interval. Complementation analysis of the 126 lethal lines identified 29 lethal complementation groups in the region; nine of which have now been correlated with known genes or phenotypes. The region has been subdivided into ten intervals using various small deletions, seven intervals in 46C/D and three intervals in 46E/F. Sixteen P-element lines have been mapped to this interval and are allelic to eight of our complementation groups. The remaining unidentified complementation groups have been analyzed for critical phase, which is when the first observable defect arises and/or when death occurs. There are twelve embryonic lethal groups and seven larval lethal groups. Three lines show visible abnormalities in gut and tracheal development prior to death.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Calculation of attenuation factors from combined singles and coincidence emission projections.

We have developed a simple method for determining coincidence attenuation-correction factors C (the inverse of the total attenuation factors) from collimated singles (SPECT) and coincidence [positron emission tomography (PET)] projections without transmission data. Attenuation-correction factor estimates are determined for individual lines of response (LOR's) independently. The required data can be acquired using a gamma-camera system with coincidence capabilities. A first-order approximation (R) of C for an LOR is given by the product of the singles count rates, taken at each end of the LOR divided by the square of the coincidence count rate. The method was tested using simulated singles and coincidence projections starting with emission and attenuation maps from patient PET scans. Noise and resolution effects were modeled in separate studies. In the noise-free, high-resolution simulations, a scatter plot of the C values versus the corresponding R values for all LOR's produces a well-defined trajectory with little variance. Values of lnR were reconstructed into good quality attenuation maps that compare favorably with the originals. We conclude that the method works well on ideal data. The introduction of noise results in degraded images. In a simulated patient study, lung and outer body boundaries were visible in images produced with 3.2 x 10(4) coincidence counts.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1987

[Localized fibrous mesothelioma of the pleura. Morphological studies of 7 cases].

Localized tumors of pleura should clearly be separated from diffuse pleural mesotheliomas due to clinical and pathological peculiarities. But there is some dispute on their proper interpretation and hence disagreement about their correct designation. Some call them "fibrous tumors (fibromas)" of pleura and appreciate by this term the fibroplastic potency of tumor cells and the lacking relation to overlying mesothelial surface cells, others prefer the name "fibrous mesothelioma" and allude to an at least abortive mesothelial differentiation within the tumor tissue. Examining 7 own tumor cases by means of light microscopic, topo- and immunohistochemical as well as electron microscopic methods the investigations were aimed at analysing the morphological structure of these tumors and subjecting it to a critical reappraisal with regard to a suited designation. Histologically, a marked variability of histological structure and texture was found, there were regions with similarities to fibromas, fibrous histiocytomas, hemangiopericytomas and nerve sheath tumors as well as blastema-like areas. Occasionally a vasoformative activity could be seen. In three tumors a few epithelioid cell complexes were visible, but neither keratin intermediate filaments nor UEA-I reactivity was to be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against factor VIII associated antigen only marked endothelial cells of vascular structures. By the electron microscopic examination of 1 case abortive mesothelial differentiations were visualized (some lumen-like space formations, stub-like cellular projections of the cavity facing side, primitive intercellular junctions and fragmented basal lamina-like material). The findings inclusive the immunohistochemical results are discussed and jointly taken for sustaining the interpretation of these tumors as mesotheliomas and for militating against the classification as simple pleural fibromas or fibrous pleural tumors, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Visual measurement of relative distances between three collinear dots rotating in a slanted plane.

Displays consisted of orthographic and perspective projections of three collinear dots rotating rigidly around a fixed centre in a plane slanted 45 degrees in depth. Observers were asked to decide whether the middle of the three dots was exactly centred in 3-D space between the other two dots. The visible rotation segments were 120 degrees, 160 degrees, or 200 degrees and the displacements were 2%, 4%, or 6%. Our untrained observers performed more poorly overall than well-practised observers tested earlier by Lappin and Fuqua (1983 Science 221 480-482). Results of additional manipulations suggested that 2-D image properties played a more important role than acknowledged by Lappin and Fuqua. First, displacement size and the position of the rotation centre produced nonlinear effects. Second, the direction of displacement affected performance. Third, projection type and display type (static snapshots versus elliptic traces) were involved in complex interactions. Clearly, performance was affected by 2-D image properties that should be irrelevant to the calculation of 3-D projective invariants.

Cues↗
PubMed1993

Brain swelling in first hour after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Six patients undergoing routine coronary artery bypass surgery were examined by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain before surgery, immediately afterwards, and 6-18 days later. Brain swelling was visible in all six patients on the immediate postoperative scan. In five patients who had later scans the swelling had subsided. No major neurological deficits were seen, and the patients were extubated successfully within 3 h of the operation. The mechanism of the cerebral swelling is uncertain, but it may provide insight into the cause of neurophysiological deficits seen after coronary artery surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Audit of waste collected over one week from ten dental practices. A pilot study.

An audit of the waste practices of ten general dental surgeries identified problems that have occurred due to the lack of specific dental guidelines or codes of practice in this area. Occupational health and safety requirements for types and locations of sharps containers, and lack of consensus on what constitutes a sharp, were identified as areas needing attention. Cross-infection control items, such as gloves, masks, single-use cups, and protective coverings, were found to constitute up to 91 per cent of total waste. When infectious waste was reclassified by the audit team as 'that waste which was visibly blood stained,' a reduction in waste in this category was made, during the audit, at each practice. The practice of disposing of radiographic fixer and developer into the sewerage system occurred in three out of the ten practices, even though the Australian Dental Association Inc. has discouraged this practice.

Blood↗
PubMed1997

Radiologic prevalence of advanced lateral C1-C2 osteoarthritis.

STUDY DESIGN: The lateral C1-C2 (atlantoaxial) joints were evaluated retrospectively in 355 patients referred for radiographs of the paranasal sinuses. OBJECTIVES: To determine the radiologic prevalence of advanced lateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies have shown a relation between atlantoaxial osteoarthritis and referred pain in the suboccipital region. However, the radiologic prevalence of this degenerative disorder is unknown. METHODS: Five hundred radiographs of the paranasal sinuses were evaluated retrospectively. Both lateral atlantoaxial joints were clearly visible on occipitofrontal projections in 355 examinations. Each lateral atlantoaxial joint was considered severely degenerated when advanced narrowing or obliteration of the joint space, subchondral sclerosis, and/or osteophytosis were present. RESULTS: Atlantoaxial osteoarthritis was found in 4.8% of the patients. The radiologic prevalence of advanced degenerative changes at the lateral atlantoaxial joint(s) was found to increase with age, ranging from 5.4% in the sixth decade to 18.2% in the ninth decade of life. CONCLUSION: Because advanced degenerative changes at the lateral atlantoaxial joints can cause suboccipital neck pain, these findings should be included in the differential diagnosis in older patients with this symptom.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Multivariate survival analysis for the identification of factors associated with cavity formation in permanent first molars.

This investigation used a multivariate survival model, which allowed for dependent caries data with possible censoring, to analyse the impact of timing of tooth emergence, gender and several reported oral hygiene and dietary habits on the incidence of cavity formation in permanent first molars (PFM) in young children. A 6-yr prospective oral health screening project in Flanders, Belgium, provided clinical and questionnaire data on 4,468 children. The results revealed that PFM in children who reported frequent brushing, who had no visible caries experience in the primary dentition, and who presented without occlusal plaque on the PFM had the best survival estimates. Girls had a higher incidence than boys of cavity formation in mandibular molars. The multiple survival analysis confirmed the major impact of the caries status of the deciduous dentition and self-reported oral hygiene habits on the incidence of cavities in permanent first molars.

Belgium↗
PubMed2001

Heat radiation during caloric vestibular test: thermographic demonstration in temporal bone experiments.

Since Barany's descriptions in 1906, cold and warm irrigations of the external ear canal have been used for unilaterally testing vestibular excitability. The fluid kinetics within the endolymph have been studied thoroughly, whereas relatively few published articles deal with the mechanisms of heat transfer from the external to the internal ear. Even though heat conduction via the bone seemed to be well established in the textbooks, Feldmann and co-workers found heat radiation to be a very important factor. Using a rather uncommon method, we tried to make this heat radiation more apparent: in temporal bone experiments, temperature distribution was followed by thermography. Temporal bone specimens were prepared in such a way that heat distributions became visible after experimental caloric irrigations of the external ear canal. Temperature changes could well be verified by changes in coloration of the 2-dimensional thermograms. Conclusions were drawn from registrations performed in 2 projections, 90 degrees to each other, allowing cautious statements about 3-dimensional distribution. The velocity of heat transfer at the very onset of the reaction can only be explained by radiation, whereas later, other mechanisms, such as conduction via the bone or convection via the middle ear gas, may have some influence. Our results support Feldmann's findings and underline the significance of radiation in the heat transfer mechanism.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2004

Self-sampling in screening to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer: a qualitative exploration of the decision to complete a faecal occult blood test (FOBT).

OBJECTIVE: To explore beliefs that might impact upon public reactions to a proposed population level faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening invitation and acceptability of completing an FOBT home self-sampling kit. METHODS: Four focus groups were conducted to explore men and women's beliefs about colorectal cancer risk, their understanding of screening and reactions to an FOBT kit. Participants were shown a kit and permitted to examine it during the focus groups. RESULTS: Colorectal cancer is viewed as having severe quality of life impacts and is commonly regarded as being caused by diet. Faecal blood is an expected symptom. A home self-sampling kit is viewed as highly acceptable, but some concerns were raised about collecting and storing faecal matter. CONCLUSIONS: The main implications for public education arising from the analysis were firstly, that communications regarding the potential to avoid quality of life impacts of colorectal cancer may motivate participation; secondly, that public education might address the ability of the test to detect asymptomatic abnormalities, in particular occult (as opposed to visible) blood; thirdly, in order to prevent avoidance responses to fear, communications need to emphasise that many abnormal test outcomes will not be cancer and early treatment may prevent cancer and associated adverse quality of life impacts; fourthly, that uptake may be promoted by emphasising messages that the test kit is very convenient; and finally, that instruction leaflets might minimise procedural concerns by suggesting simple and easy methods to collect and store faecal samples.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1983

Lung cancer detected during a screening program using four-month chest radiographs.

Ninety-two lung cancers were detected in the Mayo Lung Project in patients undergoing chest radiography every four months for screening. Fifty patients had a peripheral nodule, 16 had a perihilar nodule, 20 had hilar or mediastinal enlargement, and six had pneumonitis. The peripheral cancers grew slowly. Ninety per cent were visible in retrospect for months or even years. Despite this, 70% of the peripheral cancers were classified as postsurgical American Joint Committee (AJC) Stage 1. The central cancers grew rapidly, usually presenting as hilar or mediastinal enlargements after normal findings on the previous radiograph obtained four months earlier. Most were classified as AJC Stage 3 tumors.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1975

[Videodensitometric, angiocardiographic and hemodynamic examinations in corrected tetralogy of fallot].

In 38 children with typical tetralogy of Fallot recatheterization was performed 15 days to 410/12 years after correction. Their age ranged from 47/12 to 181/12 years and their weigh? 14;8 TO 54.4 KG. The biplane angiocardiograms were especially evaluated with respect to thcy to decrease from intraoperative to postoperative values. We did not find a parameter, determined during the operation, which can predict with certainty the operative result, found at the time of recatheterization. The peak pressure ration PRV/PLV seems to be most suitable but in an individual case one cannot rely on it. A diastolic murmur was heart postoperatively in 25 children, 9 of whom had a regurgitation index greater than 10%. In all 38 patients an infundibulectomy was performed, which in every case resulted in a disturbance of the contraction pattern (asynergy) of the right ventricular outflow tract. In the area of the ostium infundibuli small aneurysms were demonstrated in 50% of the cases. They were divided according to their angiographic appearance, the type of asynergy and their visibility on the two standard x-ray projections. In 11 children we observed incompletely resected muscle bundles of the infundibulum. Hemodynamically they were insignificant. Residual muscular infundibular stenoses, causing a pressure gradient, were observed in 8 cases. Aortal indentations of varying degree at the site of cannulation for the extracorporal circulation were present in 91%. In 13 patients an outflow tract reconstruction was necessary. In 8 children the patch was clearly identifiable as such. The necessity of recatheterization after correction of tetralogy of Fallot is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[First clinical experiences with a new large frame intensifier in thoracic diagnosis].

In 350 patients with 870 pathologic findings comparative blind analysis of conventional chest films and biplane 100 mm photofluorographic images taken with the large-field image intensifier revealed high accuracy in the evaluation of coin lesions, hilar and pleural pathology, pulmonary vasculature and the right paratracheal stripe. Moderate central interstitial edema, more subtle interstitial changes particularly in the lung periphery including Kerley's B-lines, and calcifications in the hilum or the aortic arch are not visible in all cases for the evaluation of lesions of the ribs special films continue to be mandatory. Lateral views are of good quality. The spatial resolution of the large-field image intensifier was measured to be 4.5-5.2 LP/mm at the output phosphor, the spatial resolution of the 100 mm intensified images ranges from 2.6-3.8 LP/mm in the center. Mean skin dose was found to be 6.3 mrd in the p.a. projection which is less than 5% of the values registered in non-intensified photofluorography and even by factor 5 lower than in conventional chest x-ray using rare earth screens.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Spatial scaling of central and peripheral contrast-sensitivity functions.

Contrast sensitivity was measured as a function of spatial frequency at various eccentricities in the nasal visual field. Eccentricity influenced resolution more for vertical gratings than for horizontal ones, demonstrating a nasal field anisotropy. When grating apertures and spatial frequencies were varied together, by changing viewing distance, peripheral and central contrast-sensitivity functions could not be entirely superimposed by scaling the spatial-frequency stimulus parameter. However, when gratings apertures were designed to project a standard-sized patch on a hypothetical vertical surface at an angle of 9 deg to the line of sight, the superimposition of central and peripheral contrast-sensitivity functions improved. Central and peripheral contrast-sensitivity functions can be superimposed by describing the grating stimulus with reference to this putative surface in terms of cycles per surface distance. The surface-scaling approach leaves a minor effect of eccentricity on contrast sensitivity for vertical gratings but readily accommodates the vertical-horizontal anisotropy in grating resolution. These findings suggest a novel functional role for gradients in the spatial sampling of the visual field, in relation to the internal representation of the structure and geometry of visible surfaces.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

A framework for the evaluation of continuing education short courses in dentistry.

The objective of this paper is to propose an evaluation framework for short courses in continuing education for general dental practitioners (GDPs) (so called, Section 63 courses). Existing monitoring and evaluation procedures in the West Midlands deanery were examined and an improved evaluation framework was then devised, piloted and revised. A 5 phase method was used incorporating the examination of existing practice (Phases 1 and 2), development of a new framework (Phase 3), piloting (Phase 4) and revision of the evaluation framework in the light of the pilot. This approach will be implemented in the West Midlands and may be adapted for national use (Phase 5). It was found that existing monitoring and evaluation was inconsistent in prevalence and scope. Those involved in short courses were in favour of a more consistent and visible evaluation, including some assessment of impact-on-practice and cost-effectiveness. In conclusion, meaningful evaluation needs to include four key processes: data gathering; data analysis; dissemination and, action planning (reviewing provision in the light of the data analysis). Thus, this evaluation framework feeds into a quality development cycle designed to ensure high quality and relevant short course provision for general dental practitioners.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2003

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pharmacogenomics in clinical practice: relevance of HIV-1 drug resistance testing (Part 1).

Throughout most of the past century, physicians could offer patients no treatments for infections caused by viruses. The experience with treatment of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed the way healthcare workers deal with viral infections and has triggered a growing rate of discovery and use of antiviral agents, the first fruits of the expanding genomics revolution. HIV treatment also provides an informative paradigm for pharmacogenomics because control of infection and its consequences is limited by the development of viral drug resistance and by host factors. This report summarizes studies published to date on the significance of testing of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral drugs. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved kit for HIV drug resistance testing by genotypic sequencing is commercially available through Visible Genetics, Inc. Genotyping sequencing alone is most likely an adequate test to assist in the therapeutic decision-making process for previous regimen failure, for treatment-naïve patients in areas of high prevalence of transmitted resistant virus, and for pregnant women. However, in exceptional cases of highly complex mutation patterns and extensive cross-resistance, it may be useful to obtain a phenotype test, because that result may more easily identify drugs to which virus is least resistant. There are no published clinical trials results on the usefulness of the so-called virtual phenotype over genotypic sequencing alone. Not only has the paradigm of viral pharmacogenomics in the form of HIV genotypic sequencing been useful in treating other viral diseases, but it is also important to the real-life implementation of the growing discipline ofgenomics or molecular medicine. The application of this paradigm to the thousands of potential therapeutic targets that have become available through the various human genome projects will certainly gradually change the landscape of diagnosis and management of many diseases, including cancer.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2003

Health indicators for people with intellectual disabilities: a European perspective.

People with intellectual disabilities make up about 1% of the population of Europe. As trends toward community life advance, they have become more visible and more likely to access generic health systems. Yet evidence suggests that there are striking disparities between the health of this group and that of the general population. Increased longevity means that adults in this group expect to live longer lives and thus to encounter age-related risks for various health conditions. The 'Pomona' project, funded by the EU Health Monitoring Unit, aims to develop a set of health indicators for people with intellectual disabilities. It will build on the work accomplished by the team developing ECHI--European Community Health Indicators. This article outlines the rationale for the project, key elements in its implementation and expected outcomes.

Demography↗
PubMed1988

Ultrastructure and function of thrombocytes in a family with congenital bleeding tendency.

Freshly isolated blood from controls and from three members of a family with congenital bleeding tendency were examined with respect to ultrastructure of platelets. The fixation protocol, which included tannic acid, permitted the visualization of substructures in the marginal bundle. Whereas nearly all platelets from the controls had a discoid shape, those from one of the patients (mother of the other two cases) were mostly flat or else roundish with two or three marginal bundles in different orientations. One portion of the thrombocyte fraction of each person was briefly exposed to adenosine diphosphate in order to activate the platelets and thereby to induce shape changes. Most platelets from the controls reacted as expected by rounding up and by projecting some pseudopods. A certain percentage (between 10 and 20%) of the microtubules in these activated platelets had 14 or even 15 protofilaments. The platelets from patients (and in particular the mother) either reacted by an abnormal bulging of the cytoplasm or did not react visibly at all. The microtubules retained their 13-subunit composition or in the abnormally reacted ones often had an open C-shaped cross-sectional profile. The bleeding tendency in this family might be due to a defect in the cytoskeleton of the platelet making it unable to react properly to stimuli.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗