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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Blood pressure responses to adrenal field stimulation as a measure of adrenal catecholamine release.

1 A new method for studying adrenal medullary release is described in pithed rats using field stimulation of an entire adrenal gland. 2 The increases in blood pressure in response to field stimulation of the gland consisted of an initial short, variable component, due to stimulation of adrenergic vasomotor neurones and a secondary, longer lasting component, due to medullary catecholamine release. 3 Removal of the initial component by drugs or cardiac/coeliac ganglionectomy did not affect the magnitude of the secondary pressor component. 4 The secondary pressor component was frequency-dependent, reproducible and stable with time. The extent of medullary catecholamine release could be assessed by comparing the blood pressure rise with those obtained after adrenaline injections. 5 The method appears to provide a reliable means by which adrenal medullary catecholamine release may be assessed without significant interference from vasomotor nerves.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1987

Laser Doppler flowmetry, a reliable technique for measuring pharmacologically induced changes in cutaneous blood flow?

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) affords a reliable non-invasive method of investigating acute changes in total cutaneous perfusion. However, the reproducibility of measurements of resting blood flow is considered to be poor. Therefore, the potential use of LDF to monitor pharmacological influences on cutaneous perfusion over time may be limited to the investigation of drug-induced changes of the response pattern to standardized provocation procedures. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the reproducibility of cutaneous vasomotor reflexes induced by various test stimuli. Measurements were made in the morning and in the afternoon of the same day at two different skin sites (finger-tip and forearm) in six healthy subjects. Each of the following six interventions induced highly reproducible decreases of total cutaneous flow: Deep inspiration, Vasalva manoeuvre, venous occlusion, arrest of arterial blood flow (followed by reactive hyperaemia), passive head-up tilting and a cold pressor test. The decrease in blood flow was more pronounced at the finger-tip except after venous occlusion. During the cold pressor test, skin perfusion was more persistently reduced at the finger-tip than at the other site. The anatomical and functional differences in the skin between the finger-tip and the forearm may also explain the absence of reactive hyperaemia at the finger-tip. Considering the excellent reproducibility of the resting baseline values and of the changes in total blood flow after standardized provocation tests within the same day, it seems possible that LDF could be a suitable method for the short-term investigation of drug effects on circulation. The long-term day-to-day reproducibility of both baseline blood flow and vasomotor reflexes remains to be further clarified.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Considerations in the choice of oral vs. transdermal hormone therapy: a review.

The benefit/risk profile of postmenopausal hormone therapy has been under greater scrutiny since Women's Health Initiative study data were published in July 2002. A nominal analysis showed the study drug, a combination of 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), to be associated with decreased risks of colorectal cancer and osteoporotic hip fractures but increased risks of coronary heart disease, stroke and venous thromboembolic events. This same profile was not seen in the estrogen-only arm of the study, and the trial investigators cautioned that the results observed with CEE/MPA might not apply to other dosages of combined hormone therapy, other types of estrogens and progestins, or other routes of administration. However, the unexpected results cast a long shadow of doubt over the safety of all hormone therapy, making it difficult for reproductive health care professionals to counsel women on the selection of appropriate treatment of vasomotor symptoms. A review of the literature suggests that not all estrogens and progestins are alike, and alternative drugs, doses and delivery systems may exhibit better safety profiles than CEE/MPA, with no loss of efficacy. Selection of therapy should be individualized, based on patients' specific needs and global health risks. When there is a compelling need for relief of climacteric symptoms, using the lowest effective dose of hormonal therapy remains a prudent recommendation.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2004

Itch and skin rash from chocolate during fluoxetine and sertraline treatment: case report.

BACKGROUND: The skin contains a system for producing serotonin as well as serotonin receptors. Serotonin can also cause pruritus when injected into the skin. SSRI-drugs increase serotonin concentrations and are known to have pruritus and other dermal side effects. CASE PRESENTATION: A 46-year-old man consulted his doctor due to symptoms of depression. He did not suffer from any allergy but drinking red wine caused vasomotor rhinitis. Antidepressive treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg daily was initiated which was successful. After three weeks of treatment an itching rash appeared. An adverse drug reaction (ADR) induced by fluoxetine was suspected and fluoxetine treatment was discontinued. The symptoms disappeared with clemastine and betametasone treatment. Since the depressive symptoms returned sertraline medication was initiated. After approximately two weeks of sertraline treatment he noted an intense itching sensation in his scalp after eating a piece of chocolate cake. The itch spread to the arms, abdomen and legs and the patient treated himself with clemastine and the itch disappeared. He now realised that he had eaten a chocolate cake before this episode and remembered that before the first episode he had had a chocolate mousse dessert. He had never had any reaction from eating chocolate before and therefore reported this observation to his doctor. CONCLUSIONS: This case report suggests that there may be individuals that are very sensitive to increases in serotonin concentrations. Dermal side reactions to SSRI-drugs in these patients may be due to high activity in the serotonergic system at the dermal and epidermo-dermal junctional area rather than a hypersensitivity to the drug molecule itself.

Cacao↗
PubMed1976

Relationship between vasoconstriction and histamine induced vasodilation.

Histamine produced significantly greater vasodilation in rabbit ear arteries constricted by noradrenaline than when the same arteries were constricted by either caffeine or barium. Histamine dilation in the presence of caffeine was also significantly greater than that in the presence of barium. These results suggest that histamine may produce vasodilation through at least two different modifications of intracellular calcium mobilisation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Adrenergic mechanisms in cerebral circulation of the goat.

The effects of electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves and tyramine on cerebral blood flow (CBF) were investigated in 13 unanesthetized goats in which electromagnetic flow probes had been previously implanted on the internal maxillary artery. Nerve stimulation (1.5-12 cycles/s) produced frequency-dependent reductions in CBF, a decrease of 50 percent occurring with the highest frequency. Injections of tyramine (50-500 mug) into the internal maxillary artery produced dose-dependent reductions in CBF, a decrease of 36 percent occurring with the highest dose. Both reserpine and phentolamine diminished the vasoconstriction induced by nerve stimulation and tyramine. Cocaine partially abolished the effects of tyramine and did not alter those of nerve stimulation. In addition, phentolamine produced cerebral vasodilatation, which was greatly reduced by previous treatment with reserpine. These results show that sympathetic stimulation and tyramine produce cerebral vasoconstriction by the release of the transmitter from the perivascular nerve endings, and they suggest the presence of a tonic sympathetic activity in the cerebral vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mechanisms regulating angiotensin II responsiveness by the uteroplacental circulation.

Pregnancy is associated with increases in cardiac output and uterine blood flow (UBF) and a fall in systemic vascular resistance. In ovine pregnancy, UBF rises from approximately 3% of cardiac output to approximately 25% at term gestation, reflecting a >30-fold rise in UBF by term. This increase in UBF supports exponential fetal growth during the last trimester and maintains fetal well-being by providing excess oxygen and nutrient delivery. These hemodynamic changes are associated with numerous hormonal changes, including increases in placental steroid hormones and enhanced activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems, all of which are believed to modulate systemic and uterine vascular adaptation and vascular reactivity. Systemic pressor responses to infused ANG II are attenuated in normotensive pregnancies and the uteroplacental vasculature is even less sensitive, suggesting development of mechanisms to maintain basal UBF and permit the rise in UBF necessary for fetal growth and well-being. The effects of ANG II on the uteroplacental vasculature are reviewed, and the mechanisms that may account for attenuated vascular sensitivity are examined, including ANG II metabolism, vascular production of antagonists, ANG II-receptor subtype expression, and the role of indirect mechanisms.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of captopril on acetylcholine-induced relaxation in the presence of nitroglycerin tolerance in isolated rabbit aorta.

We investigated the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the presence of nitroglycerin tolerance in rings of rabbit thoracic aorta mounted in tissue baths and precontracted with 10(-6) M norepinephrine. The vasorelaxant effects of acetylcholine were measured before and after 1 h treatment with 5 x 10(-4) M nitroglycerin. The acetylcholine dose-response curve shifted to the right after the induction of nitroglycerin tolerance. Pretreatment with captopril (a sulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor), but not with M-1 (a metabolite of delapril and a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) restored acetylcholine-induced relaxation. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine also restored reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxation. These results suggest that the sulfhydryl group plays a major role in restoration of reduced acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the presence of nitroglycerin tolerance.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1996

The place of octreotide in the medical management of the dumping syndrome.

Following gastric surgery, 25-50% of patients experience dumping symptoms. Early dumping usually involves both gastro-intestinal and vasomotor complaints, while late dumping involves mainly the latter. Management is mainly achieved by dietary modification. Drug therapy has been investigated, without consistent success. However, the somatostatin analogue octreotide alleviates dumping by slowing gastric emptying, inhibiting insulin release, decreasing enteric peptide secretion and intestinal absorption of water and sodium, slowing monosaccharide absorption, increasing gut transit time and preventing haemodynamic changes. The short-term efficacy of octreotide has been confirmed in five randomised, controlled trials. Promising results are also available from long-term studies on a limited number of patients.

Dumping Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Assessment of the wheal size and skin blood flow of the erythema induced by histamine and its modification with cetirizine and ebastine: a crossover, double-blind study.

In order to assess the antihistaminic power of cetirizine and ebastine, we designed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, measuring their capacity to modify skin blood flow induced by a histamine prick test. The vasomotor response was compared using a laser Doppler flowmeter. Two hours after intake of the antihistaminic drug, there were significant differences between both drugs: at 4 h, the antihistaminic effect of cetirizine persists, whereas ebastine only showed moderate activity. The reduction of the cutaneous blood flow values (CBFV) showed good activity in both groups, but cetirizine was more potent and showed faster activity than ebastine.

Adolescent↗