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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[A short infusion or a bolus injection of contrast medium in i.v. urography. Comparative density measurements in the kidney pelvic-caliceal system using sequential computed tomography].

The rate of contrast injection during i.v. urography may vary considerably (bolus injection or drip infusion). The effect of 5 rates of injection (6, 12, 18, 36 and 72 ml/min) on the contrast density in the renal collecting system was examined over a period of 30 minutes. Measurements showed an inter-individual difference of more than 200% in each group. The intra-individual variations for different rates of injection were very slight; individual concentration in the kidney for a given dose depends only slightly on the rate of injection. There is no statistically significant improvement in contrast values as a result of a bolus injection. The reduced incidence of side effects justifies the use of bolus injections but pressure injections are unnecessary from a diagnostic point view.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Digital image intensifier radiography--application in angiography, urography and bone diagnosis].

In a retrospective study, the clinical usefulness of digital image intensifier radiography was analysed. It could be demonstrated that for angiographic procedures the image quality of a 1024(2) matrix is superior to a 512(2) matrix. For digital excretory urography it could be seen that in 80 to 90% the images were at least sufficient to analyse the renal pelvis. Digital image intensifier radiography of bones was diagnostically sufficient in 76% and analysis of bone architecture was possible in 85%.

Angiography↗
PubMed1988

[Value and importance of genital urography in the diagnosis of intersexuality and other malformations of the urogenital tract].

The accuracy of genital urography in the diagnosis of intersex and for the demonstration of the internal genitalia has been studied in 16 patients. It was found that the radiological appearances agreed in all cases with the surgical findings. Individual malformations of the genitals have been considered with reference to the classification of Shopfner and Prader and the advantages and disadvantages of various examination techniques are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1986

[Premedication with H1- and H2-receptor antagonists for intravenous urography using contrast media].

Intravenous urography using Telebrix was performed on 500 patients. Two hundred patients (group I) received no pre-medication; 300 patients (group II) were premedicated with H1 and H2 receptor antagonists. All patients were examined for signs of contrast reactions, blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma histamine levels. These were measured before and three minutes after the administration of the antihistamine substances and/or the contrast medium, and also at the end of the examination. Following the administration of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, a slight, transient and insignificant rise in plasma histamine could be demonstrated. Both groups showed a significant rise in plasma histamine levels after the injection of the contrast medium. Although the pre-medicated group contained a higher percentage of high risk patients, there were significantly fewer patients with contrast reactions. Pre-medication with H1 and H2 receptor antagonists in high risk patients is therefore advisable.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Accuracy in the diagnosis of renal masses. Computed tomography, sonography, urography, angiography].

One hundred and twelve renal masses, whose histology was confirmed at operation, as well as renal vein thrombosis and renal infiltration, were examined by urography, sonography, CT and angiography. In general the results showed good agreement. For the diagnosis of the type of tumour, its size, infiltration into the renal capsule, demonstration of regional lymph node metastases and infiltration into neighbouring organs and for the diagnosis of liver metastases, CT was superior to the other methods.

Abscess↗
PubMed1983

Pyeloureteral visualization using glucagon during intravenous urography.

194 adult patients were subjected to intravenous urography. In order to study the effect of glucagon on the visualization of the pyeloureteral system, IVU's were performed in four different ways: I. with abdominal compression, II. with glucagon 1 mg i.v., III. without abdominal compression and without glucagon, and IV, with abdominal compression and glucagon 1 mg. i.v. Coded objective and subjective analyses showed significant worsened visualization of the pyelocalyceal systems, when IVU was performed with glucagon alone. Ureteral visualization was equal to all four groups. Glucagon fails as a pharmacological alternative to abdominal compression in adult human subjects.

Female↗
PubMed1981

[Changes in the water and electrolyte contents of human erythrocytes due to Visotrast 370 during I-V urography (author's transl)].

The effect of the contrast medium Visotrast 370 on the water content and volume of erythrocytes, and on the electrolyte levels of plasma and erythrocytes during I-V urography was examined. The measurements were carried out at one, ten and 30 minutes after injection. One minute after injection there was a significant reduction in the water content and volume of the erythrocytes. The levels of sodium and potassium ions in the plasma were reduced ten minutes after contrast injection, but increased in the erythrocytes. After 30 minutes, significant changes could no longer be demonstrated. Possible causes for these changes and their effects on other organs are discussed. Certain practical conclusions are drawn.

Calcium↗
PubMed1994

[Routine intravenous urography before colorectal resections?].

The value of preoperative intravenous urography (IVU) to prevent iatrogenic damage to the urogenital tract was investigated in a series of 236 females and 188 males (mean age 54 [5-87] years) who underwent an operation on the colon or rectum between April 1988 and March 1992. The operations were: 101 right and 49 left hemicolectomies, 125 sigmoid resections, 74 anterior rectum resections, 58 abdomino-perineal rectum amputations and 17 total colectomies. Preoperative IVU was performed in 279 patients (65.8%), while in 145 (34.2%) urgency of the operation or intolerance to contrast medium prevented the procedure being done. The results were abnormal in 75 of the 279 IVUs (26.9%). Of the latter, only 19 (6.8%) of the abnormalities were related to the colorectal disease (renal obstruction due to tumour: 9, malignant invasion of the bladder: 5, ureter displacement: 5). Other diagnostic procedures had given abnormal results in six patients, although the preoperative IVU had been unremarkable. Iatrogenic damage to a ureter occurred in only one patient: the IVU had been normal. No ureteral damage occurred in any of the patients who had not had an IVU. These data indicate that the decisive factor in preventing intraoperative damage to a ureter is not a preoperative IVU but careful intraoperative dissection and visualization of the ureter. There is, therefore, no need for routine preoperative IVU in these cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Glomerular filtration rate estimated by X-ray fluorescence technique in children: comparison between the plasma disappearance of 99Tcm-DTPA and iohexol after urography.

The total plasma disappearance of the non-ionic contrast medium iohexol was determined by X-ray fluorescence technique following intravenous urography in 10 children aged between 2 and 13 years. For comparison the plasma disappearance of 99Tcm-DTPA was estimated both 2 days before and simultaneously with the iohexol study. High correlations between the three sets of data were found and no change in the glomerular filtration rate was detected following injection of contrast medium. It was also found that reliable estimates of the glomerular filtration rate can be obtained from two plasma samples of 1 ml each, taken 3 h and 4 h after the injection of the contrast medium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Role of i.v. urography in patients with haematuria.

OBJECTIVE: Traditionally, patients presenting with haematuria undergo a series of investigations, including urine cytology, cystoscopy, i.v. urography (IVU) and renal tract ultrasound (US). Studies have suggested that the omission of IVU as a routine investigation for painless haematuria does not dramatically reduce the detection rate of malignant conditions. In this large retrospective study we evaluated the impact of the omission of IVU on the diagnosis of renal tract malignancies and other non-malignant but significant conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients attending our haematuria clinic between January 2000 and August 2002 was carried out. The diagnostic yields of IVU and a US scan were compared and the significance of abnormalities missed by either modality was assessed with regard to the overall management of patients. Diagnoses were divided into those that were significant and potentially harmful [e.g. tumour, pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, hydronephrosis] and those that were insignificant and harmless (e.g. simple cyst, non-obstructing calculus). Liddell's exact test for matched pairs was used to test for statistical significance and to give the relative risk of a positive result. RESULTS: A total of 1211 patients were included in the study. When cytology, cystoscopy and US were normal, IVU did not detect any additional malignant pathology. Performing IVU instead of a US scan would have resulted in 74 non-malignant conditions remaining undiagnosed. Similarly, US alone would have missed 64 non-malignant lesions. Six non-malignant but significant conditions, including PUJ obstruction (n = 5) and benign ureteric stricture with hydronephrosis (n = 1), were missed by US but detected by IVU. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of retrospectively studied patients attending a haematuria clinic, IVU could safely have been omitted without decreasing the overall detection of malignant pathologies. Nevertheless, significant non-malignant pathologies would have remained undiagnosed. The authors suggest that US combined with a MAG III renogram could be considered as a first-line investigation instead of IVU. This is likely to result in maximum detection of malignant and non-malignant conditions, while reducing the radiation exposure to the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Renal mobility in a clinical patient material submitted for urography.

The clinical entity of increased renal mobility accompanied by typical clinical symptoms is usually referred to as mobile kidney. The renal mobility in a normal population has never been established. The aim of this study was to determine the mobility range of both kidneys, and to evaluate the limits of increased renal mobility and its frequency in a population without symptoms of mobile kidney. In a prospective study, 131 patients referred for urography were examined in the supine and erect positions and the mobility of each kidney was measured on the films. Mobility expressed in lumbar vertebral heights varied from 0 to 2.75 for the right kidney and from 0 to 2.0 for the left kidney. The renal mobility was greater among women than among men, and the degree of renal mobility was significantly correlated to low weight and, among women, also to height. An increased renal mobility was defined as mean + 2 SD. Based on the data from the study population the limit for increased renal mobility was found to be 2.0 vertebral body heights on the right side and 1.75 vertebral body heights on the left side. The frequency of increased renal mobility in the population was 7%. Increased renal mobility was significantly more frequent among women (13%), and on the right side. In conclusion, the renal mobility varied widely and increased renal mobility was frequent in patients without symptoms related to the renal mobility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Multi-slice computed tomography urography after diuretic injection in children with urinary tract dilatation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential use of multi-slice computed tomography urography (MSCTU) after diuretic injection in children with urinary tract dilatation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MSCTU was performed in 19 patients (11 boys, 8 girls, mean age 5.4 years) with suspicion of urinary tract obstruction and dilatation. Furosemide, 1 mg/kg, was injected 3 min before contrast material administration and followed by a bolus of 30 ml of physiologic saline solution immediately after application of contrast material. Excretory-phase images were obtained through the abdomen and pelvis beginning 10 min after initiation of the injection of contrast material. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume rendering (VR) images were post-processed to obtain urographic views. RESULTS: MSCTU revealed pathology in 16 of 19 patients, while 3 patients had normal findings. Ureteropelvic obstruction was found in 4 patients, obstructive megaureter in 8. Both ureteropelvic obstruction and obstructive megaureter were disclosed in 1 patient, partial ureteral duplication in 1 patient, and both complete ureteral duplication and ureterocele in 2 patients. In all patients, MIP and VR images could satisfactorily show the pathologies of the urinary tract. The estimated effective average doses of MSCTU were higher than IVU. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results of furosemide-enhanced MSCTU demonstrated consistently dilated urinary tracts, obstruction levels, and underlying pathologies better than US and IVU.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Reduction of absorbed dose in storage phosphor urography by significant lowering of tube voltage and adjustment of image display parameters.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether image quality in storage phosphor urography can be maintained when the X-ray tube voltage is significantly lowered to give a lower patient dose. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Initial phantom studies were used to establish exposure settings at 53 kV that gave signal-to-noise ratios for contrast media structures equivalent to those obtained at the reference kilovoltage of 69 kV. Dose area product and image quality, assessed by image quality criteria and visual grading, were then recorded for 44 patients drawn at random to be examined by either the standard or modified technique. RESULTS: Absorbed dose could be reduced by more than 30% without any significant change in image quality in manually controlled exposures and by 13% in exposures controlled by AEC. CONCLUSION: It might be possible to lower the tube voltage in digital examinations involving contrast media as a means of lowering patient dose. The image display parameters need to be adjusted to maintain image quality.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

The diagnostic yield of intravenous urography.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous urography (IVU) is considered an integral imaging component of the nephro-urological work-up in a wide array of clinical settings. At our institution there is an open-access policy with regard to requesting IVU studies. METHODS: In a prospective, blinded observational study we undertook to assess the diagnostic yield of IVU with respect to the source of referral (i.e. Urology, Nephrology, GP, A & E, other speciality) and the presenting features, such as renal colic, haematuria, bladder outflow obstruction, recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) etc. Two hundred consecutive patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 23% of tests were positive. There was a highly significant difference in diagnostic yield between the groups (P<0.001 for both referral source and test indication). A positive result was most likely after referral by a kidney specialist (37.1%) and when the test indication was renal colic (42%) or haematuria (32%). The yield was <15% in all other circumstances, with 94.9% and 92.1% of GP- and other hospital speciality-initiated IVUs being negative. When investigating recurrent UTI, 91.7% of tests were negative and 86.2% were negative when the indication was bladder outflow obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that an open access policy for IVU is not justified, especially when cost and the risk associated with contrast media and radiation exposure are taken into account. Our study supports the abandonment of routine IVU in the investigation of UTI and bladder outflow obstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Solute excretion during intravenous urography: a comparison of sodium and methylglucamine iothalamates.

The sodium and methylglucamine salts of iothalamic acid were compared as urographic agents. The two drugs were administered intravenously to dogs at a dose of 600 mgI/kg. The outputs and concentrations of the major urinary solutes and the injected solutes were measured to define the differences in renal excretion of sodium and methylglucamine iothalamates. The action of methylglucamine as a relatively inert osmotic diuretic was reconfirmed. When sodium iothalamte was adminstered the tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride was greater than when methylglucamine iothalamate was used. It is suggested that this reabsorption explains the advantage of sodium-linked agents over methylglucamine-linked agents in urography.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metrizamide in experimental urography. V. Renal excretion mechanism of a non-ionic contrast medium in rabbit and cat.

The excretion mechanisms of the non-ionic contrast medium, metrizamide, and the ionic, sodium diatrizoate, are compared to investigate the potential usefulness of metrizamide in clinical urography. A mixture of 125I-labeled metrizamide and 131I-labeled diatrizoate was injected intravenously to rabbits or cats. Urine, bile and blood were analyzed for their concentration of iodine. From these concentrations the renal and total clearance was calculated. In the rabbit the excretion of metrizamide was also compared with that of 3H-inulin with or without influence of p-aminohippurate or probenecid. The earlier reported relatively low urinary iodine concentrations after intravenous injection to rabbits of low doses were explained by the following findings: In the rabbit the volume of distribution, the renal clearance and the total clearance of metrizamide were smaller than those measured for diatrizoate and inulin. The biological half-life in serum measured 30-150 min after injection was the same for all three compounds. No indication of tubular secretion was found. The excretion mechanism of the contrast media exhibits species differences as no differences between metrizamide and diatrizoate in the parameters mentioned above could be measured in the cat.

Aminohippuric Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved pyeloureteral visualization using glucagon during experimental intravenous urography.

Intravenous urography is optimally performed using abdominal compression for distention of the pyelocalyceal systems. Because of real and potential difficulties with the application of compression, the authors have tested in dogs the alternative of administering glucagon as a means of improving pyelocalyceal distention and ureteral visualization. In six greyhound dogs, ureteral peristalsis transiently ceased following the intravenous injection of glucagon. Objective and coded subjective analyses showed statistically significant improvement in demonstration of collecting systems and ureters when urograms were performed with glucagon, as compared with those in which the drug was not administered. The success of glucagon in improving pyeloureteral visualization in dogs encourages its experimental use in human subjects as an alternative to abdominal compression.

Animals↗