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PubMed2000

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1998). II. Background of patients].

Clinical background was investigated on 449 patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) from whom 591 bacterial strains were isolated in 9 hospitals during the period from June, 1998 through May, 1999. About distribution of age and sex of patients and type of infections, among males, patients less than 50 years old were few, and uncomplicated UTIs without indwelling catheters was most frequent. Among females, patients less than 20 years old were few, and uncomplicated was most frequent. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated in uncomplicated UTIs, and the higher the ages of patients, the higher were became the isolation frequencies of Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus spp. and Klebsiella spp. In complicated UTIs with indwelling catheters and without indwelling catheters, the types of pathogens had no relation with ages. The complication of infections had decreased E. coli but that had increased Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Until last year, use of antibiotics had decreased pathogens isolated from patients with uncomplicated UTIs drastically in our study. But, pathogens isolated after antibiotics had increased in 1998. As for surgical procedures and types of causative organisms in UTIs, E. faecalis were more isolated when surgical procedures were experienced, and E. coli were more isolated when they were not in uncomplicated and complicated UTIs without indwelling catheters. In complicated UTIs with indwelling catheters, types of causative organisms had no relationship with surgical procedures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections].

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), according to localization of infection, can be subdivided into urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis and pyelonephritis, according to type of infection into symptomatic, asymptomatic, acute (first or single), recurrent, chronic, complicated and uncomplicated. Clinical symptoms of cystitis and leukocyturia are sufficient reason for early initiation of a three-day empirical antimicrobial therapy of acute uncomplicated cystitis in young women. Urine culture should be performed prior to the initiation of antimicrobial therapy in pregnant women, diabetics, recurrent UTIs, in case of unsuccessful prior treatment and in patients with pyelonephritis. All symptomatic UTIs should be treated, as well as asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women, diabetics, preschool children and prior to urologic-gynecologic surgery. In complicated UTIs it is especially important to determine and try to eliminate or at least put under control the factors that complicate UTIs. Antimicrobial therapy of UTIs includes fluoroquinolones, co-trimoxazole, betalactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides and nitrofurantoin, tetracyclines, macrolides, and azalydes in case of sexually transmitted diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Cystitis is treated for 1, 3 or 7 days, asymptomatic bacteriuria 3-7 days, uncomplicated pyelonephritis 10-14 days, bacterial prostatitis 4-8 weeks, and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis 2-4 weeks. Recommended therapy for chronic and complicated UTIs is 7-14 days only in relapses and reinfections, and in some patients it can last for several weeks, up to 6 months. Chemoprophylaxis in recurrent uncomplicated UTIs should be employed for at least 6 months.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Urinary tract infection as a possible marker for teenage sex.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) are markers for genitourinary reflux or obstruction. Adult UTIs are treated by telephone triage without microbiologic study. The contrast between pediatric and adult UTIs prompted our retrospective review of adolescent UTIs. METHODS: Ninety-six adolescent girls without chronic illness, urogenital abnormalities, pregnancy, enuresis, or constipation had urine cultures with 100,000 colonies/mm3. RESULTS: The 32 patients who were initially sexually active continued sexual activity (75%), became pregnant (25%), and had subsequent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (13%). There were no pregnancies, STDs, or subsequent UTIs in 9 patients who were not initially sexually active. The 55 patients with no documentation of sexual activity were comparable to those who were initially sexually active: 66% had evidence of sexual activity; 20% had subsequent pregnancy; 14% had subsequent STDs; and 42% had UTI recurrence. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with UTIs have a significant frequency of sexual activity. Information about responsible sexual activity and access to care is important to adolescents, particularly those with UTIs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Urinary tract infection in pregnancy and menopause].

OBJECTIVES: To review the topic of urinary tract infections (UTI) during pregnancy and menopause. UTI during pregnancy and menopause have great relevance in the field of urologic infections; during pregnancy because of the particularities involved in its diagnosis and treatment and potential consequences to the fetus and mother; menopausal UTI because this group of women is numerous and represents a growing section of the general population pyramid, due to the aging of population in developed countries associated with longer life expectancies and grater demand for quality of life. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a bibliographic review combined with our personal experience. During pregnancy there are several functional and anatomical changes that condition not only a higher risk of UTI, but also an additional treatment difficulty due to antimicrobial pharmacokinetics alterations and potential damage to the fetus. Despite efforts to find an easy, fast and reliable test for bacteriuria detection, urine culture continues to be the first diagnostic test for its detection and follow up during pregnancy. Penicillin derivates and cephalosporins continue to be the first choice because their lack of adverse effects on either fetus or mother. Alternative options like phosphomicin and aztreonam although they show low toxicity there is need for more studies supporting their suitability for the treatment of pregnancy UTIs. Menopausal female UTI have their different features from those in younger women. Hormonal alterations derived from gonadal atrophy associate functional changes in the vaginal ecosystem, making it prone to enterobacteriaceae colonization as a first step up to the urinary tract. This associated with genitourinary tract anatomical alterations inherent t aging make UTI extraordinary prevalent in this growing segment of population. Treatment lines focus on hormonal alteration correction and proper antimicrobial prophylaxis and vaccines in a close future. CONCLUSIONS: UTIs during pregnancy and menopause have differential features that require different diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Female↗
PubMed2003

[A prospective descriptive study on the practice of management of urinary tract infections by general practitioners in Italy: epidemiology (Part I)].

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective descriptive study was to draw the picture of the diagnostic and therapeutic pathways of general practitioners (GPs) in the practice of management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Italy. The study results are published in two separate papers. We report here the epidemiological data collected on the prevalence of UTIs and their etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2.696 GPs were requested to fulfill a questionnaire on their perception of the prevalence of UTIs and their habits in the management of patients either before (IVU1 study, 1.111 GPs) or after (IVU2 study, 1.585 GPs) a specific training course. Epidemiological data from both studies were merged and analyzed. RESULTS: The perceived prevalence of UTIs among the GPs was 1.7% ambulatory-related patients/GP/month, leading to an average of 18.7 UTIs cases/GP/month. UTIs were higher among women (75%) with respect to men (25%), being acute uncomplicated cystitis in women the more prevalent (nearly 50% of female ambulatory-related patients). E. coli was considered the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogen in urine. CONCLUSION: The epidemiological results of this study contribute to assess the prevalence and etiology of UTIs among Italian outpatients. These data may be helpful for urologists in the management of community-acquired UTIs.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2003

Is urinary tract infection a predisposing factor for renal stone formation?

The study was carried out to assess whether Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a predisposing factor for Renal Stones (RS) formation. A total of 836 subjects (males 300; females 536) attending Surgery Out Patient Department (OPD) of which were either diagnosed of UTI or had been detected of RS for a period of two years from January 2001 to December 2002 were included. Of the 836, 240 had UTI and 596 were free from UTI. The prevalence of RS was higher without UTI (44.4%) than those with UTI (27.8%) in males. In case of females the result showed (17.6%) and (5.1%) in cases with and without UTI. Chi square test revealed statistically significant difference in the proportion of prevalence between subjects with and without UTI with (p < 0.01) in males and (p < 0.001) in females. Males had higher incidence of RS than females with a prevalence of (p < 0.0001). The higher occurrence of RS was observed in age group between 21-40 years for both genders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Nosocomial urinary tract infection. Risk factors, rates and trends.

OBJECTIVE: This report aims at both estimation of the rates of overall nosocomial and urinary tract infection (UTI) and their linear trends as well as studying the potential risk factors of patients admitted to Al-Hada, Rehab and Prince Sultan military hospitals and developed nosocomial UTIs (NUTIs). METHODS: A case-control study on 206 discharged patients with confirmed UTI and 618 controls without UTI was carried out between August 2001 through to July 2003 to study risk factors for nosocomial UTI as well as hospital records during the period (1998-2002) were reviewed for calculation of the overall annual nosocomial infection and nosocomial UTI rates. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that duration of hospital stay, unit of admission, history of diabetes mellitus or debilitating diseases, and duration and number of urinary catheters were independently associated with increased risk of NUTIs. The mean incidence rate of overall nosocomial infection along the study period (1998-2002) was 2.82, while the mean incidence rate of UTI nosocomial infection was 0.85 per 100 discharged patients. Urinary tract infection represents approximately 31.7% of overall nosocomial infection throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: Urinary tract infections comprise approximately one third of nosocomial infections. The results, thus, indicated that to reduce the incidence of UTI nosocomial infection, it was important to take factors that can be managed into consideration. Therefore, the involved persons should pay more attention and set practical and effective guidelines for the hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of ulinastatin on lung injury after dilute hydrochloric acid aspiration].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of ulinastatin (UTI) on blocking the development of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by acid aspiration in the early period. METHODS: The SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (n = 10), injury group (n = 10), and UTI-treated group (n = 10). The rats in the control group were injected intrabronchialy saline while the other 2 groups were injected HCl. The UTI-treated group was injected UTI at 4 x 10(4) U/kg after acid instillation. Blood gas as well as wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) of the left lung was measured. The changes of IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels in the pulmonary tissues were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The result of blood gas analysis in the UTI-treated group was much better than that in the injury group (P < 0.01). W/ D and IL-8, TNF-alpha levels were lower in the UTI-treated group than those in the injury group significantly (P < 0. 01), and there was no difference between the UTI-treated group and the control group in IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels (P > 0. 05). CONCLUSION: UTI administration can lessen the development of ALI induced by acid aspiration in the early period.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Protective effects of ulinastatin against multiple organic damage after severe burn injury: experimental and clinic studies].

OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effects of ulinastatin (UTI), a human trypsin inhibitor, on the damage to the functions of multiple organs at the early stage of severe burn. METHODS: (1) Twelve male mini-pigs, inflicted with III degrees burn with 35% total body surface area (TBSA), were randomly divided into two equal groups: Group A (control group, treated with fluid resuscitation immediately after injury and normal saline by intravenous drip tid) and Group B (UTI-treated group, in addition to fluid resuscitation UTI 5000 U/kg was given one hour after injury, 3 times/day). Blood samples were taken for the determination of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, malonyldiadehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), MB isoenzyme of CK (CK-MB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), diamine oxidase (DAO), and D-lactate before and 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. (2) Forty hospitalized patients with 50%-70% TBSA partial and full thickness burn, 28 males and 12 females, aged 18-60, were randomly divided into routine treatment group (n = 16, receiving routine fluid resuscitation and wound management and normal saline IV drop bid for 7 days) and UTI treatment group (n = 24, in addition to the routine treatment UTI 400,000 U was given IV drop bid for 7 days). Sixteen healthy volunteers served as controls to undergo blood examination. The average body temperature (T), respiratory rate (R), systole blood pressure (BP) were detected 48 hours after burn. Blood samples were taken to determine the plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and serum TNF-alpha, norepinephrine (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), ALT, AST, CK, CK-MB, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), BUN, and Cr 1, 3, and 7 days after burn. RESULTS: (1) The serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, and MDA levels significantly increased, and the serum SOD level significantly decreased 6 hours after burn in the mini-pings in both groups (all P < 0.05), and the changes in Group A were more significant than in Group B (all P < 0.05). The serum AST, CK, CK-MB, BUN, Cr, DAO, and D-lactate levels increased in the mini-pigs of both groups after severe burn in comparison with those before burn (all P < 0.05), especially in Group A in comparison with Group B (all P < 0.05). However, the serum levels of ALT and LDH of Group B did not increase significantly in comparison with those before burn. (2) The serum LPS, TNF-alpha, NE, ALT, AST, CK, CKMB, LDH, BUN, Cr, and MPO significantly increased after burn and began to decrease since the 7th day after burn, and the decrease levels in the UTI group were more significant than in the routine treatment group (all P < 0.05). In the routine treatment group 2 cases of sepsis were found and one case died of multiple organ failure; no complication was found in the UTI treatment group. CONCLUSION: UTI can significantly lessen the production of inflammatory mediators and oxygen free radical and protect the functions of multiple organs after severe burn.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy in children with urinary tract infections.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of abnormal dimercaptosuccinic acid-Tc-99m ((99m)Tc-DMSA) renal scintigraphy findings in children with culture proved urinary tract infection (UTI) with or without vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scintigraphy was performed in 343 children with culture documented UTI (247 girls and 96 boys) aged from three months to 14 years (middle age of 4.82 years). The children studied were all those submitted for renal scintiscan to the Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade during a five-year period (2000-2004). Micturating cystoureterography (MCU) performed in all patients before (99m)Tc-DMSA scan, revealed VUR in 213 children, while in 130 children VUR was not detected by MCU. In 15 of the 213 children the grade of VUR was I, in 88 was II, in 57 was III, in 33 was IV and 20 children had grade V of VUR. Findings of (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scintigraphy were classified as: normal, equivocal and abnormal. Statistical analysis was performed using c(2)test. In all patients abnormal findings were detected in 38% (131/343), normal in 51% (174/343) and equivocal findings in 11% (38/343). In children with UTI and VUR the incidence of abnormal findings was 53% (112/213), of normal 37% (80/213) and of equivocal findings 10% (21/213). In children with UTI without VUR the incidence of abnormal findings was 15% (19/130), of normal findings 72% (94/130), and of equivocal findings 13% (17/130). The incidence of abnormal findings was significantly higher in children with UTI and VUR than in those with UTI without VUR (P<0.001). In children with VUR grades I, II, III, IV and V abnormal findings were 33%, 32%, 60%, 79% and 95% respectively. The incidence of abnormal findings was higher in children with VUR grades IV and V, than in grade I and II (P<0.001). Our results suggest that (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scintigraphy in children can discriminate between grade I-II and IV-V of VUR and also that in children with UTI and VUR abnormal findings in the scintiscan were more than three times higher than in children with UTI alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Urinary tract infections after kidney transplantation].

Clinical significance of urinary tract infections (UTI) after kidney transplantation was studied in 57 cases. Of these patients, the UTI occurred in 63% of cases during follow-up after transplantation. Although the bacteriuria were observed more frequently in living-related donor (LD) group at pre-operation, cadaveric donor (CD) group showed significantly higher frequency in bacteriuria and UTI after transplantation. The initial UTI occurred within 4 weeks after transplantation in 86% of cases. The significant risk factors in the occurrence of UTI were presence of bacteriuria in post-operation, CD group, mismatch numbers in HLA, amount of steroid, and ages of donor and recipient. Of the bacteria isolated, about half were pathogens in UTI, which was a 2 times higher risk compared with the time of chronic hemodialysis. Gram negative rods were found to be major pathogen in UTI cases. The effect of UTI on graft survival was not obvious. However, of the patients who have bacteriuria at operation, 52% were found to have bacteriuria due to the same strain during follow-up. Therefore, bacteriological examination of urine at transplantation must be done carefully.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and its plasma and urine derivatives].

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) is a serine protease inhibitor present in human plasma at a concentration of 0.4 to 0.5 g/l. Its molecular weight is about 220 kDa. This glycoprotein is a complex of at least three kinds of subunits: two heavy chains and a light one carrying the antiproteasic activity and corresponding to the urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI). UTI is a proteoglycan containing a chondroitin sulfate side chain; the stability of the ITI complex is clearly dependent upon the integrity of the glycosaminoglycan part of UTI. ITI is mainly synthetized in liver; in case of inflammatory disorders ITI which is very sensitive to numerous proteases, namely elastase and cathepsin G released by stimulated neutrophils, is degraded into lower molecular weight derivatives present in plasma, among which UTI excreted in urine. The physiological role of ITI still remains elusive; ITI may be considered as a precursor of smaller inhibitors. Owing to their small size, they could secondarily diffuse into the extracellular space and reach tissues to protect them from proteolytic destruction. However, their ability to inhibit human granulocytic elastase seems to be too low for their physiological relevance. UTI was recently shown as exhibiting a growth stimulatory activity for human endothelial cells. In addition, UTI exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, the mechanism of which has not yet been elucidated. Owing to its pharmacological properties, UTI might be of therapeutic value in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. At last, the excretion of UTI, which seems to be depending upon neutrophil activation can be considered as a useful test for detecting and monitoring infections.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1988

[Clinical studies on enoxacin in urinary tract infection].

Enoxacin was administered orally to 49 out-patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) at the doses of 600 mg/day and clinical effects were evaluated. Out of 13 patients with simple acute UTI evaluated by the UTI criteria, the results were excellent in 8 cases and good in 5 cases. Overall effectiveness rate was 100%. Out of 10 patients with simple acute UTI evaluated on over 5-day administration, the results were excellent in 9 cases and good in 1 case. Overall effectiveness rate was 100%. Out of 14 patients with simple acute UTI evaluated by our own criteria because their bacteriological response is unknown, the results were excellent in 7 cases and good in 7 cases. Overall effectiveness rate was 100%. Out of 12 patients with chronic complicated UTI evaluated by the UTI criteria, the results were excellent in 6 cases, good in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases. Overall effectiveness rate was 75.0%. Poor effective cases were mainly found in ones with mixed infection. Sensitivity test using discs did not always correspond to the bacteriological effect in cases with chronic complicated UTI. An adverse reaction was noted in 3 patients (6.1%). Two cases had gastrointestinal symptoms and 1 case had skin eruption. All symptoms were readily improved after discontinuing administration. From the above results, Enoxacin was considered to be a useful agent for urinary tract infection.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

[Clinical observation of bacterial isolates from urine specimens of outpatients].

Changes of bacterial isolates from urine specimens of outpatients with urinary tract infections (UTI) from 1977 through 1984 were studied. Organisms which were isolated from patients with bacteriuria of over 10(3) bacteria per ml of urine regardless of grade of pyuria were studied. The incidence of UTI, especially that of acute cystitis was decreased during the recent 8 years. E. coli was the most predominant isolate in acute UTI with an isolation frequency of over 70% every year, followed by S. epidermidis nearly every year. Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis and S. aureus were also isolated steadily every year. Bacterial isolates in acute UTI were generally composed of these six species of bacteria. Although many kinds of bacteria were isolated in chronic UTI, E. coli was the most frequent species with an isolation frequency of 17-37%, followed by E. faecalis except in 1981 and 1982. The tendency of gram-negative rods to increase in acute and chronic UTI was observed except in 1981 and 1982. A slight decrease in sensitivity of E. coli and P. mirabilis against ampicillin (ABPC) and sulbenicillin (SBPC) was observed in acute UTI. In chronic UTI, the tendency of the sensitivity of E. coli against ABPC, SBPC and nalidixic acid to recover and the tendency of the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa against dibekacin to decrease were observed. E. faecalis was estimated to be sensitive to gentamicin, cefazolin, minocycline and fosfomycin. However, unlike those species mentioned above, many strains of E. faecalis showed a positive disc sensitivity to these drugs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Serogropus of escherichia coli in symptomatic and asymptomatic urinary tract infections in Christchurch.

525 isolates of E. coli were obtained from the urine of patients during episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI). Of these, 250 cultures were from asymptomatic patients, detected during screening of adolescent or pregnant women. The remaining 275 cultures were from patients who attended general practitioners with symptoms of UTI. When isolates were typed using commercial urinary E. coli O antisera, 39.2% from asymptomatic UTI and 32.4% from symptomatic UTI were non-typable. There were 29.2% autoagglutinating isolates from asymptomatic and 14.5% from symptomatic UTI. The most frequently isolated O serogroups were O6, O75 and O18. Numbers of O6 and O75 were higher in symptomatic UTI than asymptomatic: 20% and 15.3% compared with 8.8% and 7.2%. Distribution of other serogroups was similar for both series. Therefore the most striking differences were the greater number of autoagglutinating organisms in asymptomatic UTI and of O6 and O75 serogroups in symptomatic UTI.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1985

Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection.

We conducted independent case-control and retrospective cohort investigations to assess the relationship between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection (UTI). In the former, we compared diaphragm use and vaginal flora among 114 women with acute UTI and 85 women with acute urinary tract symptoms and no UTI. In the latter study, we ascertained the incidence of UTI in 192 diaphragm users and 182 women taking oral contraceptives during a mean follow-up of 9.4 months. Both studies demonstrated a significantly increased risk of UTI in diaphragm users: relative odds were 2.0 in the case-control study and the relative risk was 2.5 in the retrospective cohort study. Vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli was significantly greater in diaphragm users. The incidence of UTI in the cohort study was 26.6 per 1,000 patient-months for diaphragm users and 8.9 per 1,000 patient-months for women taking oral contraceptives. The increased risk of UTI in diaphragm users could not be attributed to differences in age, parity, sexual activity, or previous UTI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Comparative studies of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1983). I. Susceptibility distribution].

During 1979-1983 in vitro activities of antimicrobial agents against causative bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) were investigated by Microbiological Research Group of UTI including the 8 institutions in Japan. Of all strains (219) isolated from patients with simple UTI, 65.3% were E. coli, and 9.6% Klebsiella spp.; these species accounted for about 75% of all isolates in 1983. MPC and CCL among the oral antimicrobial agents have showed potent activities against E. coli, MPC at 1.56 micrograms/ml and CCL at 3.13 micrograms/ml inhibited 80% of E. coli from simple and complicated UTI. CTM, CTX, CZX, CMX and LMOX among the parenteral antimicrobial agents, at concentrations of 0.20 micrograms/ml or less inhibited 90% of E. coli isolated from simple and complicated UTI. The frequency of isolates from patients with complicated UTI, without catheter, was as follows; E. coli 27.6%, P. aeruginosa 20.1%, Streptococcus spp. 12.6%, Serratia spp. 8.8% and Klebsiella spp. 8.0%. The frequency of isolates from patients with complicated UTI, indwelling catheter, was as follows; P. aeruginosa 22.6%, Streptococcus spp. 18.0%, Serratia spp. 15.0%, Proteus spp. 12.4%, and Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. are 6.0%, respectively, in 1983. The antibacterial activity (MIC80) against E. coli, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis, Citrobacter spp. and Serratia marcescens from simple and complicated UTI was compared, for example, among third generation cephem antibiotics. Four drugs such as CMX, CZX, CTX and LMOX showed virtually comparable activities while CPZ was slightly less active against the strains tested. There have been many studies reported concerning the antibacterial activity of various drugs against clinical isolates from patients with infections, but it seems that, to our knowledge, no article has dealt with yearly surveys on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from defined clinical specimens with the same period of each year at the same series of institutions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Urinary tract infections in young adult women caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

We evaluated and compared 81 urinary tract infections (UTIs) with Staphylococcus saprophyticus occurring in 72 college women with Escherichia coli UTIs. During the 14-month study period, S saprophyticus was the second most common cause of UTIs, accounting for 11% of the total. Staphylococcus saprophyticus infections occurred more frequently during the late summer and early fall. Age, history of previous UTI, signs and symptoms of infection, and findings on urinalysis were similar in patients with S saprophyticus and E coli infections. Nine (41%) of 22 S saprophyticus infections were localized to the upper urinary tract by the antibody-coated bacteria technique compared with 18 (16%) of 115 infections with E coli (P = .01). Rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization with S saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by these organisms, suggesting that their pathogenesis resembles that of E coli UTIs. In vitro susceptibility testing showed almost uniform sensitivity of S saprophyticus to most antimicrobials used to treat UTIs, but recurrent infections occurred in six of the 72 women despite adequate therapy. Physicians and microbiologists must be aware that S saprophyticus is an important cause of UTIs in young women.

Adolescent↗