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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing shower-based oral hygiene with traditional and electric toothbrushing.

Despite the importance of self-care for disease prevention, dentists and hygienists have been largely unsuccessful as oral hygiene motivators. Because of competing values, patients commonly fail to comply with prescribed oral hygiene regimens. In this investigation, attitudes of 84 adult dental patients were evaluated following a 30-day trial in which a shower-based oral hygiene system (SBOHS) was compared with manual and electric toothbrushing regimens performed in traditional settings. While attitudinal differences between manual and electric toothbrushing groups were insignificant, the SBOHS was perceived as substantially more enjoyable, convenient and reinforcing than either conventional or electric toothbrushing performed outside the shower. Significantly more SBOHS users reported spending more time on oral self-care, taking better care of their teeth and gums, feeling better about plaque control, appreciating oral hygiene practices more and perceiving cleaner teeth and a fresher mouth after oral hygiene than either the conventional or electric toothbrush users.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed2005

A clinical trial of the meridol toothbrush with conical filaments: evaluation of clinical effectiveness and subjective satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the health promotion effectiveness, especially at the gingival margin, and the subjective satisfaction of a new toothbrush with soft conical filaments. METHODOLOGY: Sixty-eight healthy adult subjects participated in the clinical trial and were randomly divided into a test group (meridol toothbrush) or control group (standard ADA reference toothbrush). Subjects were given oral hygiene instructions and a pre-study cleaning by a dental hygienist. Clinical examinations included the Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding Index (BLI), and Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHP) for plaque levels (before and after brushing), and were conducted at baseline, 30, and 60 days. A self-administered satisfaction questionnaire was applied at 30 and 60 days. The statistical test employed for change within each test group was repeated measures ANOVA, and ANCOVA was employed for between-group analysis. For measures of satisfaction, Fisher's Exact test was applied when comparing the percentages of answers. RESULTS: For the GI, the test group demonstrated a highly significant statistical decrease (from GI = 0.22 to GI = 0.13, p = 0.0004). The control group showed less of a decrease with statistical significance (GI = 0.21 to GI = 0.16, p = 0.05). For the BLI, the test group also demonstrated a highly significant statistical decrease (from BLI = 0.29 to BLI = 0.11, p = 0.0013), while the control group showed a very small decrease with no statistical significance (BLI = 0.24 to BLI = 0.17). The analyses of the PHP plaque levels after brushing showed significant and similar decreases for both groups over the study period (test group: p = 0.04, controls: p = 0.01). In an analysis of PHP before brushing, both brushes showed increases from baseline to day 30. This increase continued from day 30 to day 60 for the control group. For the test group, there was a significant decrease from day 30 to day 60 (PHP = 0.84 to PHP = 0.75, p = 0.037). For satisfaction, a significantly higher percentage of test subjects expressed that the brush was "pleasant to use" as compared to controls, both at 30 and 60 days (77% vs. 48%, p = 0.02, 80% vs. 54%, p = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: The initial increase in plaque levels (before brushing) in the test group, is explained as a possible "learning curve" effect of using this new and unconventional brush. It is suggested that the conical filaments clean the subgingival pockets and that this is of important gingival health potential. This subgingival cleansing might not be adequately detected by the PHP index. These results might indicate a gingival health promotion potential for this toothbrush with conical filaments.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toothbrushes with graduated wear: correlation with in vitro cleansing performance.

A display set of toothbrushes with graduated natural wear was shown to 268 adult respondents who were asked to indicate which brushes were "worn out." The same brushes were then compared against each other for their ability to remove artificial plaque in models of interproximal and facial surface cleansing effectiveness. Despite pronounced differences in the degree of wear among the toothbrushes, no correlation was found between visual estimation of toothbrush effectiveness and its cleansing ability in the models tested. It is possible that other variables (toothbrushing technique, force applied, manual skills) exert a greater influence on plaque removal than brush wear and explain the results of this experiment.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A clinical comparison of two electric toothbrushes with different mechanical actions.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of plaque removal of the Water Pik Automatic Toothbrush and Interplak brush versus the Oral B-40 manual brush. Thirty healthy patients having plaque on all tooth surfaces were admitted for this two-week, double-blind study. Patients served as their own control by brushing manually for one week, and then for a second week with a randomly-assigned electric brush. Three plaque indexes were scored at baseline, one week and two weeks. For all these indexes, results showed that the Water Pik Automatic Toothbrush removed significantly more plaque than manual brushing. The Interplak brush removed statistically more plaque than manual brushing only with the Turesky Index. The data for all indexes have a trend toward better plaque scores for patients who used the Water Pik Automatic Toothbrush. However, statistical analysis of these scores showed that both electric toothbrushes performed equally well.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed1990

Dentists' and dental hygienists' attitudes toward toothbrush replacement and maintenance.

The purpose of this study was to survey dental practitioners regarding their own habits and information provided to their patients on toothbrush replacement and maintenance. Questionnaires were mailed to 717 Chicago-area dentists and dental hygienists with a response rate of 47.5% (n = 341). Results indicate the practitioners recommend their patients replace their toothbrushes usually at three-month intervals when bristles are bent or splayed. This suggested time frame was similar to the interval used by dentists and dental hygienists to discard their own brushes. No particular toothbrush maintenance was routinely recommended, except rinsing the brush and allowing it to air dry. Although practitioners (71-4%) believed the brush was considered a source of microorganisms, most did not suggest soaking the brush in a sanitizing solution. It appears that practicing dentists and dental hygienists may be aware of new research on toothbrush replacement but, for reasons as yet undocumented, this information is not relayed to their patients.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

Clinical study on the control of dental plaque using a photo energy conversion toothbrush equipped with a TiO2 semiconductor.

Adult female subjects used a toothbrush equipped with a cylindrical TiO2 semiconductor for 3 weeks. The subjects were divided into two groups, one which used the semiconductor toothbrush and the other which used a conventional toothbrush. The pl-I of the experimental group was the same as that for the control group, but showed a tendency to decrease week by week during the experimental period. The PMA-I of the experimental group during the experimental period showed a tendency to decrease, with a significant difference being observed compared to the control group after the third week. CPITN in the experimental group showed no obvious tendency towards an improvement when compared with the PMA-I value. It is suggested that improvements in gingivitis and oral cleanliness can be expected through application of the present toothbrush which is equipped with a TiO2 semiconductor.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Toothbrush bristle density: relationship to plaque removal.

A double-blind, parallel, controlled study was conducted to determine the effect of toothbrush bristle density (total number of bristles divided by the brush head area) in removing plaque from tooth surfaces. Ninety subjects (29 males, 61 females), aged 18-65, were randomly assigned to one of three groups using the Sensodyne Search 4-Rowa toothbrush modified to have the following bristle densities: A (4.5 bristles per mm2); B (8.3 bristles per mm2); or C (11.8 bristles per mm2). The average trim height of the bristles was 10.77 mm. Subjects brushed without any dentifrice once a day for 7 days in order for adherent deposits (salivary pellicle and plaque remnants) to accumulate on their teeth. On the eight day, examinations for stained deposits were performed according to the Global Scoring Index before and after one minute of brushing with a commercially available toothpaste. Percent reductions in deposits were highly significant for the eighty-seven subjects who completed the study. A paired t-test between the pre- and post-treatment scores (p = 0.005) demonstrated the following: Toothbrushes A, B and C had reductions in plaque of 45.5%, 51.9% and 56.8%, respectively. On an overall basis, the intergroup percent reductions were significantly different using ANOVA (p = 0.001), and demonstrated a relationship in terms of data clustering for percent plaque removal of toothbrushes with varied bristle densities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of instruction and supervised toothbrushing on the reduction of dental plaque in kindergarten children.

Based upon the present study the following conclusions were reached: Supervised toothbrushing with instruction for preschool children significantly and consistently decreased dental plaque scores, when compared to the control group of the same children who had only supervision. While those subjects receiving toothbrushing instructions and supervision had significant plaque reductions, at no time did the plaque scores reach zero. A symmetrical but nonuniform distribution of dental plaque prior to toothbrushing was noted as follows: Posterior teeth had higher dental plaque scores than anterior teeth. More dental plaque was present on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary teeth than on the lingual surfaces. More dental plaque was present on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular teeth than on the buccal surfaces. The distribution of dental plaque following toothbrushing remained the same as the prebrushing pattern, but the amount of dental plaque was reduced by 31 percent. Constant reinforcement is necessary to maintain effective plaque control in pre-school children.

Child Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral hygiene status and habitual toothbrushing in children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of frequency, duration and systematicness of toothbrushing on the amount of dental plaque in school children. School children in four classes (n = 110, mean age = 13.5 years) were included. Data were collected using clinical examination and questionnaire. Data were first analyzed separately for girls and boys according to background factors and then by the components of toothbrushing, success in school, and the father's education. Boys had more plaque than girls did; the amount was influenced by background factors. Amount of plaque and frequency of toothbrushing were not clearly correlated with each other. Duration of brushing and amount of plaque, instead, were highly correlated. On the other hand, systematicness of brushing and amount of plaque were not clearly related. The results of this study indicated the need for broader evaluation of the information and methods used in oral health education in order to raise the effectiveness of habitual toothbrushing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Two long-term clinical studies comparing the plaque removal and gingivitis reduction efficacy of the Oral-B Advantage Plaque Remover to five manual toothbrushes.

Two long-term studies were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of five manual toothbrushes compared to the Oral-B Advantage Plaque Remover measuring plaque removal and gingivitis/bleeding reduction. Both studies were carried out under the same protocol and utilized the same examiners. In Study 1, the Oral-B Advantage Plaque Remover was compared to the Crest Complete and Colgate Precision toothbrushes. In Study 2, the Oral-B Advantage Plaque Remover was compared to the Reach Advanced Design, Colgate Plus and Jordan Exact toothbrushes. A total of 109 and 121 male and female subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria completed Study 1 and Study 2, respectively. Subjects were initially screened for dental plaque eligibility having abstained from oral hygiene for a prior 24-hour period. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the balanced groups and received a professional prophylaxis to reduce plaque scores. Subjects were then scheduled to return 4 weeks and 8 weeks later, having again abstained from all oral hygiene procedures for a prior period of 24 hours. At each visit, each subject was evaluated for plaque, gingivitis and bleeding. Upon completion of the study, the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results of both studies are summarized as follows: The Oral-B Advantage Plaque Remover was significantly more effective than the Crest Complete, Colgate Precision, Colgate Plus and Jordan Exact toothbrushes in whole mouth plaque removal (p < 0.05), and vs. all brushes tested in gingivitis reduction (p < 0.01) and in reducing gingival bleeding (p < 0.001).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Four clinical studies comparing the efficacy of flat-trim and multi-level trim commercial toothbrushes.

Four independent clinical studies were conducted to compare the short- and long-term effectiveness of three commercially available toothbrushes. Two of the four studies compared plaque removal in a single-use, crossover design, and two studies compared plaque and gingivitis reduction efficacy for a long-term, three-month use. The Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index and the modified Gingival Index were used to assess plaque and gingivitis levels, respectively. The two long-term studies directly compared the Oral-B P-35 and Crest Complete toothbrushes, while the two single-use studies compared the Oral-B P-35, Crest Complete and Colgate Precision toothbrushes. In all four studies, there were no significant differences found between any of the toothbrushes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Fluoride gels--local application with a tray or a toothbrush?].

Fluoride gels have been used since the 1960s. Most gels are recommended for use in mouth-trays. An alternative is the application on a toothbrush. The present study compared the fluoride concentration in surface enamel and its acid resistance following the application in a tray or on a toothbrush in vitro. In a first experiment 80 halves of molar crowns were used. In group A 20 were coated with fluoride gel. In group B 20 were brushed with gel. 20 each served as water control. The surface fluoride concentration and acid resistance of all samples were assessed using an acid etch technique. In a second experiment 30 halves of molar crowns were used. 10 were mounted in a plaster socket mimicking a dental arch for which a customized miniplast-tray was made. This tray was loaded with 1 g of gel and applied for 3 min on 3 consecutive days. 10 samples were brushed for 3 min on 3 days using 1 g of gel and 10 served as water control. Enamel that had been fluoridated with gel on a toothbrush showed a superior acid resistance. The fluoride concentration in the outer 20 to 25 microns of enamel was higher after gel application on a toothbrush than after tray application.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1993

A comparison of the Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover (D5) electric and a manual toothbrush in affecting gingivitis.

This three-month clinical trial was designed to compare the effect of an electric and a manual toothbrush on reducing primarily gingivitis and secondarily, plaque, in a cohort of 70 healthy adults. After baseline evaluation of gingivitis, soft tissue trauma, and plaque, patients were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups, shown an instructional tooth brushing videotape, and had their teeth cleaned. Soft tissue trauma was again scored at 2 weeks. At 12 weeks all three clinical parameters were again evaluated. The results showed statistically significant reductions (baseline vs. 3-month) in both whole mouth (p = 0.003) and interproximal (p = 0.008) gingivitis scores for the electric toothbrush group. No significant reduction at three months compared to baseline was seen for the manual brush group. When gingivitis reductions were compared over the three-month test period, the electric brush was significantly better than the manual toothbrush in both whole mouth (p = 0.0007) and interproximal (p = 0.002) gingivitis reduction. No increase in soft tissue trauma and no significant differences in plaque reductions were seen for either toothbrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Testosterone concentration is increased in whole saliva, but not in ultrafiltrate, after toothbrushing.

The concentration of testosterone in whole saliva is significantly increased (by 9%) after toothbrushing. In ultrafiltrates of saliva collected at the same time as the whole saliva, testosterone concentrations after toothbrushing were unchanged. In 88% of the 162 whole-saliva specimens, but not in the ultrafiltrates, we also measured higher hemoglobin concentrations after toothbrushing. We conclude that the increase of testosterone in whole saliva after toothbrushing can be attributed to a protein-bound fraction. For analytes that are bound to serum proteins, salivary measurements can give spurious results. This problem can be avoided by using as a diagnostic medium an ultrafiltrate of saliva collected directly in the mouth.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Toothbrushing schedule, motivation and 'lifestyle' behaviours in 7,770 young adolescents.

Data from a survey of 7,770 14-15-year-old children from 131 secondary schools throughout England were analysed to obtain information about the times of day they brushed their teeth, their motivation for toothbrushing, and some 'lifestyle' variables. In the 19 per cent of respondents who reported brushing their teeth once per day, 75 per cent did so in the morning before school; only 23 per cent reported brushing before going to bed at night. In this group there was a marked association between reported readership of broadsheet newspapers and reported time of brushing in the daily schedule. As reported newspaper readership changed towards the popular tabloids, the proportion of subjects who reported brushing only in the morning increased. Almost all those who claimed to brush two or three times per day reported brushing before bed. There were systematic differences in motivation for toothbrushing: those who reported brushing only once per day appeared to be motivated more by social reasons than by preventive dental health reasons. Among other factors, toothbrushing appeared to be influenced by getting up time, breakfast, and time of going to bed. The results demonstrate that toothbrushing habits are strongly influenced by an individual's lifestyle and social behaviour. Dental health advice needs to take into account this broad pattern of background factors.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1969

Contingency management of toothbrushing behavior in a summer camp for children.

The control of toothbrushing behavior by contingency management was studied with eight, 10 to 12-yr-old boys at a summer camp for children. This behavior occurred infrequently during baseline conditions with and without verbal instructions to the subjects to brush their teeth. Toothbrushing behavior was maintained at a high level when the behavior was required as a prerequisite for the opportunity to swim (contingency management). When, after 22 days, the contingency arrangement between toothbrushing and swimming was terminated, toothbrushing behavior returned to a low level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

[Incidence of yeasts isolated from the mouth and toothbrushes in Venezuela].

117 yeast strains from the mouth, and 69 from toothbrushes of 229 patients from the Hospital Universitario of Caracas (Venezuela) were studied. Candida albicans was found to be the most frequent yeast in both materials with 56.4%, and 52.1% in the mouth and toothbrushes, respectively. C. tropicalis with 16.2%, and C. parapsilosis with 7.6% followed C. albicans in the mouth. In the toothbrushes C. parapsilosis with 11.5%, and C. tropicalis with 6.0% followed C. albicans. The incidence of other yeasts was not significative. Torulopsis glabrata was not found in the material studied.

Candida↗
PubMed1991

The swallowed toothbrush: a radiographic clue of bulimia.

Swallowed toothbrushes were noted in the esophagus of one teenager and the stomach of two others with bulimia. The presence of a toothbrush in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract should make the radiologist suspicious of bulimia/anorexia nervosa. A toothbrush shows a characteristic radiographic image with parallel rows of short metallic radiodensities due to the metallic plates that hold the bristles in place.

Adolescent↗