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PubMedDate not supplied

Growth and development considerations in the diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis in children.

Increasing information emphasize the relevance of the prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment of periodontal diseases in children. In order to avoid erroneous diagnosis and unnecessary treatments, the pediatric dentist is required to differentiate between pathologic processes and normal changes that take place in the periodontum with age. The present review outlines structural and functional changes of the periodontal structures, the establishment and maturation of the oral microflora and immune defense reactions to periodontal pathogens in children and adolescents. The age-related tendency to develop gingivitis, that is evident in children and adolescents, may be related to changes in the bacterial composition of the dental plaque, the inflammatory cell response, hormonal changes, morphological differences, tooth eruption and shedding. The hormonal influence on the gingival tissues and the composition of the dental plaque are of particular relevance during puberty. Large ranges for the prevalence of attachment loss, periodontitis or destructive periodontal disease in children and adolescents have been reported. The variance in values may be related to population characteristics, method of examination or diagnostic criteria that may include measurements of attachment loss and distances from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest, both of which may be either physiological or pathological. The pediatric dentist should be able to diagnose gingival inflammation, attachment loss or distances from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest which are out of proportion to the child's age and the amount of dental plaque. These may be indicative of a high susceptibility to periodontal diseases or reflect systemic conditions that affect the periodontum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Prosthetic possibilities in the treatment of missing anterior teeth in adolescents].

Prior to the judgement on the best solution in the treatment of missing teeth in adolescents, an inventory of all problems has to be made. On the basis of this inventory the dentist can search for solutions by means of an analysis of castings and a wax-up. The combination of these solutions is indicative for the therapy which has to follow. In case tooth material has to be added, a prosthetic solution will be necessary. The condition of the teeth adjacent to the open space is the major factor in the considerations on which prosthetic solution is best. To be able to treat in a predictable way, a wax-up is necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Response of the primary pulp to inflammation: a review of the Leeds studies and challenges for the future.

AIM: The purpose of this paper is to consider evidence for the early involvement of the pulp in primary molars following a proximal caries attack and to consider the evolution of ferric sulphate as the possible alternative to formocresol for pulp therapy in primary molars. Concerns have been expressed over the wisdom of using products containing formaldehyde in children and alternatives should be considered, even though there is no substantive data to support the claims of formocresol toxicity. Pulp therapy is still often required in the management of large proximal caries in primary molars. General dental practitioners often comment on the futility of restoring primary teeth with the common perception being that restorations more often than not fail in the primary teeth. One common cause is abscess formation following proximal restorations. The main reason why this occurs is that proximal restorations in primary teeth are often carried out without consideration being paid to the state of the pulp. We have shown in a series of studies in Leeds that pulp inflammation in primary molars precedes its exposure. Most primary molars where caries had involved more than half inter-cuspal distance manifested pulp inflammation involving the entire pulp horn, but rarely the root canal tissue. This would mean that in most primary teeth with proximal caries, which are indicated for a pulpotomy, the removal of the coronal pulp alone would render them free of inflammation. This would then bring into question the use of formocresol on an otherwise uninflammed radicular tissue, which has a viable blood supply. CONCLUSION: Pulp inflammation in primary molars sets in at an early stage of a proximal carious attack. Also, in most cases, a medicament that would achieve haemostasis, such as ferric sulphate, rather than achieve fixation of the tissues is all that would be required for the preservation of the primary tooth until exfoliation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Band and loop space maintainer--made easy.

Space maintainers have been used in Pediatric Dentistry for many years. The use of these appliances, however, in terms of indications, contraindications, design and construction has gained little attention from researchers. This paper highlights the construction of a new technique of fabrication of band and loop space maintainer. The advantages of this new Direct technique or Single sitting technique over the conventional technique are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Combined use of local anesthetic with clonidine in cases of tooth extraction].

The technique of local anesthesia by lidocain in combination with clonidine (clofelinum) as vasoconstrictor in the dose of 1 microg/kg was compared with local anesthesia by novocain in combination with adrenaline (1:200 000) or by lidocain without vasoconstrictor or by articain in combination with adrenaline (0.012 mg/ml). Lidocain use led to expressed tachycardia and considerable increase of cardiac oufput in moderate hypertension reactions. Adrenaline addition in anesthetic solution increases general peripheral resistance and all parameters of arterial pressure with simultaneous rise of heart contractions. Adrenaline substitution as local vasoconstrictor for clofelinum decreases sympathetic tension during operation, prevents hypertensive reactions as the result of general peripheral resistance decrease, stabilizes heart rhythm and basic indices of central hemodynamics, that testifies to its (technique) adequacy.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2005

Sterilisation of extracted human teeth for educational use.

Sixty intact, non-carious and unrestored teeth extracted due to periodontal disease were used to determine the most effective method of sterilisation. The teeth were divided into six groups, each containing 10 teeth. Group 1 teeth were immersed in 10% formalin for seven days, group 2 teeth were immersed in 3% hydrogen peroxide for seven days, group 3 teeth were immersed in 2.6% sodium hypochlorite for seven days, group 4 teeth were boiled in water at 100 degrees C for 20 minutes, group 5 teeth were autoclaved at 121 degrees C at 15 lbs psi for 30 minutes, and group 6 teeth were immersed in normal saline for seven days. After the treatment, the teeth were individually inoculated into trypticase soy broth and incubated for 48 hours. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to determine the awareness of dental students regarding infection due to extracted human teeth and the common disinfection/sterilisation methods used. Autoclaving at 121 degrees C, 15 lbs psi for 30 minutes and immersion in 10% formalin for seven days were effective in disinfecting/sterilising extracted human teeth. Chemicals such as 2.6% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide and boiling in water were not effective. The results indicate that autoclaving for 30 minutes or immersion in 10% formalin for seven days could be effectively used for disinfection/sterilisation of extracted human teeth.

Dental Disinfectants↗