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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Tourniquet-induced hypertension in a horse.

Arterial hypertension developed in a horse anesthetized for arthroscopy and lavage of an inflamed right carpal joint. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine HCl, butorphanol, guaifenesin, and thiamylal Na and was maintained with halothane in oxygen. Arterial hypertension and tachycardia developed within 15 minutes after a pneumatic tourniquet was placed 8 to 10 cm proximal to the right carpus and inflated to 800 mm of Hg. The surgical procedure was expedited, halothane was discontinued and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin to facilitate bandaging. Heart rate decreased from 72 to 42 beats/min after the tourniquet cuff was deflated. Mean arterial pressure decreased from 260 mm of Hg to 128 mm of Hg. Differential diagnosis for a rapidly increasing arterial pressure during halothane anesthesia include inadequate plane of anesthesia, signs of pain, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and/or hyperthermia.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1988

Hemodynamic and respiratory responses in halothane-anesthetized horses exposed to positive end-expiratory pressure alone and with dobutamine.

The influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference [P(A-a)O2], physiologic right-to-left shunt fraction, physiologic dead space-to-tidal volume ratio, and hemodynamic variables was studied in halothane-anesthetized horses maintained in dorsal recumbency during controlled ventilation. Dobutamine was used to minimize the adverse cardiovascular consequences of PEEP. Six adult horses were anesthetized, using xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM), guaifenesin (50 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal Na (4.4 mg/kg, IV), and halothane (1.5 to 2% inspired) in 100% O2. Mechanical ventilation was controlled to maintain arterial eucapnia for at least 45 minutes during base-line measurements. Hemodynamic and respiratory variables were determined every 15 minutes during equilibration. Each horse was subjected to 4 randomized treatments: 5 cm of H2O PEEP, 10 cm of H2O PEEP, 5 cm of H2O PEEP plus dobutamine (1 microgram/kg/min), and 10 cm of H2O PEEP plus dobutamine (1 microgram/kg/min). Each treatment lasted 15 minutes and immediately followed its predecessor. Although the magnitude of PEEP was randomized with and without dobutamine, PEEP without dobutamine always preceded PEEP with dobutamine. Differences in hemodynamic or respiratory variables among base-line measurements, 5 cm of H2O PEEP, or 10 cm of H2O PEEP were not significant (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1988

Hematologic and serum biochemical alterations associated with multiple halothane anesthesia exposures and minor surgical trauma in horses.

Five horses were anesthetized similarly by use of xylazine, guaifenesin, thiamylal sodium, and halothane in oxygen on 3 consecutive days, and minor surgical procedures were performed. For 1 to 10 days after the last anesthetic exposure, clinical, hematologic, and serum biochemical features were monitored, and after necropsy, histologic examination of major organ tissues was performed. Predominant hematologic changes from base-line values included leukocytosis (maximal at 27 hours, 10,500 +/- 1,750 cells/microliter), neutrophilia (maximal at 51 hours, 7,485 +/- 1,719 cells/microliter), and lymphopenia (minimal at 51 hours, 1,636 +/- 564 cells/microliter). Alterations observed in other clinicopathologic features were minor and indicative of mild renal disturbance and nonspecific cellular necrosis. Histopathologic lesions in the liver were mild.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1987

Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital enantiomers as determined by enantioselective radioimmunoassay after administration of racemate to humans and rabbits.

Radioimmunoassays were developed for R- and S-pentobarbital. The optical isomers of pentobarbital were individually alkylated to N-crotonic acid analogs that were coupled to bovine serum albumin. Immunization of rabbits with the conjugates, which were enantiomerically pure at the asymmetric' carbon of the pentobarbital moiety, led to formation of antisera that selectively bound the predicted enantiomer. In displacement studies with enantiomerically pure radioligands, the opposite enantiomer showed 1.0 to 1.4% cross-reaction. Similar selective binding was observed for enantiomers of secobarbital, thiopental and thiamylal. Assays were developed and used to determine enantiomer pharmacokinetics in rabbits and humans given racemic pentobarbital. In rabbits, difference in clearance of the two isomers was minimal, the result of a slightly larger volume of distribution of the R-enantiomer combined with a slightly higher value of the elimination rate constant beta for the S-enantiomer. In humans, the volume of distribution was 12% greater for the R-enantiomer, but the value of beta was 14% higher for this isomer as well. Thus, the median clearance of the S-enantiomer (1.96 liters/h) was 25% less than that of the R-isomer (2.58 liters/h). The S-enantiomer was also more strongly protein bound in plasma (73.5% vs 63.4% for the R-enantiomer), which is consistent with its structural congruence to S-warfarin, S-phenprocoumon and S-glifumide.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Use of pentobarbital sodium to reduce seizures in dogs after cervical myelography with metrizamide.

We conducted a prospective study to examine the effect of pentobarbital administration on the development of seizures in dogs that had undergone cervical myelography with metrizamide while anesthetized with halothane. Thirty dogs scheduled for cervical myelography were assigned to 3 groups. Dogs in group 1 received no pentobarbital. Those in group 2 were administered pentobarbital (5 mg/kg, IM) before induction of anesthesia, and those in group 3 received pentobarbital at the end of the procedure when the anesthetic vaporizer was turned off. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal sodium in all dogs and was maintained with halothane. Dogs that underwent surgery immediately after the myelography were not included in the study. A significant difference was not found among the 3 groups in terms of number of dogs that had seizures, mean body weight of the dogs, duration of anesthesia after injection of metrizamide, time from extubation to first seizure, volume of metrizamide injected, or clinician performing the myelography.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1986

Dobutamine-induced augmentation of cardiac output does not enhance respiratory gas exchange in anesthetized recumbent healthy horses.

The influence of pharmacologic enhancement of cardiac output on the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen tension (difference (P[A-a]O2), physiologic right-to-left shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), and physiologic dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) ws studied in halothane-anesthetized horses in left lateral, right lateral, and dorsal recumbencies. Adult horses were anesthetized, using xylazine (2.2 mg/kg, IM), guaifenesin (50 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal (4.4 mg/kg, IV), and halothane (1.5% to 2% inspired) in 100% O2. Mechanical ventilation was controlled to maintain arterial eucapnia (PaCO2) 35 to 45 mm of Hg) for a period lasting at least 1 hour. Dobutamine was administered at dosages of 1, 3, and 5 micrograms/kg/min, IV, on a randomized basis. The P(A-a)O2, Qs/Qt, and VD/VT were calculated during equilibration and after each dobutamine infusion was given. The P(A-a)O2 and Qs/Qt were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater and VD/VT tended to be greater in horses in dorsal recumbency, compared with those values in horses in left lateral or right lateral recumbency. Cardiac output was similar in all horses, regardless of body position (recumbency). The qualitative relationship between horses in the 3 recumbent positions were not altered by dobutamine. Cardiac output was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased by 3 or 5 micrograms of dobutamine/kg/min in all horses, whereas P(A-a)O2, Qs/Qt, and VD/VT were not significantly altered by dobutamine. The results of the present study failed to substantiate our clinical observations of decreased P(A-a)O2 and Qs/Qt in anesthetized compromised horses given dobutamine.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1986

Hypertension in bulls and steers anesthetized with guaifenesin-thiobarbiturate-halothane combination.

Eight bulls and steers (research animals) and 18 bulls (surgical patients) were anesthetized with guaifenesin and thiopental or thiamylal and for 90 minutes with halothane. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded in all animals. Cardiac output, plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, PCV, plasma proteins and plasma thromboxane B2 values were determined before (control) and every 15 minutes during anesthesia in the research animals. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured in 3 of the research animals and 3 of the surgical patients. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma thromboxane B2 and catecholamine concentrations were also measured immediately after the trachea was intubated. All animals, except one, were hypertensive during anesthesia. Heart rate during anesthesia was significantly increased, compared with control measurements, and cardiac output was decreased. Plasma glucose and lactate values significantly increased when the animals were restrained on their sides. Plasma glucose concentrations remained increased during anesthesia, but lactate decreased. Packed cell volume and plasma proteins were unchanged by the induction of anesthesia. Plasma norepinephrine concentration was unchanged during anesthesia, and epinephrine concentration was decreased. Endotracheal intubation caused a transient significant increase in arterial pressure, heart rate, and thromboxane B2 and a nonsignificant increase in norepinephrine.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1986

Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference during barbiturate therapy in patients with acute brain damage.

This study evaluated the reliability of cerebral blood flow equivalent (CBFE), which was calculated as the reciprocal of cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference (C(av)DO2) as a monitor during barbiturate therapy in patients with cerebral ischemic insults. A barbiturate (thiamylal) was administered at a rate of 3 mg . kg-1 . hr-1 for 2-5 days to four patients who had suffered cardiac arrest, four with acute focal ischemia, two with postoperative brain edema after neurosurgery, and one with brain damage due to asphyxia. Four of the 11 patients completely recovered neurologically (recovery group), and others had neurological sequelae or died (nonrecovery group). The mean value of CBFE in the recovery group decreased significantly with barbiturate therapy to 13 +/- 1 ml blood/ml O2 from 39 +/- 3 ml blood/ml O2 but did not decrease in the nonrecovery group. We conclude that CBFE can be useful for monitoring the effect of barbiturate therapy in ischemic brain insults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Hepatic necrosis following halothane anesthesia in goats.

One goat anesthetized with thiamylal sodium, xylazine, and halothane for repair of an abominal hernia, and 7 of 29 goats similarly anesthetized for an experiment unrelated to considerations of anesthesia, developed signs of hepatic failure within 24 hours of anesthesia. Affected goats had high values for serum aspartate transaminase and serum total bilirubin by 12 to 24 hours after induction of anesthesia. Necropsy of the 8 affected goats revealed centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis (8 of 8), brain lesions consistent with hepatic encephalopathy (3 of 4), and acute renal tubular necrosis (6 of 6). Two unaffected goats had no hepatic necrosis. Causes of hepatic necrosis other than those related to anesthesia (eg, infectious agents, toxins) were ruled out by lack of supporting necropsy findings or were considered unlikely because of lack of opportunity for exposure. Hepatic lesions in these goats closely resembled those described in human beings with halothane-associated hepatic injury, although in both species these lesions are nonspecific at the gross and light microscopic levels. The pathogenesis of halothane-associated hepatic injury in goats, as in human beings, remains to be determined.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1985

Rate of rise of arterial carbon dioxide tension in the halothane-anesthetized horse.

The rate of rise of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was determined in 49 apneic halothane-anesthetized horses following controlled ventilation. Drugs given for induction of anesthesia did not affect the rapid rate of rise of PaCO2 during the first minute after controlled ventilation, the PaCO2 at 1 minute after controlled ventilation, or the PaCO2 at which spontaneous ventilation began. Horses given xylazine-ketamine for induction of anesthesia had a significantly (P less than 0.05) faster rate of rise of PaCO2 after 1 minute following controlled ventilation than did horses receiving xylazine-thiamylal for induction.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1986

Quantitation of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter in the dog.

The pressure and length of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter were studied in 5 healthy dogs that were awake and then immobilized with xylazine. During successive tests, a single side-hole catheter was mechanically withdrawn and rotated 90 degrees. Similar pressures were measured, regardless of the orientation of the catheter side hole. The mean pressure and length of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter of the awake dogs were 18 mm of Hg and 1.8 cm, respectively. After the dogs were immobilized with xylazine, the mean pressure and length were 8 mm of Hg and 1.7 cm, respectively. In 2 dogs immobilized with xylazine, there was no change in the maximum resting pharyngoesophageal sphincter pressure or length of the pressure zone after IV administration of edrophonium chloride, succinylcholine chloride, or thiamylal sodium. Seemingly, xylazine was not a suitable agent for immobilization of clinical patients for pharyngoesophageal manometry.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1985

Large volume crystalloid resuscitation does not increase extravascular lung water.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Ringer's lactate solution increases extravascular lung water (EVLW) during resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock. Ten sheep anesthetized with thiamylal were bled to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 50 mm Hg; further bleeding maintained that pressure for 30 min. Resuscitation fluid consisted of Ringer's lactate solution in volumes necessary to restore and maintain for 1 hr MAP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and cardiac index at levels equal to those measured before bleeding. After volume replacement, the colloid oncotic pressure (COP) - PCWP gradient (COP - PCWP) decreased from 12 +/- 3 to 2 +/- 5 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). After volume restoration, COP decreased from 19 +/- 8 mm Hg to 12 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). Despite the large volume of fluid administered, EVLW did not increase. Crystalloid resuscitation does not necessarily increase EVLW despite significant decreases in COP and COP - PCWP gradient.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Anesthesia procedures in the rabbit].

In a review common regimens of anesthesia in the rabbit are described. To carry out an anesthesia the following knowledge is requested: preanesthetic history and physical condition, preanesthetic feeding and handling, methods of drug application (aerogen, intravenously and intramuscularly). Special anesthetic risks in the rabbit are lined out. The methods of anesthesia are presented in four tables. Long term anesthesia: Ketamine (Ketanest) + Xylazine (Rompun) i.m. or Fluanison/Fentanyl (Hypnorm) i.m. Medium term anesthesia: Ketamine + Xylazine i.v. or Pentoparbitone (Narcoren) i.v. Short- and introductive anesthesia: Propanidid (Epontol) i.v.; Althesine (Saffan) or (Aurantex); Thiamylal (Surital) i.v.; Alfentanil (Rapifen) i.v. + Etomidat (Hypnomidat) i.v. + Azaperon (Stesnil) premedication Methods of inhalation anesthesia with volatile anesthetics like ether, halothan or methoxyfluran as admixture with normal air or with nitrousoxide/oxygen.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1984

[Significance of prolonged barbiturate therapy on severe head injuries--ICP regulation and duration of barbiturate administration].

Barbiturate therapy was performed on 84 head trauma patients which were measured on GCS score of 8 or less, through October 1979 to December 1982. More than 3 g/day of thiamylal or more than 1.5 g/day of pentobarbital were administered for barbiturate therapy. Barbiturate therapy was discontinued in patients whose ICP remained less than 20 mmHg for more than 36 hours. In patients whose ICP sustained higher level, barbiturate was administered continuously until brain death was confirmed or non-filling was recognized. The patients were divided into two groups; Group I in which barbiturate therapy was carried out for 72 hours or less, and Group II in which it was administered for more than 72 hours. The patients in each group were further divided into responder and survivor (a), responder but late death (b), and no-responder or acute brain death (c), As far as age of patients concern, 19 out of 26 patients whose age was less than 20, 22 out of 35 patients whose age was 20-50 and 13 out of 23 patients whose age was more than 50 years responded well to the barbiturate therapy. But one patient died among young age, 4 patients died among middle age and 9 patients died among aged group at later stage. As for Group I (51 patients), Group I a consisted of 22 patients (mean age; 26.2 years, mean GCS score; 6.04, mean initial and maximal ICP; 11.9 and 27.8 mmHg), I b of 8 (52.5 years, 4.75, 17.0 and 27.8 mmHg), and I c of 21 (41.4 years, 4.57, 38.1 and 98.0 mmHg respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Postural influence on systemic blood pressure, gas exchange, and acid/base status in the term-pregnant bitch during general anesthesia.

Effects of positioning on certain physiologic parameters were done in 7 term-pregnant bitches during general anesthesia. Five positions (right and left lateral recumbency, right and left 10 degrees to 15 degrees tilt toward lateral recumbency, and dorsal recumbency) were examined. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal sodium and was maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Direct arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, pH, base excess, heart rate, respiratory rate, and a lead II ECG were recorded from the bitches during each position. Effects of positioning for each bitch during general anesthesia were reexamined after the bitch weaned its pups; therefore, each bitch served as its own control. Maternal posture had no significant (P less than 0.05) effect on any measured parameters in bitches before or after parturition. Pregnancy had a significant (P less than 0.05) effect on every parameter, except heart rate. Pregnant bitches had a lower systolic blood pressure, lower Pao2, lower PCV, higher PaCO2, higher respiratory rate, and a more severe acidosis than did the bitches after parturition. Seemingly, supine hypotension did not occur in anesthetized term pregnant bitches (9 to 16 kg). Tilting the bitch 10 degrees to 15 degrees toward right or left lateral recumbency or true lateral recumbency was not preferable to dorsal recumbency for doing cesarean sections using general anesthesia.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1984

Emergency treatment of urethral obstruction in male cats.

Cats with mild urethral obstruction are anesthetized, the obstruction removed and the bladder lavaged. Moderately affected cats are sedated and given IV fluids, and usually return to normal soon after the obstruction is removed. Severely affected cats are given IV fluids, NaHCO3 and Ca gluconate, sedated or anesthetized and unblocked. Fluid administration is continued to avoid renal failure. The bladder can be expressed 3-4 times daily or bethanechol given to aid recovery of detrusor muscle function. Halothane, 1% thiopental or thiamylal, or ketamine-acepromazine can be used to anesthetize blocked cats. An 18- or 20-ga, 2 1/2-inch over-the-needle catheter or a lacrimal needle is used to relieve the obstruction, after which a 3 1/2-Fr Silastic or vinyl catheter is used for catheterization and bladder lavage with sterile saline. Cystotomy allows recuperation before definitive corrective surgery.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1983

Reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic simultaneous analysis for thiopental and pentobarbital in serum.

We describe a reversed-phase liquid-chromatographic assay suitable for therapeutic monitoring of thiopental and pentobarbital simultaneously in human serum. The drugs are extracted from serum at pH 6.6 into n-butyl chloride containing thiamylal and barbital as the respective internal standards. The compounds are back-extracted into dilute sodium hydroxide, an aliquot of which is submitted to chromatography. The lowest measurable concentrations are 1.0 mg/L for thiopental and 2.0 mg/L for pentobarbital. The standard curve is linear from 0 to 100 mg/L for both. Between-run CVs are: at 25 mg/L, 4.1% (thiopental) and 3.2% (pentobarbital); at 50 mg/L, 2.8% (thiopental) and 3.4% (pentobarbital). Data on patients receiving thiopental and pentobarbital illustrate use of the method.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1982

Drug quality assessment methods. I. Gas-liquid chromatographic assay and identification of seven barbiturates.

A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure has been developed for the assay and identification of amobarbital, butabarbital, heptabarbital, mephobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital in single component capsule, elixir, injectable, suppository, and tablet formulations. After extraction into chloroform from an acidified aqueous mixture of the product, the drug is eluted isothermally from a methylphenylsilicone GLC column at 210 or 240 degrees C and quantitated relative to thiamylal internal standard. Results were in good agreement with those obtained using pharmacopeial assay methods. The method is suitable for the rapid assessment of commercial formulations.

Barbiturates↗