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PubMed2002

Natural host relationships and genetic diversity of Whitewater Arroyo virus in southern Texas.

The purpose of this study was to refine our knowledge of the natural host relationships of Whitewater Arroyo (WWA) virus. Two hundred eight rodents, representing nine species, were captured in July 1999 on the Chaparral Wildlife Management Area in southern Texas and tested for evidence of arenavirus infection. Antibody to an arenavirus was found in seven (21.9%) of 32 southern plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus) and none of 168 other rodents. Infectious WWA virus was isolated from four antibody-positive southern plains woodrats, one of 25 antibody-negative southern plains woodrats, and none of 176 other rodents. Collectively, the results indicate that the southern plains woodrat is a principal host of WWA virus in southern Texas. Analyses of viral gene sequence data revealed substantial genetic diversity among WWA virus strains isolated from the woodrats, suggesting that multiple variants of the virus can coexist in a single woodrat species in a small geographic area.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Serologic evidence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in some wild and domestic populations of southern Texas.

More than 2,500 sera from approximately 30 wild and domestic species in southern Texas were tested for neutralizing antibodies to Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). Virus isolations were also attempted from blood and tissue samples of many of the wild specimens. VEE neutralizing substances were present in a variety of species collected prior to the 1971 epizootic, suggesting that VEE was present and perhaps enzootic in this area before the recent epizootic. Serologic results of this study suggest that deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and feral swine (Sus scrofa) may serve as good indicators or sentinels of VEE transmission. The reservoir of VEE was not established, but results of the study suggest that a number of species or a combination of animal host populations including deer, feral swine, and peccaries (Pecari angulatus) may be involved in the eizootiologyof VEE in southern Texas.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Hepatic fatty cirrhosis in Texas white-tailed deer.

Hepatic fatty cirrhosis (HFC) has been known to occur in certain domestic livestock species since 1931. Early studies in Texas indicated that HFC was restricted to five western counties. Recently HFC was identified in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus texanus) in South Texas for the first time. Of the deer examined, 25% were affected. The etiology of HFC was not determined.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Elaeophorosis in sika deer in Texas.

Elaeophora schneideri was found in sika deer (Cervus nippon) from several areas in Texas. The parasite produced unilateral tumorous masses on the head and/or feet. This is the first report of E. schneideri in Texas.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Trichobilharzia physellae (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) from endemic waterfowl on the high plains of Texas.

Adult Trichobilharzia physellae were recovered from the liver and mesenteric veins of green-winged teal, Anas creca, blue-winged teal, A. discors, and pintail, A. acuta, breeding on the High Plains of Texas. Wild ducks naturally-infected with these schistosomes were emaciated with mild to severe atrophy of the breast musculature. The liver was considerably enlarged, pale and somewhat friable. Numerous viable and dead T. physellae were recovered from the cut surface. On histologic examination, viable adult schistosomes were observed in the portal veins and dead, partly calcified T. physellae were found in the interlobular bile ducts. The normal liver architecture was well preserved but there was mild to extensive fibroplasia of most portal triads. An intense inflammatory response consisting mainly of eosinophils and fibroblasts with a few histiocytes, epithelioid cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes surrounded the infected triads. There was pressure atrophy of adjacent hepatic parenchyma, hyperplasia or atrophy of the bile duct epithelium, bile stasis in smaller interlobular ducts, ectasia of larger portal ducts, focal areas of inflammatory cells throughout the liver, and periphlebitis of portal veins. The basic lesion presented as an obstructive fibrosis of the portal triads. These lesions are compared with those reported in infections by other schistosome species in their respective hosts. The oculate, apharyngeate, furcocercous cercariae of T. physellae were recovered from the snail first intermediate host, Physa anatina. Attempts to infect domestic mallard ducks via skin penetration by these cercariae were unsuccessful. This is the first record of a cercarial dermatitis-producing schistosome species from the Texas Panhandle and the first detailed description of such extensive lesions produced by adult schistosomes in the liver of a vertebrate host.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Waterfowl mortality caused by aflatoxicosis in Texas.

Waterfowl mortality caused by aflatoxicosis occurred in two separate areas in Texas during the 1977-78 wintering season. The first outbreak occurred in snow geese (Anser caerulescens) on the Gulf Coast prairies, followed by an outbreak in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the north-central portion of the state. Aflatoxin B1 levels in geese were 500 ng/g (dry weight). Aflatoxin B1 levels in the second mortality were 10-250 ng/g (dry weight). The exact source of the toxin was not demonstrated in the first outbreak, but in the second outbreak was traced to waste peanuts, which constituted a major portion of the diet of wintering waterfowl in north-central Texas. Aflatoxin B1 levels in the field peanuts collected in the general areas were 110 ng/g.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed1984

Helminth fauna of sandhill crane populations in Texas.

Three species of trematode [Orchipedium jolliei Schell, 1967; Prohyptiamus grusi Kocan, Waldrup, Ramakka, and Iverson, 1982; Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802)], three species of nematode (Tetrameres grusi Shumakovich, 1946; Synhimanthus sp.; Contracaecum sp.), and one species of cestode (Anomotaenia sp.) were recovered from 146 sandhill cranes, Grus canadensis (Linnaeus), collected in Alaska, Canada, and two areas in Texas. The only common and abundant species were O. jolliei and T grusi. Of cranes collected in Texas, those that came from the Canadian breeding grounds had significantly greater abundances of O. jolliei and T. grusi than those from Alaska. However, cluster analysis using rank abundances of helminth species across the four geographic regions and stepwise multiple discriminant analysis using the grouping variable of the presence or absence of a subspecies-specific pancreatic protein indicated that classification of cranes into populations based on helminth abundances was impractical as a management technique.

Alaska↗

PubMed1985

Factors affecting the helminth community structure of adult collared peccaries in southern Texas.

Four species of nematodes (Gongylonema pulchrum, Parabronema pecariae, Texicospirura turki, and Physocephalus sexalatus) and one species of cestode (Moniezia sp.) comprised the helminth fauna of adult collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) from the plains in southern Texas. The community structure of the helminth fauna of peccaries from this region was basically dissimilar to that from the more humid Gulf coastal prairies of southern Texas in composition (by the conspicuous absence of certain species) and relative abundance of shared species. The distributions of each of the three common species of helminths (G. pulchrum, T. turki, and P. sexalatus) were overdispersed. The effects of selected habitat variables operating across host subpopulations (delineated by condition and sex) and of the extrinsic variable of season on the dispersion patterns of the three common species of helminths were examined. The hypothesis that heterogeneity within the host population, rather than across the collective host population, is the main factor generating overdispersion in natural parasite populations was not confirmed for the three common species of helminths. Overdispersion in P. sexalatus resulted from seasonal changes across the collective host population, with the greatest abundances occurring during the cool season. Aggregated abundances of G. pulchrum resulted from variation generated across host sex subpopulations, while the dispersion patterns of T. turki appeared to be unaffected by the habitat variables examined in this study.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1987

Seasonal comparison of endoparasites of northern bobwhites from two types of habitat in southern Texas.

Two nematode species, one acanthocephalan species, and unidentified cestodes were recovered from a total of 481 northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) collected from January 1982 to December 1983 in southern Texas. The nematodes Aulonocephalus lindquisti and Trichostrongylus tenuis varied in prevalence with month and locality. Mediorhynchus papillosis was recovered from only two birds. Monthly and yearly rainfall patterns were not correlated with endoparasite intensity and prevalence, which indicates that fluctuations of populations of northern bobwhites in Texas may be caused by factors other than changes in prevalence and intensity of endoparasites.

Acanthocephala↗

PubMed1988

Poxvirus in scaled quail and prevalences of poxvirus-like lesions in northern bobwhites and scaled quail from Texas.

Prevalences of poxvirus-like lesions were determined for 177 northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and 24 scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) trapped in southern Texas from 1976 to 1979 and for 190 northern bobwhites and 105 scaled quail shot at five locations in southern Texas from 1980 to 1981. None of the northern bobwhites trapped in 1976-1977 was infected, but 54% of the trapped scaled quail were infected; 17% of the northern bobwhites and 34% of the scaled quail shot in 1980-1981 had pox lesions, primarily on the wings. Prevalence was unrelated to sex or age of birds. For both species, prevalence was greatest during late spring and early summer. Histologic and electron microscopic examination confirmed poxvirus in two scaled quail, which constituted the first report of poxvirus in this species.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

Borrelia sp. infection in coyotes, black-tailed jack rabbits and desert cottontails in southern Texas.

Coyotes (Canis latrans) from southern Texas were sampled for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi from 1980 to 1986; black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus californicus) and desert cottontails (Sylvilagus audubonii) were sampled in 1986. Coyote fetuses, adult coyote kidneys, and black-tailed jack rabbit and desert cottontail kidneys were cultured for B. burgdorferi in 1986. Results of indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests for B. burgdorferi in coyotes were as follows (number positive at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:128/number tested): 1980 (0 of 30), 1981 (0 of 21), 1982 (0 of 53), 1983 (0 of 78), 1984 (47 of 97), 1985 (20 of 88), and 1986 (42 of 80). Eight of 26 black-tailed jack rabbits and two of seven desert cottontails tested in 1986 had IFA titers to B. burgdorferi of greater than or equal to 1:128. Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from one of five coyote fetuses, three of 31 adult coyote kidneys, and two of 10 black-tailed jack rabbit kidneys in 1986. These results indicate that B. burgdorferi infection has been present in coyotes in Texas, at least since 1984 and that transplacental transmission occurs.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Serologic survey of selected zoonotic disease agents in black-tailed jack rabbits from western Texas.

A serologic survey for the agents of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) (Rickettsia rickettsii), Borrelia spp. including the causative agent for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), and plague (Yersinia pestis) was conducted on blood samples collected from 30 and 46 black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus californicus) from an urban environment in Lubbock, Texas (USA) during winter 1987 and the following spring 1988, respectively. Antibody titers to the agents of RMSF and borreliosis were detected in sera of 28 and 1% of the jack rabbits, respectively. Neither organisms (rickettsiae and/or spirochetes) nor their associated antigens were detected in any of the tissue or whole blood samples; plague antibodies were not detected in the 76 jack rabbits sampled. Four of 18 ticks (Dermacentor parumapertus) removed from 12 jack rabbits were positive for RMSF using the fluorescent antibody test. The black-tailed jack rabbit is a common wildlife species living in close proximity to higher density human populations in many areas of the southwestern United States. Our results indicate the potential importance of urban populations of this mammal as reservoirs for at least one important zoonotic disease, RMSF, in western Texas.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Notoedric mange in an ocelot (Felis pardalis) from southern Texas.

Notoedric mange was diagnosed in a free-ranging adult male ocelot (Felis pardalis) found dead in April 1994 in southern Texas (USA). The emaciated carcass had no body fat. The heart was enlarged and flaccid. There was a nonpurulent serosanguineous pericardial and peritoneal exudate. Severe encrusted skin lesions and alopecia extended from the head posteriorly to the shoulders. The forelegs and feet were less severely affected. We observed a massive infection of Notoedres cati in skin scrapings. Epidermal lesions included hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with necrotic debris and foci of acute inflammatory cells surrounding mites and their eggs in the stratum corneum. There was mild acanthosis and spongiosis of the stratum germativum, but no chronic inflammation in the dermis. This is the first confirmed case in the ocelot, but notoedric manage has been reported from the bobcat (Felis rufus) in southern Texas. Thus, notoedric mange could pose an additional threat to the already endangered remnant population of the ocelot.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Parasites and selected diseases of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) in the trans-pecos region of Texas.

Fifty-five collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) were collected from October 1988 through April 1991 from five counties within the Trans-Pecos region of Texas (USA) to monitor for diseases and parasites. No endoparasites were recovered on gross examination. Antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi was documented in one (2%) of 55 specimens. Three (6%) of 54 collared peccaries were positive for Yersinia pestis antibodies. All collared peccaries were negative for antibodies against Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Rickettsia typhi. This is the first report of Borrelia sp. and Yersinia sp. pathogens in collared peccaries from this region of Texas.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Texas: a case for enzootic stability.

Although antibodies to viruses in both the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) sero-groups have been reported from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas (USA), there are few reports of hemorrhagic disease (HD) in these populations. To understand the extent and diversity of exposure to the North American EHDV and BTV serotypes in these deer populations, we serologically tested 685 white-tailed deer collected from November 1991 through March 1992 throughout their range in Texas. Overall, 574 (84%) of deer had antibodies to EHDV or BTV. Prevalence estimates varied according to ecological region, from 57% in the Gulf Prairies to 100% in the northwest Edwards Plateau. Based on serum neutralization tests, the deer had evidence of previous exposures to multiple EHDV and BTV serotypes, with evidence of exposure to two to five serotypes detected in each ecological region. The apparent lack of HD in relation to this high antibody prevalence cannot be explained, but may be related to enzootic stability in which a near perfect host-virus relationship exists.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1997

Baylisascariasis in raccoons from southern coastal Texas.

Two hundred and two Baylisascaris procyonis were collected from 23 (70%) of 33 raccoons (Procyon lotor) at three localities in southern coastal Texas (USA). Abundances of B. procyonis were similar among collection localities. The presence of B. procyonis in Texas is confirmed, and this record considerably extends the potential range of baylisascariasis larval migrans in North America.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Efficacy of bait distributional strategies to deliver canine rabies vaccines to coyotes in southern Texas.

This study sought to develop a baiting strategy to deliver an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in southern Texas. To determine bait longevity, dog foodlard baits were placed (n = 50) on- and off-roads during July 1994 and January 1995. Coyote visitation and uptake rates did not differ between on-road and off-road placement of baits. To evaluate bait stations as possible visual cues, baits were placed out both with (n = 50) and without (n = 50) bait stations. A visual cue of a bait station did not affect coyote response to baits. Bait longevity was shorter during July (< or = 4 days) than January because of consumption of baits by imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). The effect of two different bait densities on coyote acceptance rates was determined on six 93.5 km2 study areas in southern Texas. Three study areas received a bait density of 19 baits/km2 (50 baits/mi2) and the remaining three study areas received 58 baits/km2 (150 baits/mi2). Coyote bait uptake rates, based upon the proportion of coyotes marked with either tetracycline hydrochloride or rhodamine B or both, were 83% (n = 99 coyotes) and 87% (n = 101 coyotes) for the 19 and 58 baits/km2 densities, respectively. Bait uptake rates did not differ (P > 0.54) between the two bait densities. Rodents and rabbits, which were fed baits containing tetracycline hydrochloride and a simulated oral rabies vaccine sachet containing rhodamine B, did consume the bait but not the rhodamine B sachet. These animals then were killed and fed to captive coyotes (n = 9). Canine teeth were extracted from coyotes and processed for tetracycline determination. Each coyote tested negative for tetracycline. Therefore, it was unlikely that coyote bait consumption rates were overestimated because of coyotes secondarily marking themselves by ingesting prey items that consumed baits.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Infectious disease survey of Rio Grande wild turkeys in the Edwards Plateau of Texas.

State wildlife agencies have translocated thousands of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) since the 1930s to reestablish this species. Because of threats to the domestic poultry industry and wild birds, screening for selected infectious agents has become routine since the early 1980s. One of the principal sources for Rio Grande wild turkeys (M. gallopavo intermedia) for translocation purposes was the Edwards Plateau of Texas (USA). Unfortunately, turkey abundance has declined in the southern Edwards Plateau since the late 1970s. Surprisingly few studies have addressed wild turkeys in this region, perhaps reflecting its status as the heart of Rio Grande turkey range. We surveyed 70 free-living Rio Grande wild turkeys from Bandera and Kerr counties, Texas, for evidence of exposure to Salmonella typhimurium, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, Chlamydophila psittaci, and the avian influenza, Newcastle disease, turkey corona, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Of these, 80% (56) were seropositive for both M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae on the serum plate antigen test. Ten of these individuals (14% of total) were positive for M. synoviae by hemagglutination inhibition testing. All other serologic tests were negative. Two adult females sampled in Kerr County, whose body mass was significantly less than that of other adult females trapped in the area, tested positive for reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) proviral DNA on polymerase chain reaction. Reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated from one of these individuals. The pathogenesis, transmission, and/or population-level influences of M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and REV in Rio Grande wild turkeys deserves further study.

Animals↗