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PubMed2002

Amphetamine and morphine produce a conditioned taste and place preference in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus).

Rats have been shown to avoid consuming a flavor, but prefer a location, previously paired with amphetamine or morphine. A series of 4 experiments evaluated the hedonic properties of amphetamine and morphine in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus), an insectivore that (unlike rats) is capable of vomiting when exposed to toxins. Unlike rats, amphetamine (20 mg/kg) and morphine (20 mg/kg) produced both a conditioned sucrose (0.3 M) and saccharin (0.1%) preference in shrews (administered intraperitoneally), when measured by both a 1- and a 2-bottle test. At the same dose, both drugs also produced a place preference in shrews. These results suggest that the potential of rewarding drugs to produce taste avoidance may vary on the basis of the ability of the species to vomit.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1985

Kinship and affiliative behavior patterns in a captive group of Celebes black apes (Macaca nigra).

The influence of matrilineal kinship on four socially affiliative behavior patterns--grooming, contact, proximity, and play--was studied in a little-known primate species, the Celebes black ape (Macaca nigra). Twenty group-living black apes, comprising four genealogical groups, were observed for more than 100 hr; data were collected by the instantaneous scan technique. Animals spent more time than was expected by chance grooming, in contact with, and in proximity to their matrilineal relatives, but they did not play with relatives more than was expected. The proximal mechanisms responsible for these results are unknown, and increased familiarity among matrilineal relatives may have influenced the interaction patterns in the group. The results obtained in this study are similar to those of many others that demonstrate differential behavior toward kin, and they are consistent with the theory that animals may increase their inclusive fitness by interacting preferentially with relatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Influence of food enrichment on cage side preference.

A preference test paradigm was used to assess the value of two enrichment techniques for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): 1) a Kong toy stuffed with food treats and 2) a fleece board covered with particulate food. The duration of time spent in the enriched cage side was compared with that spent in the unenriched cage side. Additionally, the number of cage side changes made during an observation interval and the duration and frequency of occurrence of select behaviors were recorded. Half the subjects altered their cage side preference during the experimental condition, and a fifth animal reversed side preference in the postexperimental phase. Subjects spent a mean time of 14% of a session engaged with the foraging devices. The occurrence of several behaviors, including self-directed and locomotor activities, varied significantly with the experimental condition. These results were compared with data from a previous preference study of nonnutritive enrichments, and a hypothesis regarding the relative value of different types of enrichment was developed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1998

Facilitative effects of the ampakine CX516 on short-term memory in rats: enhancement of delayed-nonmatch-to-sample performance.

Ampakines are a family of drugs that selectively increase AMPA receptor-gated currents and improve performance on several behavioral tasks. This report describes evidence that ampakines cause a cumulative enhancement of performance in a spatial short-term memory task (Deadwyler et al., 1996). Two groups of rats were trained on a spatial variant of the delayed-nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) paradigm. One group (n = 12) received the ampakine CX516 (Cortex Pharmaceuticals) alternated with vehicle for 17 consecutive days and then only vehicle for an additional 7 d. The second group (n = 6) received only vehicle injections over the same number of days. CX516 improved performance within sessions, particularly on trials with delays of 6-35 sec. In 9 of 12 rats, the positive effect of the drug was also present on nondrug days between CX516 administration and after cessation of CX516 injections. The animals that received only vehicle injections showed no improvement in DNMS performance over the entire 32 d of testing. Three of the 12 animals given CX516 did not exhibit "carryover" effects of the drug to the intervening (vehicle only) test sessions, but nonetheless exhibited superior performance during the first half of the session on days in which the ampakine was administered. Evaluation of errors suggests that the ampakine eliminated the necessity for a shift in response strategy that produced proactive interference on the following trial. Hippocampal involvement in these ampakine effects is discussed as a prelude to the second article in the series (Hampson et al., 1998).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Solving a cooperation task without taking into account the partner's behavior: the case of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

Four pairs of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were tested in a task requiring that both partners pull a handle simultaneously in order for both to be rewarded. The experimental design, an improved version of that of R. Chalmeau, E. Visalberghi, and A. Gallo (1997), aimed at assessing the extent to which a monkey that is pulling takes account of the behavior and spatial position of its partner, that is, whether the monkey understands what cooperation involves. Although all pairs succeeded, pulling was not affected by the partner's behavior, and it was affected only to a certain extent by the partner's spatial position. In addition, more experienced capuchins did not outperform naive individuals. The finding that capuchins were successful without understanding the role of the partner suggests that their cooperation is not cognitively grounded, as has been argued in descriptions of the hunting behavior of wild capuchins.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

From spatial acoustic changes to attentive behavioral responses within 200 ms in humans.

Human event-related potentials (ERPs) and electro-oculograms (EOGs) were recorded in 14 subjects presented with spatially deviant tones in a series of standard tones. In separate sessions, they were instructed to read a book, to count the deviant tones, and to respond to the deviant tones by shifting the eyes towards them from the standard tone source. When reading a book, the mismatch negativity (MMN) of ERP, reflecting pre-attentive detection of acoustic changes, was elicited to the deviant tones at approximately 105-180 ms. No deviance related EOGs were observed in the reading or counting conditions. When the subjects responded behaviorally to the deviant tones, EOGs revealed that the eye movements in their direction took place from approximately 185 ms latency. Thus, all stages of processing required for overt attention to the acoustic changes were completed very rapidly, especially when taking into account the latency of MMN. The results are discussed in the context of endogenous ERPs and of attentive processes across sensory modalities.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Impaired spatial performance in rats with retrosplenial lesions: importance of the spatial problem and the rat strain in identifying lesion effects in a swimming pool.

Behavioral, electrophysiological, and anatomical evidence suggests that retrosplenial (RS) cortex (areas RSA and RSG) plays a role in spatial navigation. This conclusion has been questioned in recent work, suggesting that it is damage to the underlying cingulum bundle (CG) (areas CG and IG), and not RS, that disrupts spatial place learning (Aggleton et al., 2000). We revisited this issue by comparing Long-Evans rats, the strain used in studies that report RS deficits, to Dark Agouti rats, the strain in which no RS deficit has been reported. Rat groups with RS, RS + CG, or no lesion were tested on a place task in a swimming pool, a test of nonspatial and spatial learning, and a matching-to-place task, a relatively selective test of spatial learning. Long-Evans rats given RS and RS + CG lesions, either before or after training on the two tasks, were impaired on both tasks, a deficit not attributable to impaired visual acuity. Control Dark Agouti rats and RS Dark Agouti rats, although not different on the place task, were both significantly impaired relative to Long-Evans rats. The RS Dark Agouti group, however, was also impaired on the matching-to-place task. Thus, we show that RS cortex is part of an extended neural circuit involved in spatial behavior in both Long-Evans and Dark Agouti rats, but its role in the place task may be masked by an innate nonspatial deficit in Dark Agouti rats. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of assessing spatial learning with appropriate spatial tests, the problems of interpretation posed by rat strain differences, and the role of retrosplenial cortex in spatial behavior.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Androgen metabolism in the juvenile oscine forebrain: a cross-species analysis at neural sites implicated in memory function.

Juvenile songbirds are useful models for studying the neural bases of memory. Memory-reliant behaviors demonstrated at this stage include song learning (most songbirds) and food caching (food-storing songbirds). Sex steroids are implicated in the modulation of memory processes in several vertebrates. The songbird forebrain expresses aromatase, 5alpha-reductase and 5beta-reductase, enzymes which convert testosterone to estradiol, 5alpha-, and 5beta-dihydrotestosterone, respectively. To explore the role of local androgen metabolism on memory processes, we documented the activities of these enzymes in the anterior neostriatum (NAN), caudomedial neostriatum (NCM), and hippocampus (HP) of four species of juvenile songbird, two of which are food storers. Areas were dissected, homogenized, and provided with radiolabeled substrate; and formed estrogens, and 5alpha- and 5beta-reduced androgens were measured. In the NAN, 5beta-reductase was the predominant enzyme, suggesting that local inactivation of testosterone may preserve the sensitive period of song acquisition. In the NCM, estrogens were formed in abundance despite high 5beta-reductase, suggesting that locally high estrogen synthesis may play a role in processes of song perception. In the HP, both estrogens and 5alpha reduced androgens were formed, suggesting that HP function may be modulated by both estrogens and androgens. Finally, a derived measure of steroid-differential reveals that food-storing songbirds differ from nonstorers in the steroidal milleiu within the HP, but not in the NAN or NCM. Thus, distinct loci within the juvenile songbird forebrain are exposed to different patterns of androgen metabolites. This local conversion may play a role in the neuroendocrine modulation of memory in these birds.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Jewel fish retain juvenile schooling pattern after crowded development.

Juvenile jewel fish were crowded between 100 and 160 days of age (15 fish/3.6 liters) in a double-walled aquarium sharing water flow with uncrowded siblings (15 fish/69.4 liters). Photographs of schooling in a 73-liter aquarium were made after 30 and 60 days of crowding. Distances maintained between each fish and its 1st-5th nearest neighbors and orientation angles between 1st nearest neighbors were measured. After 30 days, crowded juveniles maintained significant nonrandomly aggregated distances to their 1st-5th neighbors, spacing significantly closer than uncrowded siblings. After 60 days, crowded juveniles maintained both closer, nonrandom distances to 1st-5th neighbors and significantly more parallel orientation to 1st nearest neighbors. Thus, whereas uncrowded juveniles followed the normal developmental pattern of dispersion, crowded siblings retained juvenile spacing behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

DNA fragmentation factor 45 deficient mice exhibit enhanced spatial learning and memory compared to wild-type control mice.

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a highly regulated physiological process that is critical in development, particularly in the central nervous system. The DNA fragmentation factor 45 (DFF45 or ICAD) is a subunit of a heterodimeric DNase complex that is crucial for DNA fragmentation and normal apoptosis. To examine the neurobiological consequences of lacking DNA fragmentation and timely apoptosis during mouse development in vivo, we compared spatial learning behaviors in DFF45 mutant and wild-type control mice. We found that DFF45 mutant mice exhibit enhanced spatial learning and memory compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, both the granule cell density and total granule cell number in the hippocampal dentate gyrus region are higher in the DFF45 mutant brains than in the wild-type brains. We propose that the increase in granule cell number in the dentate region due to the DFF45 mutation changes the neuronal network underlying spatial learning and memory in DFF45 mutant mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Transitive movements in a deafferented man.

It has not been determined if the performance of transitive movement requires sensory feedback from the limb to the brain. We tested a deafferented patient's ability to pantomime, imitate, and use actual objects in both eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Although his performance deteriorated when his eyes were closed, the major error made by this patient was the inability to correctly orient the instrument (or pretended instrument) toward the object of the instrument's action.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A simple computer based system to analyze Morris water maze trials on-line.

The development of a system for the acquisition, analysis and storage of data from open-field water-maze procedures in which rats learn to escape from water onto a hidden platform is described. The use of an object-oriented programming language simplifies the programming of the application and provides scientists without formal training in computer programming the ability to create their own software application. The core hardware is an IBM-compatible AT 486 computer and a video capture board. The Microsoft Windows compatible software is written in G (LabVIEW) and presents the user a graphically based 'virtual instrument' thus simulating functions of real instruments which can be interactively accessed. The graphical approach allows the programmer to make fast and simple adaptations of the software to suit the specific experimental problem. Image analysis software tools (Concept V.i) were integrated into this system which has been used successfully for over 2 years in our lab.

Animals↗