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PubMed2006

[Secular growth trend in urban children enrolling primary school in the war time].

UNLABELLED: During the last century children of the same age experienced a progressive rise in the mean body height and weight. The phenomenon is termed secular trend or acceleration of growth. It is ascribed to the improvement of environmental factors, which, together with genetic legacy, determine both height velocity and final height. Genetic and environmental factors have distinct impact on the two indices of growth. Therefore, one could expect that once reached optimal environmental conditions would lead to the achievement of a peak in height value, and a further rise in weight. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine body height and weight differences between two groups of urban children entering primary school, recorded by school entry medical examination. SUBJECTS AND RESULTS: One group consisted of 200 children (98 girls, 102 boys) enrolling primary school in 1991, in the war time, and the other included 397 children (195 girls, 202 boys) enrolling primary school in 2003. The groups were matched by age (6.67 +/- 0.33 and 6.70 +/- 0.30 years). The mean body height increased by only 0.20 cm and weight by 0.08 kg, i. e. increments per decade were 0.17 cm for body height and 0.067 kg for weight. The rise in the mean body height and weight was not significant (theight =0.44, p>0.05, tweight=0.21, p>0.05). The mean rise in body height was about 3.5 times lower than the lowest mean rise in the height of 6-year-old children in the rest of the world. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although the study did not analyze particular environmental factors affecting body growth (socioeconomic, dietary, hygienic, family size), it was clear that the acceleration in body growth, slower than expected, was not due to the achievement of optimal environmental conditions and growth plateau. The recorded values probably resulted from the war induced degradation in economic conditions and augmentation of psychological tensions.

Body Height↗
PubMed2006

The secular trend of body weight of Greek schoolchildren in the 20th century.

BACKGROUND: Improvements in socioeconomic conditions in the 20th century had a dramatic impact on the growth and development of children, resulting in greater somatic growth and earlier pubertal maturation. Furthermore, in the last part of that century childhood obesity took on epidemic proportions in many countries The aim of the study was to present the secular trend of body weight of Greek schoolchildren in the 20th century. MATERIAL/METHODS: The data were taken from growth studies the authors conducted themselves or were able to find in the Greek literature. All studies were cross-sectional and spanned the years from 1920 to 1995. The studies referred mainly to children living in Athens or other major cities of the country. RESULTS: The data were taken from growth studies the authors conducted themselves or were able to find in the Greek literature. All studies were cross-sectional and spanned the years from 1920 to 1995. The studies referred mainly to children living in Athens or other major cities of the country. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in the socioeconomic conditions in Greece resulted in an increase in body weight in Greek schoolchildren in the 20th century. However, this increase tended to stop in adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Secular trends in prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation and associated factors in a Japanese rural population].

To investigate secular trends in prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation and associated factors, data from population studies of a northeast rural Japanese community, were explored. Cross-sectional studies for men and women aged 40-69 year were conducted in 1963-1966, 1972-1975 and 1984-1987. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of atrial fibrillation show no significant change in both men and women during these three periods. Over 80% of atrial fibrillation in each period showed no clinical evidence of rheumatic valvular disease, myocardial infarction, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease and hyperthyroidism. Cohorts of men and women aged 40-69 year without atrial fibrillation at baseline were constructed in 1963-1966 (1,920 persons) and in 1972-1975 (2,325 persons) and followed until 1974 and 1987, respectively. In both cohorts, incidence of atrial fibrillation without these organic diseases was positively associated with hypertension related funduscopic abnormality and urine protein. Age-adjusted incidence rates of atrial fibrillation declined in both men and women between the two cohorts. This decline which was greater in hypertensives than in normotensives may in part reflect improvements in hypertension control in this community.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Secular trend in skeletal maturation in southern Chinese girls in Hong Kong.

Southern Chinese girls aged 11 years 9 months to 12 years 3 months in Hong Kong have a mean skeletal age of 12.57 years assessed from the left hand and wrist radiographs by the Greulich and Pyle Atlas Method. Significant secular trend of earlier skeletal maturation was demonstrated with p less than or equal to 0.001. Such difference was contributed by improved socio-economic, nutritional and socio-hygienic conditions during the past decades.

Asian People↗
PubMed1989

Bioethics: secular philosophy, Jewish law and modern medicine.

The recent unprecedented expansion of scientific knowledge and the greater awareness and involvement of the public in medical matters, as well as additional causes described here, have impelled the development of a new form of bioethics over the past three decades. Jewish law and philosophy have always dealt with medical issues. In recent years, however, a voluminous body of literature devoted to Jewish medical ethics has developed. It covers all relevant issues and offers Jewish solutions to many complex problems arising from the recent scientific breakthroughs. This article analyzes the differences between Jewish and secular philosophies regarding fundamental moral theories relevant to modern medical ethics.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1988

Secular trends in atherosclerotic lesions: comparison of two studies of autopsied men conducted in different time periods.

The extent and prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and aortas of deceased 25 to 44-yr-old men, autopsied in New Orleans during two different time periods (1960-64 and 1969-78), were evaluated to determine if changes in lesions had occurred in parallel with reported decreases in coronary heart disease death rates. Results of these evaluations showed that both the extent and prevalence of raised atherosclerotic lesions were significantly less in the coronary arteries of white men in the second time period. No significant difference was detected in black men. In the aorta there were no significant differences between studies in whites, but in blacks, there were significantly more extensive raised lesions in the second time period. These findings strongly suggest that the extent of involvement with atherosclerotic lesions in a given population may change over time. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these secular trends in atherosclerosis merit additional study.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of the secular trend and seasonal variation of measles mortality rate in Taiwan.

The secular trend and seasonal variation of measles mortality rate in Taiwan from 1959 to 1981 were analyzed through multiple regression analyses. A significant downward trend with a regular two-year cyclic fluctuation was observed before and after the implementation of a mass vaccination campaign, and the difference between odd and even years was greater in later years than in earlier years. There was a characteristic unimodal pattern of seasonal variation which peaked in the months of late spring or early summer, and measles deaths were found more clustered in epidemic years than in nonepidemic years. While 94.3% of the total variation of annual measles mortality rate could be explained by calendar year, two-year cycle, and their interaction; 87.6% of the total variation of monthly measles mortality rate could be explained by calendar year, two-year cycle, month, and the interaction between two-year cycle and month. The implication and application of such multiple regression analysis of temporal components of measles epidemiology are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Fracture patterns in children. Analysis of 8,682 fractures with special reference to incidence, etiology and secular changes in a Swedish urban population 1950-1979.

Age, sex, type of fracture and the circumstances causing the injury were studied in altogether 8,682 fractures in children, aged 0 - 16, which had occurred 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975 - 1979. For studies of incidence, the years 1975 - 1979 were chosen and for secular trend studies 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975 - 1979. The following conclusions may be drawn: 1. The risk of fracture increased with age up to age 11 - 12 in girls and 13 - 14 in boys. 2. The accumulated risk of fracture was 27 per cent in girls and 42 per cent in boys. 3. Fractures were more common in boys of all age groups. 4. Over the last three decades the risk of fracture was doubled in boys as well as in girls. 5. Over the years more and more fractures were caused by slight trauma whereas the more severe trauma - even if increasing somewhat in risk - contributed a smaller fraction of the injuries. 6. For the various types of fracture the pattern of change could differ - some increased in incidence, whereas some remained unchanged or even decreased. 7. All types of trauma - horse riding accidents excluded - were more frequent in boys. 8. The most commonly fractured region was the distal end of the forearm followed by the phalanges of the hand and the bones of the carpal-metacarpal region. 9. Playing, sports and traffic, in that order contributed 24, 21 and 12 per cent of those fractures in which the circumstances of the accident could be analysed. 10. Traffic accidents increased with one third in boys as well as in girls. 11. The passive participants in traffic - pedestrians and passengers in motor vehicles - were not more frequently injured during the latter part of the period under observation - a tendency of increase in girls was compensated for by a decrease in boys. 12. Sports and various playing activities as a cause of fracture increased with a factor of five. 13. In the upper limb, the left side was most frequently fractured. 14. The occurrence of fractures varied with the seasons with peak values in May and August and low values in July and December. 15. No fracture type in children could completely meet the criteria of a fragility fracture such as seen in old age. 16. Sustaining one fracture carried an increased risk of an additional fracture especially in the very young children. 17. Fractures not requiring reduction increased the most over the years. 18. The subset of children with various diseases suspected to interfere with skeletal development carried an increased risk of fracture. 19. Some age-related fracture patterns could be traced but they were not very distinct.

Accidents↗
PubMed1983

[Sexual dimorphism of the somatic characteristics of Warsaw's children and adolescents in the light of secular trends].

Somatic development of two populations of Warsaw children and adolescents aged 3-18 years examinated in 1958/59 and 1976/80 years was compared. The following anthropometric measurements were taken into consideration: height, weight, trunk length, lower extremity length, biacromial diameters, chest breadth, chest depth, chest circumference and subscapular skinfold. Secular trend strongly expressed in boys than in girls was observed. The differences in age groups and certain somatic characteristic were found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Environment and secular changes in modern man.

The secular trend of human traits has so far been investigated mostly with respect to the morphological traits, mainly stature and body weight. However, some studies of changes in the physiological and psychomotor traits have also been published. The intergenerational changes concern changes in the development rate, magnitude of traits and sequence of symptoms of development. These changes are mainly due to changes in the environmental conditions, particularly of the living conditions. Another factor--though increasingly less expressed in present-day man--consists of genetic determination (especially survival). Migrations changing the gene frequency in populations represent the third factor. In the major part of economically developed countries interpopulational changes continue; in highly industrialized countries no further acceleration of sexual maturation takes place. Some studies from India and certain African countries point to a regression of physical development in children. Since stature and body weight are positive indices of health, they are important from the epidemiological standpoint and should be closely analyzed. This paper describes the findings obtained hitherto in studies performed in Poland or resulting from an analysis of materials from various countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Secular trends of neural tube defects by demographic subgroups in Norway, 1967-81.

The secular trends of NTDs by subgroups were investigated using data from the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway. During 1967-81, rates of total congenital malformations significantly increased by 4.1% annually. In contrast, there was an average annual decline of 1.6% in anencephaly rates and 0.4% in spina bifida rates. Annual rates of NTDs among twins decreased more (3.8%) than among singletons (1.6%). Females had an annual decline in rates (2.2%) that was greater than in males (0.7%). Separation of NTDs into two sub-groups based on the presence of multiple major malformations, revealed a significant decline of 2.1% annually in singles, whereas rates in multiples showed an increase of 3.3% annually. The different prevalence patterns revealed in various subgroups strongly suggest different etiologic entities. These should be further refined for elucidating etiologic factors. Furthermore, in prediction of current cases and evaluation of the effects of health services, the proportion of the various subgroups present should be considered.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed1978

The Christian administrator in a secular society.

While government involvement with hospitals complicates an administrator's operating environment, much of what government and consumer advocates want is at least philosophically good. In the midst of conflicts between a secular society and the goals of church-related hospitals, Christian administrators must demonstrate integrity and would do well to see adversity as a challenge promoting greater strenghts for themselves and for their hospitals.

Christianity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Values of baccalaureate nursing students in secular and religious schools.

This study examined if and how values held by baccalaureate nursing students in secular and religious schools changed during their school experience. The Rokeach Value Survey was used to measure and assess respondents' hierarchical arrangement of two kinds of values, instrumental and terminal. Two-way analysis of variance was done on each value to ascertain difference by class level or school orientation. Significant differences were found for 25 of the 36 values when the students were compared for school orientation, but for only 17 or the 36 values when freshmen and seniors were compared.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Mortality after first myocardial infarction. Search for a secular trend.

Two earlier studies of prognosis of coronary heart disease among men enrolled in the Health Insurance Plan in the 1960s and 1970s permitted us to examine whether prognosis had improved over this ten-year period. The new comparison involved 1,133 men aged 35 to 64 years who had survived a first acute myocardial infarction and were followed up for mortality after a baseline examination. Mortality estimates were controlled for clinical and demographic differences between the two cohorts by multivariate methods and by comparing subgroups. The analyses showed no difference in long-term prognosis between patients in the two decades. The observations in this population suggest that any contribution of improved medical care to the nationally observed secular decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in the time period studied was probably restricted to the acute stage of myocardial infarction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Secular trends in heights and weights of Punjabi boys.

Data on heights and weights of 1150 children from 7 to 16 years of age of a Public School of Patiala have been utilized to show the existence of secular trend. The data were treated in five-yearly, decade-wise and twenty-five yearly groups. Heights show a positive trend of increase from 1950 to 1975. In weights, however, the trend of increase seems to have set in early 1970's. Therefore the present day children seem to have become linear as compared to their counterparts twenty-five years back.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Secular acceleration of the physical development of Czech school children (author's transl)].

The presented contribution reports on the acceleration of physical development and pubescence of school children, based on anthropometrical studies dating of 1895, 1951, 1961 and 1971. Since 1895 the acceleration for the development has been recorded by .2 to 2.5 years. The acceleration of the growth of body height and mass was less during 1961--1971 than within the period of 1951--1961. The higher mean values found 1971 in children and youth of Prague suggest that possible secular acceleration in our adolescents has not been terminated so far.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Secular change in the seasonal distribution of menarche in Tokyo].

Secular change in the seasonal distribution of menarche was studied in Tokyo on 17545 females born during 1881 - 1963. The distribution in those born before 1890 showed peak (March-May) and a wide trough during July-October. Occurrences of menarche came to concentrate in April and August after 1890, and also in January after 1950. The distributional pattern has much changed by the period of birth year.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Secular and seasonal trends of Neospora abortion in California dairy cows.

This study was undertaken to determine if the proportion of dairy cow abortions attributable to Neospora sp. infection increased or occurred in a seasonal cycle during a 6-yr period. Abortions caused by Neospora sp. were tallied for all fetuses submitted to the Tulare branch of the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1985 and December 1990. Regression analysis of 221 cases of Neospora among 762 fetuses submitted showed a weak increasing secular trend (P = 0.053, r2 = 0.05), with predicted monthly proportions at the beginning and end of the 6 yr of 0.16 and 0.33, respectively. Using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov-type statistic, comparison of the 12-mo distribution of Neospora sp. cases and a hypothetical distribution of cows at risk of aborting found about 16% of variation in cases was attributable to season (P < 0.01). More cases were found in winter than in summer and early fall. Results indicate that Neospora sp. abortion in California dairy cows is not new or recently emerging and that seasonally related factors influence some of the risk of abortion. Results suggest that Neospora sp. has contributed to the high dairy cow abortion rate for many years, and that seasonally varying exposures may predispose to transmission or recrudescence of infection.

Abortion, Veterinary↗