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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Possibilities of selection for high disease resistance in swine based on immunological indicators].

Disease resistance results from different processes which partly are immunological in nature. Immunological processes can be subdivided into innate (non-specific) resistance (phagocytosis) and acquired resistance. The latter can be subdivided in cellular and humoral immunity. These three compartments of the immune system do not act independently but are complementary. Parameters for each of the compartments have a genetic basis, and expression is affected by many genes, some of which are known. Experimental results suggest that especially aspects of innate disease resistance (the killing capacity of phagocytes) are negatively correlated with humoral immune response. Comparison of pig breeds supports this idea. On the other hand selection experiments show that simultaneous improvement of various aspects of the immune system is possible. Consequently, selection programmes should utilize index selection including parameters of all three compartments. Research in mice and various farm animal species studied genetic aspects of immune parameters. Little attention has been paid to the relationships between immune responsiveness and resistance to specific infections. To support the implementation of selection programmes for disease resistance in pigs, further experiments using e.g. mice as a model and the design of simulation models are useful.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Infectious disease factors in swine--pathogenesis and control].

Infectious factorial diseases occur in all porcine age groups and are specially responsible for high mortality-rates in weaners and young feeder pigs affected by bronchopneumonia and enteritis. The pathogenesis of infectious factorial diseases is dominated by disease promoting factors of the pigs' environment as well as by false treatment with medicines and disinfectants. The control of infectious factorial diseases needs thorough examination as a basis for herd specific measures. Preventive measures should be completed in all pig herds by animal protective arrangements which are prescribed in the rules for prevention of cruelty to animals and contagious diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from diseased chickens and swine in China.

Escherichia coli isolates from diseased piglets (n = 89) and chickens (n = 71) in China were characterized for O serogroups, virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, class 1 integrons, and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance. O78 was the most common serogroup identified (63%) among the chicken E. coli isolates. Most isolates were PCR positive for the increased serum survival gene (iss; 97%) and the temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin gene (tsh; 93%). The O serogroups of swine E. coli were not those typically associated with pathogenic strains, nor did they posses common characteristic virulence factors. Twenty-three serogroups were identified among the swine isolates; however, 38% were O nontypeable. Overall, isolates displayed resistance to nalidixic acid (100%), tetracycline (98%), sulfamethoxazole (84%), ampicillin (79%), streptomycin (77%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (76%). Among the fluoroquinolones, resistance ranged between 64% to levofloxacin, 79% to ciprofloxacin, and 95% to difloxacin. DNA sequencing of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE quinolone resistance-determining regions of 39 nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli isolates revealed that a single gyrA mutation was found in all of the isolates; mutations in parC together with double gyrA mutations conferred high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin MIC, >/=8 microg/ml). Class 1 integrons were identified in 17 (19%) isolates from swine and 42 (47%) from chickens. The majority of integrons possessed genes conferring resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim. These findings suggest that multiple-antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates, including fluoroquinolone-resistant variants, are commonly present among diseased swine and chickens in China, and they also suggest the need for the introduction of surveillance programs in China to monitor antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria that can be potentially transmitted to humans from food animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Study on the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus I. production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against VP1.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reported here were produced against the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that caused the devastating swine disease on 1997 in Taiwan. A panel (25) of MAbs were found to react with VP1 of O/Taiwan/97 (O/97) by ELISA with various potencies. The biological identities of these VP1 reacting MAbs, such as neutralization activity, isotype and capability to distinguish between two serotype O FMDVs, O/97 and O/Taiwan/KM1/99 (O/99), were further analyzed. Eleven out of the total eighteen O/97 neutralizing MAbs were able to neutralize heterologous O/99. Eight O/97 neutralizing and five non-neutralizing MAbs could differentiate two serotype O FMDVs by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) implied that these thirteen MAbs recognized O/97 specific epitope(s). Furthermore, reactivities of the VP1 reacting MAbs with a 29 amino acids synthetic peptide (P29) representing the betaG-betaH loop of VP1 were analyzed by ELISA and fourteen were found positive. MAb clone Q10E-3 reacting strongest with VP1 and P29, neutralizing both but not differentiating two serotype O viruses suggested that the antibody binding site might involve the RGD motif and its C terminal conserved region on betaG-betaH loop. MAbs with diverse characters presented in this study were the first raised against porcinophilic FMDV. The complete set of MAbs may be used for further studies of vaccine, diagnostic methods, prophylaxis, etiological and immunological researches on FMDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[A molecular test for the detection of E. coli F18 receptors: a breakthrough in the struggle against edema disease and post-weaning diarrhea in swine].

Oedema disease and post-weaning diarrhoea in swine are associated with the colonization of the intestine with toxigenic Escherichia (E.) coli bacteria of various serotypes. Colonization depends on specific binding between adhesive fimbriae and receptors on the enterocytes. The demonstration of these receptors allows the identification of susceptible and resistant pigs. Direct sequencing of the alpha (1,2) fucosyltransferase gene (FUT1) in swine being either susceptible or resistant to adhesion by F18 fimbriated E.coli revealed a mutation at basepair 307 (M307). Analysis of the mutation in Swiss Landrace and Large White families showed close linkage with the locus controlling resistance and susceptibility to E.coli F18 adhesion (ECF18R). The FUT1 (M307) mutation is a good marker for selection of E.coli of F18 adhesion resistant animals. The mutation is found with variable frequencies in Duroc, Hampshire and Pietrain pigs as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular characterization of porcine TT virus, an orphan virus, in pigs from six different countries.

Human TT virus (TTV), originally isolated from a patient with post-transfusion hepatitis in 1997, is ubiquitous and non-pathogenic. Viruses related to human TTV have since been identified in non-human primates, bovine, ovine, porcine, feline, and canine. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize porcine TTV from pigs in different geographic regions. PCR primers based on the non-coding region of the only available porcine TTV isolate were designed to amplify porcine TTV DNA from sera of pigs in six different countries. Porcine TTV DNA was detected in 66.2% (102/154) of the swine sera. The percentages of positive pigs varied greatly from country to country and even within the same country: 33% in Iowa, USA; 40% in Thailand; 46% in Ontario, Canada; 80% in China; 85% in Korea; 90% in Spain; 100% in Quebec and Saskatchewan, Canada. A total of 40 porcine TTV isolates (five from each geographic region) were sequenced for a 218 bp fragment within the non-coding region. Sequence analyses revealed that porcine TTV isolates from different geographic regions shared 86-100% nucleotide sequence identity to each other. The prototype Japanese isolate of porcine TTV, Sd-TTV31, shared 90-97% nucleotide sequence identity with porcine TTV isolates reported in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the clustering of the porcine TTV isolates is not associated with geographic origins. Although porcine TTV is not known to be associated with any swine disease, co-infection of pigs with TTV and other known swine pathogens may result in enhanced disease. There are also concerns for risk of potential human infection during xenotransplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Isolation of a recombinant influenza virus (Hsw 1 N2) from swine in Japan.

Outbreaks of swine influenza were first observed in Japan in 1978. A number of influenza viruses were isolated from diseased swine. Almost all viruses isolated were swine influenza virus (Hsw 1 N1) but two viruses isolated from the nasal swabs of swine showing clinical signs of influenza in the Kanagawa prefecture were characterized antigenically as Hsw 1 N2. Analysis of swine sera showed that influenza virus Hsw 1 N2 was epidemic in the farm from which the virus had been isolated. The new virus (Hsw 1 N2) seems to have been produced by recombination between swine influenza virus (Hsw 1 N1) and Hong Kong influenza virus (H3N2).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Growth performance of pigs fed diets with and without tylosin phosphate supplementation and reared in a biosecure all-in all-out housing system.

Three hundred and eighty-four pigs, mean initial live weight of 20.8 kg, were assigned randomly to groups of 24 (12 females, 12 castrated males). Each group was randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments consisting of the same commercial barley-based diet, with or without the addition of tylosin phosphate. The barn where the animals were housed operates as an all-in all-out facility, and all pigs arrived on the same day as part of a group of 960 pigs. No new pigs were introduced into the facility during the period of this trial and pigs were sent to market over a 4-week period upon achieving a live weight of 110 kg. The pigs were weighed at the beginning of the trial and when they left the facility for slaughter. Feed consumption and incidence of disease, mortality, or both were recorded daily. At slaughter, carcass backfat depth over the last rib, 6.5 cm ventral to the dorsal midline (P-2 site); loin depth; carcass weight; predicted lean yield; and grade index were recorded. The sow herd supplying pigs to the unit was known to be free of the major swine diseases such as swine influenza, mycoplasma pneumonia, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), necroproliferative enteritis, and ascarids. A strict biosecurity protocol was employed to minimize the risk of introducing disease organisms into the unit. Prior to this study, no subtherapeutic antibiotics had been used in this facility. Tylosin phosphate supplementation had no significant effect on final weight, days on test, total gain, and daily gain. In both treatments, the pigs reached a mean market weight of 110.2 kg within 94.1 days, resulting in daily gains of the order of 950 grams per day. Due to the design of the trial, it was difficult to measure significant feed consumption effects. Feed consumption and conversion appeared to be similar for pigs in both treatment groups. At slaughter, tylosin phosphate supplementation appeared to significantly increase lean muscle content of the carcass as measured by loin muscle depth (P = 0.04). Mortality rates and the number of underweight pigs sent to market were low for this trial. Mortality was similar for both treatments; however, more of the control pigs than of the tylosin phosphate fed pigs were underweight when sent to market. From the results of this study, it appears that pigs of fast growing genotypes fed adequate diets and housed in a biosecure environment do not require dietary tylosin phosphate supplementation in order to maximize growth. There is some indication that tylosin phosphate supplementation may improve lean content of the carcass in pigs housed in such an environment.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1981

The veterinary practitioner and diseases exotic to Canada.

Veterinarians, in clinical practice, regulatory field work, laboratory diagnosis or research, must work together as a team, each within his area of expertise in order to protect the livestock industry of Canada from exotic diseases. This freedom from many of the serious animal plagues has allowed the development of intensive animal production units with increased vulnerability to disease and in which the impact of disease outbreaks may be more serious. In differential diagnoses one should think not only of the classical exotic diseases such as vesicular diseases, swine fever and rinderpest in today's world, but one should constantly be on the outlook for any disease outbreak that does not quite fit the picture of the domestic diseases. From this standpoint the large animal practitioner is the very important "first line of defense" since, in all likelihood, he will be the first to see a disease exotic to Canada should that disease gain entry.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed1993

Quantitative risk assessment of the risks associated with the importation of pigs to abattoirs.

This paper presents a quantitative risk assessment method based on the portrayal of risks using scenario trees, the translation of evidence into probability curves and the aggregation of scenarios using Latin Hypercube simulation. An example of a quantitative risk assessment on the importation of swine for slaughter illustrates the interpretation of evidence of two swine disease risks: pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) and brucellosis.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

An outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Japan.

An emerging swine disease principally involving periweaning piglets was examined. The disease was clinically characterized by lethargy, fever, emaciation, coughing, and severe abdominal breathing, hence colloquially named "Heko-heko" disease. The consistent lesions in affected piglets were diffuse interstitial pneumonia with pronounced type II pneumocytic proliferation, meningoencephalitis, and regression of the lymphoid tissues. The causal virus was isolated in primary porcine lung cell (PLC) cultures from various organs of affected piglets and showed serological relatedness to the European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Numerous virus particles, measured about 49 nm in diameter, were detected in the cytoplasm of alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary macrophages in PLC cultures infected with the isolate. The condition could be experimentally reproduced in conventional piglets by intranasal inoculation with the isolate and the virus was reisolated from the infected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Neonatal Escherichia coli infection and segmental arterial necrosis: similarity to edema disease of weanling swine.

A 32-wk gestation female patient had Escherichia coli pneumonia, hyaline membranes, and pulmonary hemorrhage and died 20 h after birth. E. coli was cultured from the placenta and from both lungs at autopsy. In the lungs and other organs, bland segmental necrosis of the wall of small arteries and arterioles was observed. It was morphologically indistinguishable from that seen in naturally occurring and experimentally induced edema disease of swine, which suggests both conditions may share a common pathogenesis. In swine, the disease is caused by Shiga-like enterotoxin-producing E. coli. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of edema disease-like arterial lesions in humans.

Animals↗