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PubMed2000

Strongyloides stercoralis infection and chronological changes of other soil-transmitted helminthiases in an endemic area of southern Thailand.

A field survey was conducted in 4 primary schools in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. By Sasa modified Harada-Mori cultivation method, 1.8% of the schoolchildren were found to be infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, and 25.1% had hookworm infection. By Kato's thick smear method, the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was 46.8%, being Trichuris trichiura 28.5%, hookworm 18.0%, and Ascaris lumbricoides 5.7%. Fecal examination, performed by Kato's thick smear and culture method, indicated that the prevalence of hookworm infection was 26.9%. The prevalence in the present study was very much lower than many previous reports in the past decade. This may indicate the partial success of the parasite control project in Thailand by mass treatment, improving the sanitation and personal hygiene of the people in the endemic area. In light infection with Trichuris, albendazole administered at a dosage of 200 mg daily for 3 days showed a 48.7% cure rate. When mebendazole was given at 100 mg twice daily for 3 days, its effectiveness was 88.5%. A lower cure rate was obtained (70.0%) in moderate to heavy infection.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2000

Community control studies on Strongyloides infection in a model island of Okinawa, Japan.

The community control program for Strongyloides infection was conducted by fecal examination and subsequent treatment of the population on a model island (Kume Island) in Okinawa, Japan, for 5 years from 1993 to 1997. More than 1,200 persons, accounting for 17% to 20% of the persons subjected, received fecal examinations each year. The positive rate in 1993 was found to be 9.7% (133/1,374). The positive rate decreased to 6.5% (95/1,468) in 1994, then 4.8% (60/1,245) in 1995, 2.2% (27/1,225) in 1996 and 2.7% (33/1,217) in 1997 through treatment with albendazole or ivermectin on the positive persons detected each year. Among the positive persons detected after operation of the control program, more than 70% were newly detected persons who did not receive an examination in the previous year or were falsely-negative in the previous examination. The low enforcement of procuring fecal examinations, as well as low sensitivity of fecal examination, might have had an effect on the relatively gradual decrease in the prevalence rate, in spite of the high efficacy of the treatment. The results indicate that continuation of the control program for several years is needed to effectively reduce the prevalence of the parasitic infection in the community.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on protective T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 immune responses against the parasites Leishmania major and Strongyloides stercoralis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol consumption has been associated with significant increases in the prevalence of infectious diseases, and it has been suggested that these increases are caused by a direct effect of ethanol on the immune response. The objective of this study was to determine whether chronic ethanol consumption would affect the development of protective immunity to Leishmania major, which is controlled by the T-helper 1 (Th1) subset of CD4 cells, and Strongyloides stercoralis, which is controlled by the Th2 subset. METHODS: Mice were fed ethanol-containing liquid diet (25% ethanol-derived calories), liquid isocaloric diet without ethanol, or solid chow and then exposed to either of the two parasites. The ability of the mice chronically consuming alcohol to eliminate the infections was determined, as were the levels of parasite-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. RESULTS: Mice chronically consuming alcohol were capable of eliminating both of these infections in a manner identical to the control mice. In addition, splenocytes from mice chronically consuming alcohol infected with L. major produced nitric oxide at the same levels as in control mice. Antibody responses were altered in a manner suggesting an increase in Th2 immunity and a decrease in Th1 immunity in the mice chronically consuming alcohol. In mice chronically consuming alcohol that were infected with S. stercoralis, eosinophils migrated to the parasite's microenvironment, and antibodies were produced at levels equivalent to those seen in control mice. CONCLUSIONS: Mice maintained on an ethanol-containing liquid diet had some alteration in their ability to produce Th1 and Th2 immune responses yet were capable of generating unimpaired protective Th1 and Th2 responses.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1975

Differential responses of Duroc, Hampshire, and crossbred pigs to a superimposed experimental infection with the intestinal threadworm, Strongyloides ransomi.

In both spring and fall, 12 Duroc, 12 Hampshire, and 12 Duroc times Hampshire F1 weanling pigs all reared under the same management were fed in pens of 3 to slaughter weights. Three Duroc and 4 Hampshire boars, essentially unrelated within breed, were used in sampling the breeds. Swine herd management allowed pig infection with Strongyloides ransomi and Ascaris suum, but neither clinical nor subclinical parasitism was evident in the herd. Pigs were percutaneously exposed by pens within breed and season, half to none (control) and half to 3,000,000 (exposed) S. ransomi infective larvae, Breed, treatment, and seasons were prominent sources of variation in pig response. Breeds failed to respond alike to parasitism in respect to experimental periods and exposure levels. This interaction response (P smaller than 0.01) showed that S. ransomi egg production increased rapidly for all breed groups but decreased quicker and greater in Durocs, slowest and least in Hampshires, with cross breds intermediate in these respects. The 2.0830 for mean of log A. suum EPG from exposed Durocs was near double that of control Durocs but the mean for exposed Hampshires was less than half that for controls; crossbreds tended to be intermediate in this respect. Daily gains of 0.70 and 0.73 for Durocs and crossbreds were similar (P greater than 0.10) but averaged 11.7% more (P smaller than 0.05) than the 0.64 kg for Hampshires and gains by control pigs were 20.6% above (P greater than 0.01) that of exposed pigs. Exposed pigs required more feed per kg of gain (P greater than 0.05) than control pigs (3.60 vs. 3.33 kg). Comparison of relative gains and feed efficiences of control and exposed pigs among and within breed groups supported the position that a superimposed exposure of 3,000,000 S. ransomi larvae was more severe for Hampshires, intermediate for crossbreds, and least severe for Durocs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Strongyloides stercoralis eggs in the stools during anticancer therapy.

We report a 45-year-old man with granulocytic sarcoma who, following anticancer chemotherapy, developed florid strongyloidiasis, wherein eggs of Strongyloides stercoralis embedded in the exfoliated mucosa were seen in the stools. The eggs were interspersed with numerous rhabditiform larvae. He was treated with albendazole.

Albendazole↗
PubMed2001

[Disseminated infection due to strongyloides stercoralis in AIDS patients. A report of 2 cases].

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode that infects humans worldwide. Infected patients with severe involvement of cellular immunity may develop a syndrome characterized by the dissemination of larvae throughout the body. Extraintestinal strongyloidiasis has been infrequently reported and despite the prevalence of the helminth in tropical and developing countries there are few cases reported in AIDS patients. Most patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis present with fever, cough, diarrhea and shortness of breath. Chest radiographs usually show diffuse infiltrates. The diagnosis has been made by finding the helminth in respiratory secretions or stool. Enteric organisms like Escherichia coli can often be isolated in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. We report two cases of disseminated strongyloidiasis in AIDS patients, in which stercoralis larvae were detected in sputum and stool samples.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2002

[Studies on chemotactic behaviors of Strongyloides ratti infective larvae in vitro and migration routes of the larvae in rat head].

For the purpose of clarifying host-finding mechanisms, the infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti were run on an agarose plate which had been placed various attractants around the larvae. They were accumulated at the sites of sodium compounds, serum proteins and albumins. At 20, 30, 40 hours after infection, rats were killed and heads were separated. They were then processed for thin section specimens. Larvae were found in brains, olfactory bulbs and its nerves. These larvae seemed to move along olfactory nerves during descending from the cranial cavity. Another migration study was done by whole body autoradiography after 35S-methionine labeling for clarifying the larval pathway how to invade cranial cavity in the rats. They first crawled under subcutaneous region of rat and then accumulated at the tip of the nose. Next, they began to ascend olfactory nerves. They were in cranial cavity up to 20 hours after infection and then descending same route to nasal cavity. I don't know why they aim the cranial cavity but they had necessity to invade the cranial cavity and stay there for appropriate time to be an adult in the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Studies on the dynamics of Strongyloides egg release under stud conditions.

The eggs of Strongyloides westeri were found in the faeces of the foals from the 16th day of their life, with a peak in their numbers between the 30th and 40th day of life. Egg release ceased in all foals irrespective of their date of birth in the months July-August. Parallel examinations of the mares were negative. Recommendations for the control of strongyloidosis in foals are given.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eosinophilic pleural effusion and presence of filariform larva of Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma deposits in the pleura.

A 58-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative, male farmer presented with a right-sided hemorrhagic, exudative, eosinophilic, rapidly reaccumulating pleural effusion. Pleural biopsy revealed secondary deposits from a squamous cell carcinoma. Wet mount film of pleural fluid unexpectedly showed filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Our observation suggests that strongyloidiasis should be considered as the etiological cause for pleural effusion of obscure etiology. The threshold for suspicion should be high if the pleural effusion is exudative and eosinophil rich.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Specific monoclonal antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis: a potential diagnostic reagent for strongyloidiasis.

In this study, specific hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to antigen of Strongyloides stercoralis filariform larvae were produced. Specific epitopes targeted by the MAb were protein in nature and located in situ in the internal content of the filariform larvae of the parasite but not in the esophagus. The MAb reacted to the homologous antigen in an indirect ELISA but did not reveal any reaction to the SDS-PAGE separated-homologous antigen in a Western blot analysis (WB) suggesting a conformational epitope specificity. The MAb were of IgG1 isotype which is the isotype known to have high affinity to this epitope so they were used in a dot-ELISA to detect the antigen of the parasite. The assay could detect the epitopes in 78 ng or more of the crude filariform larval extract but did not reveal any positive result when applied to detect antigen in stool samples of parasitologically confirmed strongyloidiasis patients. The negative antigen test results can be explained as follows. Either the MAb were filariform stage-specific and thus did not recognize the rhabditiform larval antigen mainly contained in the patient's stool or the amounts of antigen in the stool samples were too small and/or unevenly dispersed. In the latter instance, the MAb developed in this study would have a diagnostic potential if used in an immunological test design where more volume of fresh stool sample could be accommodated in the test, e.g. a sandwich plate ELISA.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Mixed infection of Strongyloides stercoralis and Clonorchis sinensis: report of one case].

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of mixed infection of Strongyloides stercoralis and Clonorchis sinensis, the diagnosis of which was difficult due to lack of specific clinical and imaging features. Definitive diagnosis was finally reached on the basis of detection of the larvae and eggs in the stool of the patient. Timely and effective therapy is of much importance for the prognosis of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Age-related prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Okinawa, Japan.

Age-prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection was studied in six areas of Okinawa, Japan. In all localities, most of the infected inhabitants were aged over 40 years of age and females were less infected than males. The peak prevalence was found in inhabitants in their fifties in high endemic groups and shifted to higher age in lower endemic groups. This age-prevalence pattern resembles more that of schistosome infections than that of other gastrointestinal helminthic infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Ivermectin treatment of naturally acquired and experimentally induced Strongyloides stercoralis infections in dogs.

Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection was investigated in 2 dogs with naturally acquired, chronic-active infections, and in 3 dogs with corticosteroid-enhanced, experimentally induced hyperinfections. A single oral dose of ivermectin was given to naturally infected (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) and experimentally infected (800 micrograms/kg) dogs. Five dogs with experimental hyperinfections served as controls. Dogs with naturally acquired infections ceased to shed first-stage larvae in the feces 1 week after treatment, but 1 dog had recrudescence and required a second dose. Ivermectin was 100% effective in removing adult S stercoralis from the intestinal tract of the experimentally infected dogs, but it was not effective in removing third-stage larvae from parenteral sites. Ivermectin-treated dogs had few intestinal parasites of any stage, whereas at necropsy, 4 of 5 experimentally infected dogs not treated had massive infections (greater than 100,000 adults, greater than 92,000 larvae) in the intestinal tract, and 3 of 5 had larvae (greater than 2,500) in parenteral sites.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Developmental biology and migration of Strongyloides ratti in the rat.

Most recent authors suggest that larvae of the threadworm, Strongyloides ratti, migrate from a cutaneous infection site to the small intestine via the naso-frontal region of the head. However, the proportion of larvae that successfully reach the intestine having followed this pathway had not been determined. Using compartmental analysis we have obtained a comprehensive quantitative description of larval migration during a primary infection of rats with S. ratti. Mean residence times in organs through which larvae migrate were calculated and the proportion of the larvae arriving in the small intestine via the head was estimated as 0.5-0.86, depending on the mathematical model used to generate the estimate. With 50% or more of successful larvae using this pathway it is now reasonable to recognize the "head route" as an important migratory pathway for larvae traveling to their intestinal predilection site. During the first 12 hr in the host, larvae were difficult to recover from the skin and subjacent muscles of the infection site. Apparently, upon invading a host, many larvae enter a quiescent phase during which Baermannization, an active recovery technique, fails to recover them. Infections were short-lived, with the daily finite mortality rate for adult worms attaining 50-80% on day 16 of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis among farm workers on the Mediterranean coast of Spain: analysis of the predictive factors of infection in developed countries.

Strongyloidiasis is a parasitosis characterized by persistent infection before dissemination and the development of potentially fatal disease. Since diagnosis is difficult, knowledge of the prevalence and geographic distribution of the disease is of practical importance. A study was made of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a random and representative sample of farm workers in a tourist region in Spain based on the detection of larvae of triple stool samples. The prevalence of infection was 12.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.4-16.4). None of the 26 clinical or epidemiologic variables analyzed were found to be predictive of infection. Only eosinophilia (> 400 eosinophils/mm3) was significantly greater among the infected individuals (odds ratio = 73.4, 95% CI = 16.3-327.0), with a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 93.1%. A screening program is proposed to detect eosinophilia, to provide treatment without stool examinations, and thus afford a cost-effective policy for preventing the development of severe forms of the disease among specific risk groups where the prevalence of other parasitoses is low.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Strongyloides stercoralis in the south of Galicia].

Strongyloides stercoralis is the only parasite which can produce a chronic illness in humans, being through autoinfection. This nematode can also provoke death when patient's immunologic state deteriorates producing a massive hyper infection. The first patient with strongyloidiasis who has always lived in the Galician South area is described. The clinical picture consisted of unspecific cutaneous lesions and abdominal pain with severe peripheral eosinophilia (> 20,000/ml. The diagnosis was carried out observing the larvae in the fecal examination and was confirmed with a culture. Treatment with albendazole failed and the healing was reached with ivermectin. We must consider the possibility of strongyloidiasis because misdiagnosing these patients as eosinophilic gastroenteritis there would be a higher risk of hyperinfection if they are treated with corticosteroids.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Association of a sex-related difference of Strongyloides stercoralis-specific IgG4 antibody titer with the efficacy of treatment of strongyloidiasis.

It is difficult to completely eradicate strongyloidiasis, a human intestinal nematode infection with Strongyloides stercoralis with drugs, especially in males. To find host factors involved in the response to treatment, patients infected with S. stercoralis were examined for S. stercoralis-specific antibody titers and the effect of treatment with albendazole on these titers were determined. The cure rate was slightly but not significantly lower in males than in females (P = 0.108). However, a significantly higher titer of S. stercoralis-specific IgG4 antibody was observed in males than in females (P = 0.0097), and the S. stercoralis-specific IgG4 antibody titer was significantly higher in the male non-cured group than in the cured group (P = 0.035). These results suggest that elevation of the S. stercoralis-specific IgG4 antibody titer is associated with resistance to treatment of S. stercoralis infection, especially in males.

Animals↗