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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRPI) elements in the circadian system of the mouse: an immunohistochemistry combined with retrograde transport study.

This study was based on immunohistochemical detection of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRPI) neurons and fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the mouse. CGRPI neurons and fibers were found within the ventrolateral part of the SCN, in the whole extent of IGL and sparsely distributed in ventral lateral geniculate body. The presence of CGRPI structures in the SCN and IGL of the mouse further supports the hypothesis of differences in the content of neuroactive substances in the circadian clock between mammalian species. Fluorogold retrograde transport combined with CGRP immunofluorescence demonstrates that CGRPI neurons in the IGL constitute a part of IGL reciprocal connections.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord projecting to the medullary ventrolateral reticular formation express c-fos after noxious stimulation of the skin.

The nociceptive nature of the neurons of the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I-III) which project to the medullary ventrolateral reticular formation is studied in the rat. Medullary injections of Fluoro-Gold showed exclusive retrograde labeling of laminae I-III cells when the tracer filled a zone intermediate between the lateral tip of the lateral reticular nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis. This zone is here called VLMlat. Following noxious mechanical or thermal stimulation of the skin, double-labeled neurons, which stained retrogradely and were Fos-immunoreactive, prevailed in laminae I and IIo. Double-labeled neurons were few in lamina IIi after thermal stimulation and entirely lacking in lamina III after the two kinds of stimulation. Findings in lamina I confirm previous electrophysiological data (see Menétrey et al., J. Neurophysiol., 52 (1984) 595-611) showing that lamina I cells projecting to the ventrolateral reticular medulla convey noxious messages. The occurrence of numerous double-labeled cells in lamina IIo suggests that this lamina is also involved in nociceptive transmission to the VLMlat.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Hemorrhage induces Fos immunoreactivity in rat medullary catecholaminergic neurons.

In urethane anesthetized rats one hour after lowering the systolic blood pressure to 70-75 mmHg by withdrawing 3-4 ml of blood, Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR), confined to the cell nucleus, was detected bilaterally in numerous cells of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM). A few Fos-IR neurons were observed in the lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal medullary reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, medial inferior olive, interfasciculus hypoglossi and paramedian rostral medulla. In sham-operated animals, a much smaller number of Fos-IR neurons were scattered in the NTS, VLM and other nuclei mentioned above. Double labeling with antisera to tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) showed that 60% of TH-positive neurons in the NTS contained Fos-IR, and 70-80% of TH-positive neurons in the caudal VLM and 50-60% of PMNT-positive neurons in the rostral VLM expressed Fos-IR. Only a few TH- or PNMT-positive neurons in the C2, C3 (paramedian rostral medulla) areas and within the medial longitudinal fasciculus were Fos-IR. About 40% of PNMT/Fos-IR neurons in the rostral VLM contained the retrograde tracer fluorogold, which was injected (< 1 microliter) into the white matter dorsolateral to the intermediolateral cell column of T2-T3 segments 2 to 3 days prior to hemorrhagic experiments. Very few TH-positive neurons in the caudal VLM contained fluorogold. Finally, clusters of Fos-IR neurons, which also labeled with antisera to choline acetyltransferase, were detected in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. The results indicate that during hemorrhage aminergic neurons in the caudal and rostral VLM and in the NTS are activated insofar as c-fos expression is concerned. As a corollary, the monoaminergic neurons in the medulla constitute an essential component in the ascending as well as descending reflex pathway involved in the adjustment of cardiovascular dynamics during hemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Nitric oxide synthase is found in some spinothalamic neurons and in neuronal processes that appose spinal neurons that express Fos induced by noxious stimulation.

To determine if nitric oxide (NO) and Fos immunoreactivity induced by noxious stimulation were colocalized in spinothalamic neurons, double-staining immunocytochemical techniques were combined with retrograde neuroanatomical tracing procedures. Initial studies on three rats demonstrated that Fos and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the synthesizing enzyme for nitric oxide, did not coexist in spinothalamic tract neurons. However, some spinothalamic neurons were found to contain NOS and some NOS immunoreactive processes were found to appose Fos containing neurons. Thus the remainder of the study: (1) analyzed the relationship of NOS positive neuronal processes with Fos stained neurons using a Fos immunocytochemical technique in combination with either NOS immunofluorescence or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry; and (2) quantitated the number of NOS containing cells that project to the thalamus using a combined immunofluorescent-retrograde tracing procedure. Both NOS-like immunoreactive (NOS IR) neuronal processes and NADPH-diaphorase positive neuronal processes in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord were found to appose Fos positive neurons located in laminae I and II of the dorsal horn. Approximately 40% of Fos-labeled cells in these superficial laminae were found to be in apposition to or in close proximity to NOS labeled neuronal processes. Examination of spinal cord sections for NOS-containing spinothalamic tract neurons revealed that lamina X was the only spinal cord region containing such double-labeled neurons. Further quantification revealed that approximately 10% of NOS positive neurons in lamina X were double-labeled with Fluorogold. These findings support the hypothesis that nitric oxide is involved in nociceptive events occurring in the spinal cord in response to a peripheral noxious stimulus and further indicate that nitric oxide may contribute to the central transmission of spinothalamic information.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1993

Presence and coexistence of putative neurotransmitters in carotid sinus baro- and chemoreceptor afferent neurons.

The presence and coexistence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) were studied in the petrosal and jugular neurons innervating the carotid body and carotid sinus of the rat. The retrograde labeling of the carotid sinus nerve with Fluoro-gold (FG) demonstrated that most (94.5%) FG-labeled ganglionic neurons were observed in the petrosal ganglion. Fewer (5.2%) FG-labeled neurons were seen in the jugular ganglion and very few (0.3%) were observed in the nodose ganglion. Immunohistochemistry revealed that subpopulations of TH-, VIP-, CGRP-, SP- and GAL-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the petrosal ganglion projected to the carotid sinus nerve. Approximately 4% of FG-labeled neurons contained TH-ir and were predominantly found in the caudal portion of the petrosal ganglion. Nearly 90% of total TH-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were labeled with FG. Less than 1% of FG-labeled neurons were immunoreactive for VIP in this ganglion. In the petrosal ganglion, 25% of FG-labeled neurons contained CGRP-ir, and 16.7% of FG-labeled neurons contained SP-ir. 30% of CGRP-ir or SP-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were labeled with FG. In the jugular ganglion, no TH- or VIP-ir neurons projected to the carotid sinus nerve and only small populations of CGRP- or SP-ir neurons projected to the carotid sinus nerve. Many FG-labeled and GAL-ir neurons were observed in the petrosal and jugular ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A retrograde double-labelling study of retinal ganglion cells that project ipsilaterally to vLGN and LPN rather than dLGN and SC, in albino rat.

We studied ipsilaterally projecting, double-labeled retinal ganglion cells that have bifurcating axons by retrograde fluorescent double-labeling in albino rats. Ten albino (Wistar, Japan Ceca) rats of either sex, weighing 350-400 g were used. With the rats in a state of deep anesthesia, we pressure-injected 0.02 microliter of 15% Evans blue (EB) into the right ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), and 4% Fluoro-gold (FG) iontophoretically into the right posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP). The animals were perfused with formol-saline 48-72 h later and both the brain and eyes were exercised. The brain was sectioned coronally, and each retina was removed and mounted flat on a glass slide. Double-labeled cells were found in the ventral temporal crescent of the retina. In one animal and total number of ipsilaterally labeled cells was 566, and the percentage of double-labeled vLGN and LP projecting cells, single-labeled vLGN projecting cells, and single-labeled LP projecting cells were 29.8, 58.8 and 11.3, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Demonstration of axon collateral projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the superior colliculus and the parvicellular reticular formation in the rat.

It was revealed in the rat that single neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) innervated both the superior colliculus (SC) and the parvicellular reticular formation (RFp) in the pons and medulla oblongata by way of axon collaterals. After injecting Fluoro-gold into the lateral part of the SC and Fluoro-ruby into the RFp on the same side, some SNr neurons were double-labeled with both tracers. They were localized in the dorsolateral part of the caudal half of the SNr ipsilateral to the injection sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Substance P and other putative transmitters modulate the activity of reticular pontine neurons: an electrophysiological and immunohistochemical study.

In this study we investigated the effects of possible modulatory transmitters on acoustically responsive neurons of the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). From previous work in our laboratory it has been suggested that the acoustically responsive giant neurons of this nucleus are the sensorimotor interface mediating the acoustic startle response. Furthermore they are the site of some of the modulatory influence impinging on this response. Besides a possibly glutamatergic excitation from the amygdala a cholinergic input from the midbrain has been described which may use substance P as cotransmitter. Therefore we used electrophysiological and histochemical methods to study this possible modulatory influence in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus. In the first part of this study we recorded extracellularly from single units in the PnC in vivo and studied the effects of iontophoretically applied transmitters. Substance P elicited a long lasting excitation. This excitatory effect of SP was potentiated by acetyl-beta-methylcholine (AMCh, an acetylcholine agonist), whereas single application of AMCh showed no uniform response. Glutamate elicited a potent brief excitation, while application of GABA showed a potent brief inhibition of PnC neurons. In the second part of this study we employed immunoperoxidase staining for substance P, which revealed a fairly dense network of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-ir) fibers in the lateral and ventral aspects of the PnC. Combining retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry for substance P, we demonstrated that the SP-ir axons in the PnC originate mainly in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. We therefore conclude that activation of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus may facilitate the acoustic startle response by a long lasting excitation of neurons in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Differential projections to the hippocampus by neurons of the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band.

Neurons of the medial septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca project topographically to the hippocampus through the fornix and fimbria, the supracallosal stria and via a ventral route through the amygdala. Injection of the fluorescent dyes Fluoro-Gold or Diamidino yellow into the fimbria-fornix retrogradely labeled neurons in the medial septum and in the ventromedial portion of the vertical limb of the diagonal band. Injection of True blue into the vicinity of the supracallosal stria labeled only neurons in the dorsolateral portion of the diagonal band. No double labeled neurons were observed. These results indicate that (1) neurons of the medial septum and the ventromedial diagonal band project to (or towards) the hippocampus via the fornix and fimbria, (2) neurons in the dorsolateral portion of diagonal band project via the supracallosal stria, and (3) neurons of the medial septum and diagonal band do not send collaterals via both routes. The differential projection of the two groups of neurons may explain the differences in degenerative changes in the two nuclei after damage to their axons.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of c-fos expressing dorsal horn neurons after electrical stimulation of low threshold sensory fibers in the chronically injured sciatic nerve.

The distribution of proto-oncogene c-Fos protein-immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord dorsal horn was studied after electrical stimulation at A alpha/A beta-fiber intensity of normal and previously injured sciatic nerves in urethane anesthetized rats. No or only occasional Fos protein-like immunoreactive cells were seen after stimulation of the normal uninjured nerve or after nerve transection without stimulation. Electrical nerve stimulation at 3, 12, and 21 days after sciatic nerve transection resulted in substantial increases in the numbers of Fos protein-like immunoreactive cell nuclei in each of Rexed's laminae I-V. Combined demonstration of Fos protein-like immunoreactivity and of glial fibrillary acidic protein-like immunoreactivity (astroglia) or OX-42 immunoreactivity (microglia), indicated that the observed Fos protein-like response was confined to neurons and not to astroglia or microglia. Combined demonstration in the spinal cord of Fos protein-like immunoreactive neurons and neurons labeled retrogradely with Fluoro-Gold from the gracile nucleus showed that some of the Fos protein-like immunoreactive neurons in Rexed's laminae III and IV contributed to the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway. The results indicate that stimulation at A alpha/A beta-fiber intensity of a previously injured nerve gives rise to an abnormally increased activation pattern of postsynaptic neurons in the dorsal horn, some of which contribute to the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Occurrence of galanin-like immunoreactivity in vestibular and cochlear efferent neurons after labyrinthectomy in the rat.

The origins of the vestibular and cochlear efferent systems lie in the lower brainstem and innervate the labyrinth. In the present study we investigated the changes in galanin-like immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) in the vestibular and cochlear efferent neurons in control and labyrinthectomized rats. In control animals, no GAL-IR was noticed in these neurons. However, in response to unilateral labyrinthectomy, similar GAL-IR was bilaterally expressed in the two systems. GAL-immunostained cells appeared on postoperative day 3 and reached a peak of intensity and number at postoperative week 2. Retrograde tracing by fluorogold combined with GAL immunohistochemistry demonstrated that, except for the cells of the contralateral lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), GAL-IR neurons project into the lesioned labyrinth.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons innervating the hippocampal formation in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study.

A major mesolimbic projection towards the hippocampal formation (HF) has been extensively described, but no clear evidence of its dopaminergic content has been demonstrated. In order to evaluate the percentage of dopaminergic (DA) cells of ventral tegmental area (VTA-A10) and adjacent substantia nigra (SN-A9) projecting to the HF, the retrograde neuronal tracer technique was combined with the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry. Fluoro-gold (FG) was injected in several areas (subiculum, CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus) of either septal and temporal HF. Sections containing retrogradely FG labeled neurons were either mounted directly as controls or incubated with TH antiserum and revealed with rhodamine. The quantitative evaluation of retrogradely labeled and TH-IR stained cells showed that both VTA and SN projections towards the HF are partially (15-18%) dopaminergic. Ten percent of the DA neurons of the VTA projected to contralateral HF, whereas none did in the SN. In conclusion, the temporal HF (mainly subiculum and adjacent CA1) appears to receive the main DA afferents from both VTA cells and medial half of SN, pars compacta, whereas the septal HF (particularly CA1) receives its DA input from neurons located in the ventral half and in the upper and lower borders of the VTA.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Collateral axonal projections to limbic structures from ventrolateral medullary A1 noradrenergic neurons.

Experiments were done to investigate whether catecholaminergic neurons within the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) send collateral axonal projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). Unilateral microinjections of the fluorescent retrograde tracers fluorogold (FG) or rhodamine labelled latex micro-beads (Rd) were made into either ACe or BST in the rat. Brainstem sections were then processed immunohistochemically for the identification of cell bodies containing the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) or phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Retrogradely labelled cell bodies projecting to either ACe or BST were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of VLM, bilaterally. Approximately 44% of these retrogradely labelled neurons were found to contain both retrograde tracers. In addition, approximately 91% of the VLM neurons that send collateral axonal projections to ACe and BST were also immunoreactive to DBH. None were found to contain PNMT immunoreactivity. These results demonstrate that noradrenergic neurons of the A1 cell group in VLM innervate ACe and BST via collateral axonal projections and suggest that these VLM neurons may be directly involved in relaying cardiovascular afferent and/or visceral afferent information directly to these limbic structures.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1994

Induction of c-fos-like protein in the spinoparabrachial tract-neurons locating within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus in the rat.

Immunoreactivity against c-fos-like protein (FOS) was induced in many neuronal cell bodies within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) in urethane-anesthetized rats by chemical irritation of the urinary bladder with formalin. More than half of these FOS-immunoreactive neurons were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold injected into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBN1). The results indicate that some neurons within the SPN may transmit noxious information from the urinary bladder to the PBN1.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Formalin induced FOS-like immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal spinal caudal subnucleus project to contralateral parabrachial nucleus in the rat.

By combining the retrograde-labeling method of injecting Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the parabrachial nucleus (PB) and the immunocytochemical staining of the FOS-like immunoreactive neurons (FLNs) in the trigeminal spinal caudal subnucleus (TSCS) induced by s.c. formalin injection into the perioral region in the rat, it was demonstrated that there are FLNs, FG-labeled neurons and neurons containing both FOS-like immunoreactivity and FG fluorescence in the TSCS. The three kinds of labeled neurons are distributed mainly in laminae I, II and V of the TSCS and there are also some neurons containing both FOS-like immunoreactivity and FG distributed in the adjacent ventrolateral reticular formation. The retrograde-labeling of FG- and double-labeled neurons showed contralateral predominance. In addition, we found that there are retrogradely labeled neurons in bilateral nuclei of the solitary tract with a contralateral predominance. The results suggest that FOS-like immunoreactivity might serve as an indicator for the nociceptive response after formalin injection into the trigeminal region and that the PB might be an important relay station for the further processing of the nociceptive information relayed from the trigeminal afferents. As the PB is known as a relay structure for visceral sensory pathway, it is proposed that there might be viscero-somatic convergence in this nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Relationship of calbindin D-28k with afferent neurons to the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat.

The phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-containing neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (the C1 adrenergic group) have been implicated in the generation of the tonic sympathetic nerve activity. Using a double-labeling immunohistofluorescence technique, we found that 34.6 +/- 11.4% (mean +/- S.D.) of PNMT immunoreactive neurons in the RVLM were immunoreactive for Calbindin D-28k (CaBP), a Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein. Since CaBP is probably involved in regulating intracellular calcium concentrations in cells that are metabolically or electrically very active, our results suggest that at least some C1 adrenergic neurons (those containing calbindin) may have calcium mediated high metabolic or electrophysiologic activity that is associated with generating tonic nerve function. The RVLM has wide connections with many different nuclei in the brain which are known to contain clusters of neurons that express immunoreactivity to CaBP. In order to determine whether CaBP could be used as a molecular marker for projection neurons to the RVLM or to identify a subpopulation of projection neurons containing CaBP, we sought to determine the relationships between CaBP and the neurons that project to RVLM. Following injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into the rat RVLM, sections containing retrogradely labeled neurons in (1) the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), (2) the contralateral RVLM, (3) the area postrema, (4) the mesencephalic central gray (mCG), (5) the lateral hypothalamus (LH), (6) the substantia innominata (SI), and (7) the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PV) were tested for CaBP immunoreactivity. Although many retrogradely labeled neurons were found amidst many CaBP immunoreactive neurons in each of these nuclei, only a subpopulation of the retrogradely labeled neurons expressed CaBP immunoreactivity. The NTS demonstrated the higher proportion of double-labeled cells (mean 31.5 +/- 4.3%), whereas the lower proportion corresponded to the contralateral RVLM (mean 9.6 +/- 3.2%). On the other hand, both the retrogradely labeled neurons and the CaBP immunoreactive neurons in each of these nuclei were often found in regions containing a great number of adrenergic axons (i.e. immunoreactive for PNMT). Our results suggest that: (1) Two types of adrenergic RVLM neurons could be found, those containing CaBP and those lacking this calcium binding protein. (2) CaBP is not a common marker for the afferent neurons to the RVLM, but rather is found in selective subsets of them. (3) Both the non-CaBP projection neurons and the CaBP immunoreactive neurons in these nuclei may be innervated by adrenergic fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Retrograde degenerative changes in the substantia nigra pars compacta following an excitotoxic lesion of the striatum.

The retrograde changes induced by an excitotoxic lesion of the striatum (Str) on the neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) projecting to the neuron-depleted region were investigated in adult rats. The retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected bilaterally into the Str. 2 weeks later, the excitotoxic amino acid ibotenic acid (IA) was injected unilaterally into the same structure. At four different time points after the lesion (1 week and 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively), the size of the FG-labelled cells and number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the SNc were evaluated on the lesioned and control sides. Parallel groups of animals received suspension grafts of fetal striatal tissue into the lesioned striata. At 1 week and 1 month after lesion, there were no changes in cell size, number of TH-positive cells or number of FG-labelled cells expressing TH at the SNc. At 2 and 3 months, however, there was a significant 30% shrinkage of the FG-labelled SNc cells but no evident decrease in TH-positive cell number, or in the expression of the TH protein, on the lesioned side as compared with the non-lesioned control side. Striatal transplants placed into the lesioned Str did not counteract this effect. This finding that an axon-sparing lesion of target cells results in cell shrinkage but no cell loss of the neurons that project to the lesioned area is in line with what has been shown to occur after similar lesions in the cholinergic septohippocampal and basalo-cortical systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of selective dopamine depletion in medial prefrontal cortex on basal and evoked extracellular dopamine in neostriatum.

In this study, we demonstrate that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) can be used to produce a lesion of dopamine (DA) terminals in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) while sparing the noradrenergic innervation in this region. Furthermore, we determined the impact of these lesions on both extracellular DA in neostriatum, using in vivo microdialysis, and locomotor activity. Our results demonstrate that, whereas higher doses of 6-OHDA (> or = 4 micrograms) depleted both DA and norepinephrine (NE) in mPFC, 1 micrograms 6-OHDA produced a depletion of DA (-79%) without significantly affecting NE content (-13%). Selective depletion of DA content in mPFC did not alter basal levels of extracellular DA in neostriatum determined 14 days after the lesion. The lesion also did not alter the ability of acute tail pressure (30 min) to increase extracellular DA in neostriatum or to stimulate locomotor activity. Depletion of DA in mPFC did not alter the ability of d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to increase intracellular DA in neostriatum. In contrast, the maximum amphetamine-induced increase in locomotor activity was attenuated in lesioned rats as compared with control rats (670 and 280 locomotor counts/15 min, respectively). These data suggest that in the intact system, DA terminals in mPFC do not regulate extracellular DA in neostriatum. In addition, these data confirm that DA terminals in mPFC can influence stimulant-induced locomotion.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗