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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay combinations in steam-flaked corn finishing cattle diets.

One finishing trial and one digestibility trial were used to evaluate wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and alfalfa hay (AH) combinations in steam-flaked corn (SFC) finishing diets. In Exp. 1, 631 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 284 +/- 7.9 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25, 35, or 45% of diet DM) and AH (2 or 6% of dietary DM) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. No interactions existed between WCGF and AH for heifer performance. Increasing dietary WCGF linearly decreased gain efficiency (P < 0.01), dietary NEg concentration (P < 0.05), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.10). Cattle fed 35% WCGF had the lowest occurrence of abscessed livers, resulting in a quadratic response (P < 0.05) as dietary WCGF increased. In Exp. 2, 12 ruminally cannulated Jersey steers (585 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25 or 45% of diet DM) and AH (0, 2, or 6% of diet DM) in an incomplete Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Starch intake was lower (P < 0.05), but NDF intake was greater (P < 0.05) as AH and WCGF increased in the diet. Ruminal pH was increased by AH (linear, P < 0.05) and tended (P < 0.07) to increase with WCGF. Feeding 2% AH led to the greatest ruminal NH3 but the lowest total VFA and propionate (quadratic, P < 0.05). Addition of AH to diets containing 25% WCGF increased acetate to a greater extent than addition to diets containing 45% WCGF (AH x WCGF interaction, P < 0.05). Feeding 45% WCGF tended to increase passage rate (P = 0.17) and decrease (P < 0.05) total tract OM digestibility but increase (P < 0.05) in situ degradation of DM from AH and WCGF. Interactions between AH and WCGF existed (P < 0.05) for ruminal fluid volume (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level), in situ SFC degradation (linear effect of AH x WCGF level), and in situ rate of WCGF DM disappearance (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level). We conclude that AH levels may be decreased when WCGF is added to SFC diets as 25% or more of the dietary DM.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Whole linted cottonseed as a forage substitute fed with ground or steam-flaked corn: digestibility and performance.

Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The objective was to evaluate any potential interactions in site of nutrient digestion when neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from cottonseed was incrementally substituted for forage NDF (FNDF) from alfalfa silage and when starch availability was varied by feeding ground (G) or steam-flaked (SF) corn. Iso-NDF diets were forage control with G corn (21% FNDF), 5% whole cottonseed (WCS) with G or SF corn (18% FNDF), 10% WCS with G or SF corn (15% FNDF), and 15% WCS with G corn (12% FNDF). Ruminal or total tract digestibilities of organic matter (OM) or nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) were unaffected, but efficiency of microbial protein synthesis decreased as WCS increased. Ruminal NDF digestibility was not affected despite a linear decrease in pH, but postruminal NDF digestibility decreased with increasing WCS. Ruminal digestibilities of OM and NSC were higher for SF than G corn but did not affect efficiency of microbial N synthesis. Dry matter intake increased quadratically with increasing level of WCS but decreased when SF replaced G corn. Milk yield did not differ across treatments. Milk fat percentage was affected quadratically and milk protein increased linearly with increasing WCS. Milk fat percentage decreased but milk protein was not affected when SF replaced G corn. Lack of an interaction between corn source and level of WCS substitution suggests that WCS was equally effective in maintaining ruminal fermentation and digestibility in diets varying in ruminal starch availability.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2003

The effect of steam-flaked or dry ground corn and supplemental phytic acid on phosphorus partitioning and ruminal phytase activity in lactating cows.

The effect of starch source and phytic acid (PA) supplementation on phosphorus (P) partitioning and ruminal phytase activity was evaluated in eight midlactation cows (four ruminally cannulated). Cows were randomly assigned to treatments in replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares with four 18-d periods. Diets included dry ground corn (DG) or steam-flaked corn (SF), with no supplemental P (L; 0.33% P) or supplemental purified PA (0.44% P) to provide additional P from a nonmineral source. Total collection of milk, urine, and feces was conducted on d 16 to 18 of each period. Ruminal fluid was sampled and ruminal pH measured every 8 h on d 17 and 18. Milk yield was unaffected by starch source, despite lower DMI by cows fed SF. Cows fed SF had increased DM digestibility compared with those fed DG, and tended to have higher efficiency of milk yield (1.40 vs. 1.35 kg of milk/kg of DMI). Intake and fecal excretion of P was lower in cows fed SF than in cows fed DG. In cows fed SF, milk P as a percentage of P intake increased compared with cows fed DG. Ruminal pH was unaffected by diet, but milk fat content was lower for cows fed SF. Milk yield, DMI, and feed to milk ratio were not affected by supplementation with PA. Although cows fed PA had increased P intake compared with cows fed low P diet, increased P excretion resulted in no differences in apparent P digestibility. Phosphorus balance tended to be higher in cows fed PA, but milk P as a percentage of intake was reduced. The interaction of starch source and PA affected ruminal phytase activity. Altering starch source to improve efficiency of milk yield in lactating dairy cows may help reduce P losses from dairy farms.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2001

Process lethality and product yield for chicken patties processed in a pilot-scale air-steam impingement oven.

Chicken breast patties were processed in a pilot-scale air-steam impingement oven to a patty center temperature of 55 to 80 degrees C. Thermal processing was conducted at an air temperature of 149 degrees C, an air velocity of 7 to 13 m3/min, and a wet bulb temperature of 39 to 98 degrees C. From thermal histories, the total process lethality of the patties was calculated for Salmonella spp. and Listeria innocua using the previously published z-values. The effect of product temperature, wet bulb temperature, and air velocity on process lethality was analyzed using a regression model. The process lethality of Salmonella spp. and L. innocua in the cooked chicken patties was correlated to the patty center temperatures and cooking conditions. The process lethality was strongly correlated to product temperature and was affected by cooking conditions. Process lethality started to increase rapidly at the product temperature around 67 degrees C. Regression analysis was used to correlate the product yield with cooking conditions. Depending on air velocity, product yield decreased 10 to 14% with increasing endpoint temperature from 55 to 80 degrees C and increased 2 to 9% with increasing wet bulb temperature from 39 to 98 degrees C. The effect of air velocity on the yield interacted with product temperature and wet bulb temperature.

Air↗
PubMed2001

Thermal lethality of Salmonella Senftenberg and Listeria innocua in fully cooked and packaged chicken breast strips via steam pasteurization.

Fully cooked chicken breast strips were surface inoculated to contain 9 log10 (CFU/g) Salmonella Senftenberg or Listeria innocua. The inoculated products were vacuum packaged in 0.2-mm-thick barrier bags (241 by 114 mm), then steam pasteurized at 88 degrees C in a continuous process for 26 to 40 min or in a batch process for 33 to 41 min. After the treatments, the products were analyzed for the survivors of Salmonella or Listeria. The models were developed to correlate the surviving rate of Salmonella and Listeria with cooking time for both continuous and batch processes. A cooking time of 34 min was needed to achieve 7 logs of the reduction in a batch process. To achieve the same log reduction, a longer (6 min) cooking time was needed in a batch process than in a continuous process. The results from this study will be useful for processors to evaluate postcooking treatment procedures for ready-to-eat meat products.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Use of vacuum-steam-vacuum and ionizing radiation to eliminate Listeria innocua from ham.

Listeria spp. are a frequent postprocess contaminant of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, including ham. Vacuum-steam-vacuum (VSV) technology has been used successfully to eliminate Listeria innocua from hot dogs. Ionizing radiation can eliminate Listeria spp. from RTE meats. However, the excessive application of either technology can cause changes in product quality, including structural changes, changes in cure color (redness), and lipid oxidation. In this study, two cycles of VSV were combined with 2.0 kGy of ionizing radiation to obtain 4.40- and 4.85-log10 reductions of L. innocua on ham meat and skin, respectively. The use of both treatments resulted in an additive, as opposed to synergistic, reduction of L. innocua on ham. The combination treatment did not cause statistically significant changes in product structure, color (redness), or lipid oxidation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Observations on a formaldehyde low-temperature steam sterilizer.

In Finnish hospitals, heat labile equipment is mostly sterilized by ethylene oxide (EO) gas. Formaldehyde sterilizers are rarely used. We have tested a new commercial autoclave constructed exclusively for formaldehyde and low-temperature steam (F-LTS) sterilization, offering a potentially safer and cheaper method of sterilization. Both the sterilizing efficacy of the apparatus and the levels of formaldehyde in the processed materials were studied.

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital↗
PubMed2000

Drying of steamed Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots by microwave-hot air combination.

Steamed Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots were dried by a combined microwave-hot air method in a modified experimental microwave oven. Hot air drying was used as a reference method. The drying time to achieve the desired moisture level (10%) as well as the ginsenoside contents and the color of the final product were determined. The ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Ro were analyzed by HPLC. Compared with hot air drying, the combined microwave-hot air drying method resulted in a substantial decrease (approximately 30-40%) in drying time and had little influence on the ginsenoside contents and the color of the final product.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carrying out biological qualification, the control operation of moist-heat (steam sterilization) processes for producing sterile pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

In this report we will first discuss the principles behind the practices that are used today in the design and qualification of moist-heat (steam sterilization) microbial-control processes used to produce sterile pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Secondly, we will work through example applications of how to design and qualify processes of three levels of complexity which we call Empirical Overkill, Empirical, and Product Specific. Empirical Overkill is specifically for the microbial-control processes for indirect items, such as tanks, pipes, pumps and other hardware. Empirical is for pharmaceutical and medical-device products that are produced under good manufacturing conditions and, therefore, there is control of the level of the microbial bioburden. Product Specific is for microbial-control processes designed and qualified for a specific product on the basis of the numbers and resistance of the bioburden of that product. We will treat design in this report; however, the major thrust is in setting up and carrying out the biological qualification of the process, which is the mode of control used to assure the adequacy of these microbial-control processes.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1999

[The changes in respiratory cycle, ventilation volume and blood analysis after bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs with steam inhalation injury].

OBJECTIVE: The changes in respiration cycle, ventilation volume and blood analysis after bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) in dogs with steam induced inhalation injury were investigated to explore ways of treating inhalation injury. METHODS: A bronchoscope was introduced down to the openings of the tertiary-quarternary bronchioles, and controlled volume BAL with drugs was done. RESULTS: The inspiration time (Ti) and respiration cycle (Te) at 30, 60, 90 minutes after BAL were significantly lower than those of pre-BAL(P < 0.05), and respiration rate (RR) post-BAL at the same time points was markedly higher than that of pre-BAL(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The inspiratory minute ventilation volume (Vi) and expiratory minute ventilation volume (Ve) at 30 to 60 minutes after BAL were obviously increased as compared to pre-BAL(P < 0.01-P < 0.05); Vi and Ve at 90 minutes after BAL were also higher than those of pre-BAL, but there was no significant difference between them. The PaO2 at 30 minutes after BAL declined obviously as compared to pre-BAL(P < 0.05), and then rose gradually to approach pre-BAL level compared with pre-BAL. No significant changes were found in the expiration time (Te), ration of Ti to Te (Ti/Te), inspiratory tidal volume (Vti), expiratory tidal volume (Vte), PaCO2 and pH between values before and after BAL at all time points. CONCLUSION: Controlled volume BAL with mixed drugs could improve lung alveolar ventilation, and it might have an excitory effect on respiration with potential clinical value.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of crude protein in animal feed, forage, grain, and oilseeds by using block digestion with a copper catalyst and steam distillation into boric acid: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of an extension of AOAC Official Method 991.20, Nitrogen (Crude) in Milk, to animal feed, forage (plant tissue), grain, and oilseed materials. Test portions are digested in an aluminum block at 420 degrees C in sulfuric acid with potassium sulfate and a copper catalyst. Digests are cooled and diluted, and concentrated sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the acid and make the digest basic; the liberated ammonia is distilled by using steam distillation. The liberated ammonia is trapped in a weak boric acid solution and titrated with a stronger standardized acid, hydrochloric acid; colorimetric endpoint detection is used. Fourteen blind samples were sent to 13 collaborators in the United States, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Recoveries of nitrogen from lysine, tryptophan, and acetanilide were 86.8, 98.8, and 100.1%, respectively. The within-laboratory relative standard deviation (RSDr, repeatability) ranged from 0.40 to 2.38% for crude protein. The among-laboratories (including within-) relative standard deviation (RSD(R), reproducibility) ranged from 0.44 to 2.38%. It is recommended that the method be adopted First Action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. A lower concentration (1% H3BO3) of trapping solution was compared with the concentration specified in the original protocol (4% H3BO3) and was found comparable for use in an automatic titration system in which titration begins automatically as soon as distillation starts. The Study Directors recommend that 1% H3BO3 as an optional alternative to 4% boric acid trapping solution be allowed for automatic titrators that titrate throughout the distillation.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparation of samples for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of phthalate and adipate esters in plasma and beverages by steam distillation and extraction.

Phthalate and adipate esters are present in relatively large amounts in the environment, resulting in their large blank values at analysis and making precise analysis difficult. We developed a highly sensitive analytical method for phthalate and adipate esters in plasma and beverages by lowering the blank values that interfere with analysis. The method uses a closed distillation cleanup system in which steam distillation and extraction are performed simultaneously. The recoveries from beverages and plasma were both satisfactory, ranging from 90.2 to 118.3%, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 2.8-5.3%, and 96.2-134.4%, RSD = 2.2-6.5%, respectively. The detection limits of dibutyl phthalate and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate were 5 ng/mL, and those of diethyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-2-ethyl hexyl adipate were 10 ng/mL in rabbit plasma and beverages.

Adipates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of semivolatile organic compounds in environmental samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after extraction by cyclic steam distillation.

A method was developed for the multiple determination of semivolatile organic compounds found in groundwater, river water, seawater, sediment, and soil. Forty standard compounds were determined: n-alkenes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The compounds were isolated from water and soil samples by using an essential oil distillator (cyclic steam distillator) with hexane as a solvent. The extract was cleaned by using a silica gel cartridge with an acetone-hexane solution. The compounds were determined by using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer with 12 stable isotope-labeled compounds (surrogate compounds). The efficiencies of recoveries from water samples were 80.0-106% for groundwater, 80.1-106% for river water, and 81.2-103% for seawater. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values were 2.05-16.0% for groundwater, 3.22-16.6% for river water, and 4.45-16.0% for seawater. The efficiencies of recoveries from sediment and soil were 71.5-96.4% and 70.1-99.8%, respectively. RSD values ranged from 2.27 to 16.0% for sediment and from 2.12 to 15.1% for soil. Adjustment of recovery efficiencies of standard compounds by using surrogate compounds gave more accurate values. The present study proved that an essential oil distillator provides satisfactory results for multiple determinations of the semivolatile compounds in environmental waters, sediment, and soil.

Environmental Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

[Better understanding of microcatheters in neuroendovascular surgery: product properties with steam shaping].

Microcatheters for neuroendovascular procedure especially for embolization of aneurysms are essential tools. Each catheter has it's own property for use. However there is very little literature about the character and mechanism of microcatheters. With steam shaping, they are often deformed and shortened. We herein present technical problems associated with the shaping of microcatheters. We have to understand the potential risk of complications related to microcatheters.

Catheterization↗
PubMed2004

[Study on chemical constituents of the essential oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt. by supercritical fluid extraction and steam distillation].

Essential oils were extracted from Myristica fragrans Houtt. by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and steam distillation (SD). Their components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared. 48 compounds were identified for the essential oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide, and its main components have been found to be myristic acid, myristicin, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene and safrole. 38 compounds were identified for the essential oil obtained by SD, and its main components have been found to be beta-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-pinene, gamma-terpinene and beta-phellandrene.

Allylbenzene Derivatives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of solid-phase microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, steam distillation, and solvent extraction techniques for analysis of volatile consituents in Fructus Amomi.

Four sampling techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD), and solvent extraction (SE), were compared for the analysis of volatile constituents from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of the dried ripe fruit of Fructus Amomi (Sha Ren). A total of 38 compounds were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Different SFE and SPME parameters (modifier content, extraction pressure, and temperature for SFE and fibers, extraction temperature, and time for SPME) were studied. The results by SFE and SPME were compared with those obtained by conventional SD and SE methods. The results showed that SFE and SPME are better sample preparation techniques than SD and SE. Due to SFE's requirement for expensive specialized instrumentation, the simplicity, low cost, and speed of SPME make it a more appropriate technique for extraction of volatile constituents in TCMs.

Amomum↗
PubMed2005

[Studies on the changes of 5-hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde content in Radix Rehmanniae steamed for different time].

OBJECTIVE: To find the changing regularity of 5-Hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde (5-HMF) content in Radix Rehmanniae steamed for different time. METHOD: HPLC method was used, with C18 column (6 mm x 200 mm, 5 microm), a mixture of methanol-water (15: 85) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The UV detection was setat 284 nm and the column temperature was set at 24 degrees C. RESULT: The linear range was from 0.01 to 0.08 microg, r = 0.999 9 (n = 5). The average recovery was 100.2% and RSD was 2.7% (n = 5). CONCLUSION: The 5-HMF content increases as the processing time prolongs in a certain time rang.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗