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PubMed1994

The interaction of race, gender and social class effects in the education of deaf students.

While racial effects have been noted in the education of the deaf in a variety of ways, gender effects are difficult to identify and social class effects are not discussed at all. Further, it is possible that these effects interact to produce unique effects. To examine these issues, a re-analysis of data from a longitudinal study of 451 deaf adolescents in local public schools was conducted. Results support previous observations about racial and gender effects and suggest that social class is an effect in the education of the deaf. In addition, there is very limited evidence to suggest an interaction of the effects. What is perhaps more critical is that the concept of race in relation to deaf education is an ambiguous concept and needs to be considered in light of parental income, educational attainment, and language attitudes rather than as a global concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Social class, non-employment, and chronic illness: continuing the inequalities in health debate.

The 1981-2 General Household Survey showed steep class gradients in limiting longstanding illness for men and women aged 20-59 that were very similar to the class gradients in mortality in the 1979-83 decennial supplement. The class gradient for women classified by their husband's occupation was stronger than that when they were classified by their own occupation. Men and women who lacked paid employment reported poorer health than the employed and were concentrated in the lower social classes. Inequalities in ill health due to class were partly caused by the higher proportion in the lower social classes who were without work. Class differences in ill health still existed, however, among the currently employed, with unskilled men reporting particularly poor health and women manual workers reporting poorer health than women in non-manual jobs. Class differences were greater for the occupationless than for the currently employed. Thus class remains an important indicator of health inequalities despite the current high level of unemployment.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk of alcohol-related hospital admissions by marital status and social class among females.

Risk ratios (RRs) for hospital admissions due to alcohol poisoning, alcoholism, and alcohol psychosis were calculated by direct age standardization and, if not applicable, from regression models for various marital status and social class combinations among 25-64 year-old females. Data, derived from the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register for the years 1970-1975, pertained to 4212 females. RRs increased clearly for all three principal diagnoses of hospital admission by marital status but only for alcoholism by social class. In each diagnostic group, married farmers had the lowest and divorced unskilled workers the highest admission rates. The RRs for the latter compared to the former were 8 for alcohol poisoning, 20 for alcohol psychosis and 75 for alcoholism. These results are discussed in relation to findings pertaining to female alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The extent of the relationship of dental care and dental status to social class].

Interviews and dental inspection were conducted ina random sample of 300 adults from a city and the surrounding rural districts. Having a family dentist who had been seen during the two years preceding the interview, was ten times less common in the lowest of three social classes than in the higher. None or only one daily toothbrushing is reported five times more frequently in the lowest social class than in the upper class, and complete dentures are five times more frequent in the lowest class. On the other hand, partial dentures are found twice as frequently in the upper class than in the middle or lower classes, indicating more differentiated services by the dentists.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Influence of social class and fluoridation on child dental health.

In this study in oral epidemiology, officially collected statistics are presented which show that, 15 yr after fluoridation commenced in Auckland, New Zealand, there was still a significant correlation between dental health of children and their social class. They also show that treatment levels have continued to decline in both fluoridated and unfluoridated areas, and are related to social class factors rather than to the presence or absence of water fluoridation. In the unfluoridated areas all the children, and in the fluoridated areas only selected children, had received regular topical fluoride treatments. In both areas the use of fluoride tooth-pastes and oral hygiene had been encouraged. When the socioeconomic variable is allowed for, child dental health appears to be better in the unfluoridated areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Social class as a confounding variable in the Eating Attitudes Test.

The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) is commonly used in studies of anorexia nervosa. This paper reports some unexpected findings concerning the relationship between the EAT and the social class of the respondent. Our analysis is based on data from a sample of over 3000 English schoolgirls from both state and private schools. Important differences were found between the results from the private and state schools suggesting a social class difference in response to this questionnaire. The mean scores on the EAT were significantly higher in the state schools than in the private schools. However the number of cases of anorexia nervosa identified on the basis of individual interviews was higher in the private schools. A detailed analysis of the responses to the individual questions indicate that this discrepancy was due to systematic differences in the way the girls responded to different sets of questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Social class, ethnicity, and mental illness: the importance of being more than earnest.

This paper revisits a landmark study of the prevalence of mental illness in the state of Massachusetts conducted by Edward Jarvis in the 19th century. Jarvis drew an improper conclusion about the relationship between social class, ethnicity, and insanity, asserting that the Irish foreign-born had a higher prevalence of insanity in each social stratum. A reanalysis of Jarvis' data shows that in both the pauper and independent social classes in Massachusetts, the prevalence of insanity was significantly lower among foreign-born persons than among native-born persons. On the basis of his misperception, Jarvis constructed elaborate etiological theories. These theories made a strong impact on the mental health service policies of his day. The effects of incomplete examination of data on etiological theories and mental health policy in current times are highlighted in this article.

Causality↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of mental disorder in an urban population in central Sweden in relation to social class, marital status and immigration.

A representative selection of 2,283 persons, 18-65 years old in "former" Stockholm County were examined by psychiatrists in 1970-71. The total non-response was 12%. The 12-month prevalence of mental disorders in relation to social class (I-III), marital status and immigration was estimated. The "psychiatric diagnoses of moderate and severe degree" were significantly more prevalent in social class III (14% and 2.7%) than in I (6.9% and 0.6%) and II (9.8% and 0.9%) and significantly more prevalent among single (16% and 4.6%) than among cohabiting persons (9.6% and 1.0%). The mental disorder/immigration relationship should here be interpreted with certain reservations. One significant difference was noted: the "psychiatric diagnosis of severe degree" was significantly more prevalent for men born in Sweden (1.5%) than for men born abroad (0.3%).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The influence of social class, gender, and peers on the uptake of orthodontic treatment.

The accurate prediction of the future demand for orthodontic treatment requires an understanding of the factors which influence the uptake of orthodontic treatment. This paper examines the influence of social class, gender, and peer group on the uptake of orthodontic treatment. A representative random sample comprising five-hundred-and-forty 15- and 16-year-old adolescents were interviewed in school. The results indicate that familiarity with orthodontic appliances among a subject's peer group has a greater influence on the uptake of orthodontic treatment than the subject's social class or gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Infection with hepatitis B and C viruses, social class and cancer.

The hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are major etiological factors in the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, but most especially in developing countries where the majority of liver cancer cases can be found. In parallel with the geographic distribution of HCC, high levels of HBV endemicity are concentrated in the developing world. The association between chronic infection with HBV and low social class is quite strong; socioeconomic factors such as low educational attainment, lower social stratum, and crowded urban residence have been reported to predict higher HBV chronic carrier prevalence in both developed and developing countries. More importantly, the effect of poverty on HBV endemicity is clearly evident among younger age groups, and earlier chronic HBV infection seems to increase the risk of development of HCC. As assays for detecting HCV antibodies have only recently become available, the data on the relationship between HCV infection and socioeconomic status are much fewer. However, the limited number of studies that have investigated the seroepidemiology of HCV report an association between higher prevalence of antibodies to HCV and indicators of low social class. It would appear that the striking correlation between HCC and low socioeconomic status is largely related to the impact of poverty on the spread of HBV and probably HCV.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Parental perceptions of pre-adolescent children who have experienced a febrile convulsion: effects of social class and gender.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether, in terms of parental reports, the behaviour of pre-adolescent children who have been hospitalized following a febrile convulsion in infancy--without intracranial infection--differ from a group hospitalized with a non-febrile illness. DESIGN: A between-groups comparison of febrile and non-febrile children and a within-group comparison by gender and social class design were used. METHOD: The study compared 57 children, aged 9-12 years, who had experienced febrile convulsions before the age of 4 with a group of 66 children of similar age who had been hospitalized for non-convulsive conditions. Behaviour was measured using the Rutter A Parent Scale, the Berg Self-Administered Dependency Questionnaire (SDAQ) and the Werry-Weiss-Peters Activity Rating Scale. RESULTS: The scores of the children who had experienced a febrile convulsion in early life did not differ significantly from those of unaffected controls on any of the three measuring instruments. There were, however, marked social class differences on all three, with working-class children tending to lean towards poorer social adjustment than their middle-class peers. There was also one significant gender difference: boys received higher Assistance scores than girls on the SDAQ. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of social behavioural sequelae, febrile convulsions do not appear to have long-term effects. Hence, reassurance of a favourable outcome at the time of the seizure may ameliorate parents' worries at this frightening event in their child's life.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Social class and parenting children with mild and moderate mental retardation.

Based on Kohn's (1977) and Gecas' (1979) theories of social class and parenting values, the role of socioeconomic status (SES) as a determinant of parenting attitudes and behaviors and as a moderator of problems associated with raising children with handicaps was evaluated among 171 families raising a child with mild or moderate mental retardation. Self-report measures assessed mothers' and fathers' attitudes regarding control, independence, and closeness within the family, and parental and family problems. Supportive, aversive, and controlling parent-child interactions were observed in the home. As expected, higher SES was associated with parental attitudes and behaviors related to fostering independent initiative in the family, and lower SES parents exhibited relatively more controlling and negative behaviors. However, regardless of SES, controlling parental behaviors also were responsive to the level of functioning of the child with mental retardation. Consistent with an hypothesis about violations of SES-related values, negative and controlling interactions with the child were more highly correlated with the parents' reports of parental and family problems for upper SES as opposed to lower SES parents. Several models of SES and family adaptation are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

People and places: contrasting perspectives on the association between social class and health.

While a substantial body of evidence demonstrates a strong association between socioeconomic variables and health outcomes, most analyses conceptualize socioeconomic status as an individual characteristic. This article argues for an expanded view that focuses on the relationship between social class and characteristics of the neighborhood and communities in which people live, and illustrates how these characteristics can provide some new directions for research relating class and health. Using the Alameda County Study, the author presents three analyses that support this view. They indicate that socioenvironmental characteristics of areas are importantly related to the mortality experience of individuals, independent of characteristics of the individuals, and that personal and socioenvironmental risk factors cluster together in areas of low income and high mortality. Studying the balance of demands and resources in areas may help to unravel some of the pathways that link social class and health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The influence of education, social class and sex on Mini-Mental State scores.

The Mini-Mental State Examination was administered to 1865 general-practice patients aged 75 years and over. Even when demented cases were removed from analysis, respondents with relatively little education, together with those in social classes III-manual and below, were significantly more likely to score below the cut-off point used in North American community surveys to denote 'cognitive impairment'. Education and social class influenced scores on all sections within the MMSE with the exception of registration. Sex influenced scores on tests of calculation and spelling backwards but had no effect on total scores. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating low scorers in more detail before making a diagnosis of dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Influence of health centers and social class in the prevalence of breast feeding].

AIMS: To find out the prevalence of breastfeeding in the Health District of Córdoba, taking into account the basic health areas it is composed of; to find out if breastfeeding is less frequent in lower social classes than in high ones and the influence of health centers on breastfeeding. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Home survey. SITE: Health District of Córdoba, urban area. SUBJECTS: 1, 3, 6 months old babies taken from the computerized newborn register of the Health District of Córdoba. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Age of the babies; breastfeeding, social class, primary care model (basic health areas attended by Health Centers or not attended by Health Centers), weight at birth, parents' jobs, pregnancy control, maternal education and number of visits. 77.2% of the mothers start breastfeeding. 51.7% of one month-old babies are breastfed. One out of four three-month-old babies are breastfed and one out of ten six-month-old babies are breastfed. Low weight at birth has a negative influence on breastfeeding. The prevalence of breastfeeding is higher in favoured classes, and in the basic health areas attended by health centers. The rest of variables analyzed are not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The health centers improve the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Social class, underprivileged areas and psychiatric disorder in the city of Stoke-on-Trent.

A survey of psychiatric disorder, based on hospital inpatient records, was conducted in the City of Stoke-on-Trent, England for the year 1983. This was used to test the hypothesis that areas of lower social class and greatest underprivilege would display higher rates of inpatient admissions for psychiatric disorder than the more privileged areas of the city. The results confirmed a significant positive correlation between extent of underprivilege of an area and rates of inpatient admissions. The link between lower social class and mental disorder was not directly demonstrated.

England↗
PubMed1980

Norms for the social class distribution: reference data for epidemiological and health studies.

The influence of social class and socioeconomic status on health risk is enormous. To interpret apparent clustering of disease and accident patterns in the community, quantitative estimates of the normal socioeconomic profile are required. This study provides such reference data for epidemiology and health studies. Three Australian scales of social stratafication have been used--Congalton's four-point and seven-point scales, and the six-point scale of Broom-Jones-Zubrzycki. Population norms for socio-occupational ranking, by sex, are presented both as frequency distribution histograms and as reference tables. The use of such tables in health studies is discussed with relevance to public health campaigns (for example, antismoking campaigns), and to the investigation of disease patterns within society.

Australia↗
PubMed2000

Are social classes still relevant to analyse sports groupings in "postmodern" society? An analysis referring to P. Bourdieu's theory.

P. Bourdieu's theory will be used to analyse changes in sport sociology. A significant part of the transformation of sociological research depends on the analysis of social categories and particularly of social classes. The theory of P. Bourdieu grants social positions and conditions an important role in the explanation of an agent's behaviour. The question is to know whether sports groupings, in the so-called "postmodern" society, can still be analysed with Bourdieu's sociological frame of analysis. The observation of new forms of sports grouping is used, by some French sociologists, to criticise Bourdieu's axiomatic. It is argued here that it is more often a misunderstanding or a mechanical use of Bourdieu's theory which needs to be criticised.

Humans↗