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PubMed1994

[Serologic detection of microbial diseases--present status and perspectives].

The cost of serological diagnostic products amounts to more than a quarter of total laboratory material expenses. The major problem in serological diagnostics is correct interpretation of the presence of specific antibodies. Aspects influencing diagnostic conclusions drawn from serological finding include: 1. Features of infectious agents and pathogenesis of infection. 2. Principle of serological assay. 3. Condition of antigen used in the assay. 4. Individual reactivity of the patient. 5. Temporal data and data on the course of the disease. Modern serological methods such as ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence have, compared to classical techniques (i.e. complement fixation test, agglutination, immunoprecipitation and neutralization), a number of advantages. Nevertheless, they also have drawbacks of and classical methods should be used at least in selected cases for a number of years in future. Novel approaches such as immunoblotting, body fluid antibody detection, IgA and IgE determination and low avidity antibody detection are gaining importance and promise new insights.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Modified western blot with recombinant antigens for serological differentiation between HTLV-I and HTLV-II.

Some epidemiological and clinical features of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections remain unclear due to the inability to confirm and distinguish between the two retroviruses. Since HTLV-I and HTLV-II have a high degree of genomic and aminoacid sequence homology, serologic crossreactions are frequent, making it difficult to establish an accurate serologic diagnosis. To confirm and differentiate HTLV-I/II infections, different serologic confirmatory assays were compared. Fourteen serum samples from 11 IVDU, a bisexual subject, a polytransfused and an ATL patient were examined. The sera repeatedly reactive by Elisa and indeterminate with a conventional Western Blot with viral lysate, were retested by new modified Western Blots containing recombinant antigens. All sera from IVDU but one were confirmed and typed as HTLV-II while serum from ATL was serologically typed as HTLV-I. Serum from the polytransfused patient was not confirmed while serum from the bisexual remained indeterminate. These findings suggest that recombinant antigens are useful for serological diagnosis of HTLV-I/II infections.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1994

[Strongyloides infections in former prisoners of war in South-East Asia in the second World War; additional information from serological diagnosis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the efficacy of ELISA serology in patients with Strongyloides infection acquired during World War II and maintained through repeated autoinfection. DESIGN: Descriptive. SETTING: Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands. METHODS: Parasitological and clinical data on 193 ex-prisoners of war (South-east Asia) were presented previously (1990) by Verburg and De Geus. ELISA using L-3 S. ratti antigen was carried out with sera of these patients and the results were compared with those of repeated stool examinations using Baermann's method. RESULTS: All subjects harbouring larvae in repeated stool examinations (26) were positive in serology. In 21 out of 167 patients in whom no larvae could be demonstrated, specific antibodies were detected. Anamnestic information together with data on eosinophilia and IgE levels suggested that the majority of these subjects were actually infected. The serological prevalence of infection with Strongyloides stercoralis was 33% for those imprisoned in Burma and 4% for those who were prisoners of war in the former Netherlands East Indies. CONCLUSION: In the group of subjects studied, in whom Strongyloides infection was apparently maintained through a process of autoinfection for a period of over 40 years, serology appears a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. Larvae could be detected in no more than 26 out of 47 serologically positive subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Use of serological markers of hepatitis B and C viruses in a health center].

OBJECTIVE: To find the use of serological markers for the Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) viruses by doctors at an urban Health Centre, assessing the number of requests and their diagnostic effectiveness. DESIGN: Prospective and retrospective study of observation. SETTING: Primary Care. Urban Health Centre. PATIENTS: All those for whom requests for HBV and HCV serological markers were made between 1.1.92 and 30.3.93. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 131 requests for HBV markers and 82 for HVC ones were made during the study period (1% of the total analyses performed). 30.5% of the HBV markers and 12.2% of the HCV ones were positive. 36% of the requests for HBV markers were for preventive as against 64% for diagnostic reasons. The diagnostic effectiveness (percentage of positives among the requests made for diagnostic reasons) was 35.7% for HBV and 13% for HCV serology. The manner of contagion could not be determined from the information collected in the clinical notes for 56% of the patients with positive serology. The performance of a Hepatic Biopsy was recorded for 10% of the patients with positive HBV or HCV serology, with diagnoses of 4 cases of active chronic Hepatitis and one of late cutaneous Porphyria. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of an accessible and correct request form for HBV and HCV markers could assist greater diagnostic accuracy and referral to specialists if required.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Legionellosis associated with pneumopathies in São Paulo. Study of the etiologic confirmation by isolation and serology].

The role of Legionella sp as an important pathogen, although reported in many countries, had not been well documented in Brazil. The main objective of the present study is to detect this organism or it's immunological response in patients with pulmonary infections in the city of São Paulo. For this purpose, specific laboratory methodology was introduced to cultivate the agent and demonstrate specific antibodies by serology. Patients from two University centers in São Paulo were studied: 100 from the Hospital Universitario, University of São Paulo with general pulmonary infections and 100 from Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo. The latter were selected to exclude pulmonary infections of other bacterial aetiology, and 30 of these were selected from the Renal Transplant Unit. Clinical specimens for cultures included sputum tracheal secretion, pleural, fluid, bronchial washing or lung tissue biopsy. Isolation of Legionella sp was attempted in BCYE medium with and without antibiotics, presumptive diagnosis by biochemical methods and identification through direct immunofluorescence staining and slide agglutination test. Direct evidence of the organism in tissue was attempted by direct immunofluorescence staining. Specific antibodies for Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. Serology was also carried out in specimens from human contacts with Legionnaires' Disease. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from two patients, demonstrating the presence of the pathogen in this country. Serology was able to establish present or past infection with the agent in 16 of the 100 patients from Hospital das Clínicas and in only one from Hospital Universitário. In patients considered as high risk groups from Hospital das Clínicas with renal transplantation, serology for present or past Legionellosis was positive in 33% and in 8.5% for community acquired infections. Serology in specimens from Medical personnel in contact with patients of Legionnaires' disease was positive for past infection in one single subject, confirming information already published that direct transmission from person to person is unusual. The introduction of specific methods for laboratorial evidence of Legionella sp infections at the Hospital das Clínicas-Faculdade de Medicina USP community has permitted diagnosis in able time to allow use of specific anti-microbial therapy, with good results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Pregnancy outcome in serologically indicated active Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

A serological test for chlamydial infection was administered to 281 Jerusalem women in order to determine the rate and influence of Chlamydia on pregnancy outcome. Serological indication of active infection was present in 7.8% of the tested women, while 15.3% were shown to be positive for Chlamydia. Among the ultraorthodox subpopulation of Mea Shearim, serological indication of active infection was present among 5.9% of the women, and 12.3% of this population tested positive. In comparison, women from the secular subpopulation had 12.7% serological indication of active infection and 22.95% tested positive (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between pregnancy duration, birthweight, incidence of premature uterine contractions, premature rupture of membranes, and postpartum febrile morbidity in the infected and noninfected groups. Women with a previous history of induced abortions showed a significantly higher evidence of past Chlamydia infection (9.3%) when compared with the women who did not have an infection (1.4%) (P < 0.006). Among the ultraorthodox women with positive or active infection, 41% had suffered at least one spontaneous abortion, as compared with 25% of the religious women who had no serological evidence of infection.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of the abilities of serologic tests to detect pseudorabies-infected pigs during the latent phase of infection.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivities of all available serologic tests in detecting pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibodies in pigs during long-term latent pseudorabies. DESIGN: Pigs experimentally infected with a virulent strain of PRV were maintained for 2 to 27 months after inoculation. At the time of necropsy of each pig, blood was collected for serologic evaluation, and tissues were obtained for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) verification of latency. ANIMALS: 65 crossbred pigs each weighing approximately 18 kg at the start of the study. PROCEDURE: Serum samples from each pig were analyzed by serum neutralization, latex agglutination, screening ELISA, particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay, automated latex agglutination, and differential ELISA for glycoproteins I, III, and X. DNA was extracted from the trigeminal ganglia and tonsils of each pig and was analyzed by PCR for PRV genomic sequences. RESULTS: PCR analysis of trigeminal ganglia and tonsils indicated that all pigs were latently infected with PRV at the time of necropsy, and serologic testing verified that all pigs had PRV-specific antibodies, regardless of duration of infection. The screening tests were virtually equivalent in sensitivity for detection of PRV antibodies. Of the differential serologic tests, the glycoprotein-I and -III marker systems, which performed with similar sensitivity as screening tests, were superior to the glycoprotein-X marker system in detecting PRV antibodies in latently infected pigs. CONCLUSION: Serologic testing consistently detects pigs in the latent phase of PRV infection, provided that the test detects the antibody response to the whole virus or to a reliable PRV-marker glycoprotein.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: serologic update for 1995.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex disease occurring in 1-2% of patients with asthma involving hypersensitivity to Aspergillus species. The diagnosis is made correlating clinical history and supporting serologic tests. Over many years various serologic tests have been used to both diagnose and follow disease activity. Initial serology from patients with all four positive tests (total serum IgE, IgE and IgG antibody indices, serum precipitins to Aspergillus fumigatus) were compared with the patients' most recent serology. The total serum IgE, IgE antibody index and serum precipitins had the most initial positive tests which stayed positive throughout treatment. The IgG antibody index was the most inconsistent. There were no significant differences between all four tests. We concluded that all four serologic tests are important in the diagnosis of ABPA.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1976

[Serologic properties of strains of Cl. perfringens isolated from the intestinal contents of healthy subjects].

A study was made of the quantitative content in the intestine of C1. perfringens strains in 6 healthy persons who stayed in a hermetically sealed space for 1 month and for 1 year. C1. perfingens strains were isolated from the fecal samples of each of the volunteers at various periods of the trial. A total of 570 strains of C1. perfringens of type A with anticellular sera obtained to the strains of various serological groups were studied. Serological properties of C1. perfringens strains of type A present in the intestinal contents of man were nonhomogeneous. This pointed to the simultaneous presence in the intestine of strains belonging to several serological types. A partial or complete replacement of one strain by another (differing by serological properties) occurred in the course of not over one month. C1. perfringens strains of type A present in the intestine of each volunteer were subdivided into serological types individual for each of the persons under observation. This pointed to the fact than no interexchange of strains of the mentioned bacteria occurred between different persons in the hermetically sealed space.

Clostridium perfringens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serologic study of vertically transmitted infections in pregnant women attending 3 health centers in Jaén].

BACKGROUND: Studying serological tests into syphilis, German measles, toxoplasma and hepatitis B requested as part of the monitoring of pregnant women and analysing the different activities in the face of the findings. METHODS: A descriptive study. A systematic random process was used to select (1/3) 299 cases of women whose pregnancy had been monitored between 1991 and 1993 in three health centres in Jaen (capital of the province of the same name), which have a catchment population of 66,423 inhabitants. We analyse the differences between the centres using the Chi squared test. RESULTS: A serology of syphilis (R.P.R.) was conducted on 269 pregnant women (90% Standard Error (S.E.): 1.7) all of which proved negative; German measles (ELISA Immunoglobulin (Ig) G, toxoplasm (FIAX IgG and IgM) and (HBsAg in 92% (S.E.: 1.6) German measles antibodies being found in 98% (S.E.: 0.8), the HBsAg proving negative in 99% (S.E.: 0.6) and immunity to toxoplasm existing in 13% (S.E.:2). When the data were analysed, being broken down into the different health centres, notable differences were observed (p > 0.04) in the case of German measles. In the five cases were German measles proved negative, the serology was not repeated once, and on two occasions it was the second pregnancy. They do not appear in the history of preventive medicine. Treatment with spiromycine was initiated for toxoplasmosis, and it lasted for 10 to 21 days for five of the cases, but the infection was not confirmed once, and for two of these it was only determined serologically. CONCLUSIONS: Both the percentage of requests for the first serology and the prevalence are consistent with literature on the subject, with the exception of toxoplasm, whose immunity prevalence was much lower than in other zones. The actions taken in the face of certain results were rather inadequate.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The legacy of serological studies in American physical anthropology.

Serological data have been used to address anthropological problems since the turn of the century. These were predominantly problems of two kinds in anthropological systematics: the relations of human populations to one another (racial serology), and the relations of primate species to one another (systematic serology). Though they were the locus of considerable debate about the relative merits of 'genetic' versus 'traditional' data, the serological work had little lasting impact in the field. I attribute this to the fact that the research was carried out largely externally to anthropology, and often interpreted in facile manners. To a large extent the history of this research has been ignored or rewritten following the development of 'molecular anthropology' in the 1960s. To some extent, however, contemporary genetic research in anthropology replays aspects of the serological era.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The specific serological profile in hepatitis B virus infection in children].

UNLABELLED: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) has a very well known specific serologic profile. In the last years the molecular biology methods reveal some "particular serological profiles" by genomic mutation. One particular profile consists in the absence of anti-HBc total antibodies simultaneously with the presence of HBsAg. Our tested group consists of 372 children aged 0.1 to 15 years. The presence of HBsAg was determined by ELISA "sandwich" and confirmed by neutralisation test. For HIV infection we used two ELISA tests (competitive and indirect) and the Western Blot test for confirmation. Of the total, there were 13 children HBsAg positive and without anti-HBc antibody (3.49% respectively), 7 of the 13 children (53.8%) were dystrophic and 4 were HIV positive (30.76%). From 372 cases, 104 were HBsAg positive (27.9%) and 53 (14.2%) of them had chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The particular serologic profile requires the testing of all serological markers specific for HBV. 2. This particular serologic profile is correlated with HIV positive status and dystrophy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Identification of serological group 0128:K67 Escherichia].

The authors present the results of studies of etiology of acute group intestinal diseases in neonates from whom escherichia of serological group 0128ac:K67 possessing the following characteristics were isolated: of the same (with the H12 antigen) serological and enzymatic type (nonfermenting sucrose and raffinose, fermenting dulcit and sorbit the first 24 hours, and slowly fermenting ramnose). All the cultures isolated were resistant to the majority of antibiotics used at present, and were only weakly sensitive to erythromycin. Difficulties (agglutination of live cultures with production sera in the absence of low agglutinability of heated cultures) in serological typing of the cultures were due to different partial O-antigen composition of the cultures isolated and of the production strain used in the preparation of commercial sera of the given serological group (0128ab:K67). Because circulation of escherichia of serological 0128ac variant was revealed in the USSR there occurred a necessity of their identification in practical laboratories; for this purpose organization of industrial production of the corresponding serum is necessary.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Analysis of hepatitis C virus isolates using molecular and serological typing methods.

This study comprised 100 persons with antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV), including 77 intravenous drug users (IVDUs). They were tested with serological HCV typing assays (Murex HCV serotyping 1-6 assay; Chiron RIBA HCV Serotyping SIA). Patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV (n = 66) were tested with genotyping molecular assays (Inno-Lipa HCV II test; Sorin GEN-ETI-K HCV typing assay). Comparison of the results of these tests showed that (a) 92% of samples could be typed by one test at least; 44% could be typed by all four tests; 88% could be typed by one serological test at least and 66% by one molecular test at least; (b) 81% of the samples successfully tested with both serological tests gave comparable results; 95% of the samples successfully tested with both molecular tests gave comparable results; (c) when serological and molecular tests yielded different results, sequences in the 5'-non-coding (5' NC) or E1 regions always confirmed the results of the molecular tests; (d) in case of discrepancy between the results of the molecular tests the E1 region sequences confirmed the Sorin test results. It is concluded that the molecular tests compared gave similar results. The fact that the Murex serological test gave comparable results in more than 80% of cases indicates that it is an alternative to the molecular tests for routine diagnosis. However, comparison of the results of this test with those obtained in patients consulting a hepatology department showed that it gave the best results in a population of patients not exposed repeatedly to HCV.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Comparative evaluation of serologic tests for celiac disease: a European initiative toward standardization.

BACKGROUND: Serologic methods have been used widely to test for celiac disease and have gained importance in diagnostic definition and in new epidemiologic findings. However, there is no standardization, and there are no reference protocols and materials. METHODS: The European working group on Serological Screening for Celiac Disease has defined robust noncommercial test protocols for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA gliadin antibodies and for IgA autoantibodies against endomysium and tissue transglutaminase. Standard curves were linear in the decisive range, and intra-assay variation coefficients were less than 5% to 10%. Calibration was performed with a group reference serum. Joint cutoff limits were used. Seven laboratories took part in the final collaborative study on 252 randomized sera classified by histology (103 pediatric and adult patients with active celiac disease, 89 disease control subjects, and 60 blood donors). RESULTS: IgA autoantibodies against endomysium and tissue transglutaminase rendered superior sensitivity (90% and 93%, respectively) and specificity (99% and 95%, respectively) over IgA and IgG gliadin antibodies. Tissue transglutaminase antibody testing showed superior receiver operating characteristic performance compared with gliadin antibodies. The K values for interlaboratory reproducibility showed superiority for IgA endomysium (0.93) in comparison with tissue transglutaminase antibodies (0.83) and gliadin antibodies (0.82 for IgG, 0.62 for IgA). CONCLUSIONS: Basic criteria of standardization and quality assessment must be fulfilled by any given test protocol proposed for serologic investigation of celiac disease. The working group has produced robust test protocols and reference materials available for standardization to further improve reliability of serologic testing for celiac disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

HPV16 semiquantitative viral load and serologic biomarkers in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

A considerable subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are positive for human papillomavirus (HPV); however, delineating etiologically-associated HPV infections from SCCs with concurrent HPV infection unrelated to tumorigenesis is challenging. Viral load assessment in biopsy specimens may help facilitate such differentiation. HPV16 viral load and serologic markers were assessed among oral and oropharyngeal cases from a multinational study conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). HPV16 viral load, measured semiquantitatively by PCR-enzyme immunoassay, was dichotomized as high or low based on the median optical density value. Serologic antibodies to HPV16 virus-like particles (VLPs) and to HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins were measured by ELISA. Compared to HPV DNA-negative cases (n = 852), HPV16 DNA-positive cases with high viral load (n = 26) were significantly more likely to originate in the oropharynx (odds ratio [OR], 12.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2-27.5) and, after adjustment for tumor site (AdjOR), have antibodies against HPV16 VLPs (AdjOR, 14.6; 95% CI, 6.0-35.6), E6 (AdjOR, 57.6; 95% CI, 21.4-155.3) and E7 (AdjOR, 25.6; 95% CI, 9.3-70.8). HPV16 DNA-positive cases with low viral load (n = 27) were more commonly oropharyngeal (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2) and seropositive for HPV16 VLPs (AdjOR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.9), E6 (AdjOR, 3.0; 95% CI, 0.7-14.0) and E7 (AdjOR, 3.5; 95% CI, 0.7-16.3), compared to HPV DNA-negative cases; the associations, however, were neither as strong nor as significant as the associations for high viral load. As there appears to be a strong association between HPV16 serologic markers and viral load, in the absence of data on serologic markers, HPV16 viral load may be used to help delineate the subset of HPV16 DNA-positive oral and oropharyngeal cancers that may be the consequence of HPV infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1982

Serological response of melanoma patients receiving melanoma cell vaccines. I. Autologous cultured melanoma cells.

Our past studies have defined Class 1 (unique), Class 2 (shared) and Class 3 (widely distributed) melanoma cell surface antigens by serological typing with autologous antibody. These definitions provide the basis for determining the immunogenicity of a series of melanoma vaccines in patients with malignant melanoma. The first vaccine we tested in this way was prepared from autologous melanoma cell lines, and the results of our trial are the basis of this report. Thirteen patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were vaccinated with irradiated, cultured autologous melanoma cells mixed with BCG in an attempt to induce a serological response to Class 1 or 2 melanoma antigens. Antibodies were measured by protein A (PA), mixed hemadsorption (MHA), immune adherence (IA), C3-mixed hemadsorption (C3-MHA) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. The specificity of observed reactions was defined by absorption analysis. Eight patients showed an increase in the titer of antibodies to autologous melanoma cell surface antigens after vaccination. In two of these patients, the antibodies had specificity for shared melanoma antigens. In six patients, the antibodies were directed solely against antigens related to the fetal calf serum (FCS) used in growing cells for serological testing and vaccine preparation. We conclude that unmodified autologous cultured melanoma cells, administered as they were in this trial, induce a serological response to melanoma cell surface antigens only in exceptional cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of a serological test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.

A serological test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection (Cobas Core Roche, IgG, 2nd Generation; Roche, France) was compared with the examination of biopsy samples (culture and histology) obtained after endoscopy in 115 children to assess its value. In 94 children (42 positive and 52 negative), results were concordant. In 10 children a positive serological test was associated with an absence of Helicobacter pylori, while in 11 others a negative serological test was associated with a positive culture. Sensitivity of the test was 79.2% and specificity 83.9%. A relationship between IgG titers and age (r = 0.31, p < 0.05) was found. Serological tests could be useful for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, but a negative test result does not rule out infection, particularly in children under 10 years of age.

Adolescent↗