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PubMed2002

Brief cognitive screening and self concepts for children with low intellectual functioning.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of brief assessments for children with low intellectual functioning. METHODS: Assessments used the SYSTEMS cognitive screening test and ASK-KIDS self-concept inventory. Participants were children recruited through the hospital and special education classes (N = 39). RESULTS: Results showed that cognitive screening accurately classified children, and their scores correlated closely with full cognitive assessment and achievement. Most children could respond to the self-concept inventory, scales were internally consistent, and profiles were similar to those for children in the normative sample. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the use of brief assessments of cognitive functioning and self concepts, and suggest further studies with children in clinical settings.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Self-concept dimensions of clinically depressed and anxious outpatients.

Principal components analyses of the Beck Self-Concept Test (BST) were conducted independently for 288 women with primary mood disorders, 230 women with anxiety disorders, 236 men with mood disorders, and 161 men with anxiety disorders. Four self-concept dimensions that reflected (1) Intellectual Ability; (2) Work Efficacy; (3) Physical Attractiveness; and (4) Virtues/Vices occurred within the four samples. For 5-item subscales that represent these four dimensions, a two-way MANOVA found significant effects for sex and type of disorder. Women described themselves as having less intellectual ability than men did. Outpatients with mood disorders considered their physical appearance, work efficacy, and virtues/vices to be less acceptable than did those with anxiety disorders. Findings were discussed with respect to the cognitive content-specificity theory of psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Factor structure of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale for an institutionalized, disabled population.

Separate factor analyses of responses to the Tennessee Self-concept Scale using item and scale data are reported for a sample of 255 disabled veterans. A global self-satisfaction factor and several subsidiary factors roughly approximate the external dimension of the scale. The internal dimension interacts with the external one in defining several factors but does not emerge as an independent dimension. Scale data yield a self-esteem factor incorporating both external and internal scales and a self-concept conflict-integration factor. The evidence supports the external dimension more than the internal dimension. The findings are consistent with previous studies that have not validated the two-dimensional design of the scale.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of perceived parental involvement and the use of growth-fostering relationships on self-concept in adolescents participating in gear up.

Adolescence is marked by physical, cognitive, and social changes which affect how individuals perceive themselves. However, individuals do integrate their perceptions with those of significant others. Adolescents' self-concept is influenced by their relationships with family, peers, mentors, and community groups. In this study, the characteristics of these relationships are examined as well as the perception of parental involvement. The effect of perceived parental involvement and the use of growth-fostering relationships on self-concept was examined using 78 adolescents who were participating in GEAR UP (Gaining Early Awareness of Readiness for Undergraduate Programs). Results support the influence of family, peers, mentors, and involvement in community groups on adolescent self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An investigation of age and gender differences in physical self-concept among Turkish late adolescents.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate age and gender differences in physical self-concept of Turkish university students. The Physical Self-Perception Profile was administered to participants for assessing physical self-concept. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for gender, but no significant main effect for year in school. There was also no year in school by gender interaction. Univariate analysis indicated significant gender differences in sport competence, physical condition, body attractiveness, and physical strength (favoring males except for body attractiveness).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal attachment behavior and the mother's self-concept: the effect of early skin-to-skin contact.

The problem was to determine the effect of skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant during the first hour following delivery on later maternal attachment behavior and self concept. Twenty primiparous women were randomly assigned skin-to-skin contact with their infant during the first hour after birth. There were no significant differences in 36-hour or three-month attachment behaviors or in prenatal or three month self-concept scores. For most mothers, first time motherhood appeared to have a positive effect on their self-concepts.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale with Indian children: cultural considerations.

Data from a survey of 241 Montana school children, Indian and white, were used as a basis for examining the psychometric properties of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. Strong estimates of internal consistency and support for construct validity were found. Studies using the Piers-Harris scale over the past 15 years have indicated that ethnic minority status per se is not related to lower self-concept score and that the scale is a reliable measure for use with minority group children. However, validity of the scale with Indian children warrants further examination, particularly in relation to the differential effects of ethnic culture and social environment on the measurement of self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Longitudinal multilevel models of the big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept: counterbalancing contrast and reflected-glory effects in Hong Kong schools.

Longitudinal multilevel path models (7,997 students, 44 high schools, 4 years) evaluated effects of school-average achievement and perceived school status on academic self-concept in Hong Kong, which has a collectivist culture with a highly achievement-segregated high school system. Consistent with a priori predictions based on the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE), higher school-average achievements led to lower academic self-concepts (contrast effect), whereas higher perceived school status had a counterbalancing positive effect on self-concept (reflected-glory, assimilation effect). The negative BFLPE is the net effect of counterbalancing influences, stronger negative contrast effects, and weaker positive assimilation effects so that controlling perceived school status led to purer--and even more negative--contrast effects. Attending a school where school-average achievement is high simultaneously resulted in a more demanding basis of comparison for one's own accomplishments (the stronger negative contrast effect) and a source of pride (the weaker positive assimilation effect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Gender differences in self-concept and psychological well-being in old age: a meta-analysis.

Because of women's higher risk of being widowed, having health problems, and needing care, one might expect them to have a more negative self-concept and lower subjective well-being (SWB). However, women may also have greater access to sources of SWB (e.g., relations to adult children) and may engage in processes to protect the self (e.g., lowered aspirations). Meta-analysis was used to synthesize findings from 300 empirical studies on gender differences in life satisfaction, happiness, self-esteem, loneliness, subjective health, and subjective age in late adulthood. Older women reported significantly lower SWB and less positive self-concept than men on all measures, except subjective age, although gender accounted for less than 1% of the variance in well-being and self-concept. Smaller gender differences in SWB were found in younger than in older groups. Statistically controlling for gender differences in widowhood, health, and socioeconomic status decreased gender differences in SWB. Cohort differences in SWB are reported as well.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Use of the self-concept in forming preferences by French students of different levels of academic achievement.

According to the results of recent research in France (D. Martinot & J. M. Monteil, 1995), only high-achieving students possessed well-structured academic self-concepts, which, in academic settings, should facilitate the use of a prototype-matching strategy (i.e., a decision-making strategy in which the self-concept guides one's choices). In 2 studies, the authors examined the tendency among French students of different academic levels to use the prototype-matching strategy. In Study 1, the participants of high and average academic achievement, but not those of lower academic achievement, used prototype matching in forming preferences. In Study 2, all participants in the condition (experimental) that facilitated the accessibility of academic self-concepts used prototype matching; the participants in the control condition did not.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

The possessive self as a barrier to conflict resolution: effects of mere ownership, process accountability, and self-concept clarity on competitive cognitions and behavior.

The authors propose that people have difficulty managing conflict because they quickly develop ownership of arguments and positions they use in the dispute, that these arguments and positions become part of their (extended) self-concept, and that any opposition or counterargumentation therefore becomes an ego-threat. Four studies reveal that individuals value arguments and beliefs more when these are associated with the self and that anticipated or real opposition triggers ego-defensive cognition and behavior, including competitive communication, retaliatory responses, negative perceptions of the partner, and attitude polarization. These effects were weaker when epistemic needs were raised through process accountability or when individuals had high rather than low self-concept clarity. The authors conclude that because people develop ownership of arguments and make these part of their self-concept, conflict is difficult to manage and bound to escalate.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a movement and swimming program on water orientation skills and self-concept of kindergarten children with cerebral palsy.

In this study the effect of an experimental movement and swimming program of six months on motor function in the water measured by means of the Water Orientation Score and self-perception measured by means of the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale was investigated. 23 children participated in the program, completing both tests prior to and after the intervention. An age-, sex-, and disability-matched control group of 23 children completed only the Self-concept Scale at pre- and posttest. Analysis indicated a significant improvement in Water Orientation Score of children in the trained group, but no effect on scores of the Self-concept Scale.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents' responses to the gender valence of cigarette advertising imagery: the role of affect and the self-concept.

The studies presented in this manuscript evaluated the role that affect and the self-concept play in adolescent never smokers' reactions to the gender valence of cigarette advertising imagery. Study 1 (n=29; 59% female) revealed that adolescent females have more positive affective reactions to female-valenced cigarette advertising imagery compared to male-valenced cigarette advertising imagery. Study 2 (n=101; 56% female) revealed that adolescent females viewed female-valenced cigarette advertising imagery as more relevant to their self-concepts compared to male-valenced cigarette advertising imagery. Across both studies, male adolescents did not respond differently as a function of the gender valence of cigarette advertising imagery. Thus, female-valenced cigarette advertising imagery may have specific effects on never smoking female adolescents by enhancing positive affect and suggesting that women who smoke hold the same characteristics as do the young women themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Hand, body and viewing behaviors of students with high or low self-concepts.

Eight junior high school students with low scores on peer-relations self-concept and self-esteem scales and eight with high scores were video taped in a choral music classroom. Hand, body, and viewing behaviors occurring on the tapes were analyzed. During non-instructional free time, the low scorers touched themselves more frequently than did the high scorers. No other significant differences in the behaviors of the two groups were detected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A longitudinal study of the self-concept of low-income youth.

Children in grades five and six were interviewed in 1969 and a follow-up phase was conducted in 1978 using those children who had answered the 1969 phase and who were now out of high school. The purpose was to determine the stability of self-concept over a decade, and to investigate changes or differences that occurred within and between the groups over time. Data were analyzed using self-concept as the dependent variable. The independent variables measured in relation to self-concept were sex, race, and place of residence. Pearson product-moment correlations and paired t-tests indicated that the majority of youth undergo minimal changes during this age span.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Age as a moderator of relations of physical self-concept and mood changes associated with 10 weeks of programmed exercise in women.

Significant correlations were found between reported changes in scores on the Physical Self-concept scale of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, with those on the Depression (r=-.34) and Total Mood Disturbance (r=-.38) scales of the Profile of Mood States, for 35 women who initiated a structured exercise program. Accounting for age in simultaneous multiple regression equations added to the explained variance in changes in both Depression (R2=.29) and Total Mood Disturbance (R2=.18) scores. Findings supported propositions of social cognitive theory and self-efficacy theory. Limitations and the need for replication and extension were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Age salience in older adults' spontaneous self-concept.

Distinctiveness theory predictions were examined by the salience of age in older adults' spontaneous self-concept with variation in age composition of residential setting. The hypothesis that elderly respondents in ordinary housing would mention age more often than those in senior housing apartments or nursing homes was not supported. The findings suggest that developmental contingencies exert a differential influence on trait salience in self-concept less during later adulthood than in earlier years.

Aged↗