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PubMed1977

Direct analysis of salicylic acid in keratolytic plaster by gas-solid chromatography.

A rapid gas-solid chromatographic method is reported for the direct analysis of salicylic acid in keratolytic plaster. The method requires no preseparation or derivatization and takes about 14 min. Since it requires only 2-7 mg of sample, it can determine the salicylic acid concentration in a particular area of plaster. The analyzing column is packed with porous polymer beads of 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene oxide. An automatic solid sampling system is used to connection with the gas chromatograph employing dual flame-ionization detectors. The average recovery of salicylic acid in synthetic samples containing 400-2700 microgram was 100.6 +/-1.6%. The average correlation coefficient of the peak area against the standard was +0.9995 +/- 0.0003 for samples in the 300-3000-microgram range.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2001

Release of salicylic acid, diclofenac acid and diclofenac acid salts from isotropic and anisotropic nonionic surfactant systems across rat skin.

Release of salicylic acid, diclofenac acid, diclofenac diethylamine and diclofenac sodium, from lyotropic structured systems, namely; neat and middle liquid crystalline phases, across mid-dorsal hairless rat skin into aqueous buffer were studied. Release results were compared with those from the isotropic systems. The donor systems composed of the surfactant polyoxyethylene (20) isohexadecyl ether, HCl buffer of pH 1 or distilled water and the specific drug. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to monitor the transfer of the drugs across the skin barrier. Results indicated that the rate-determining step in the transport process was the release of the drug from the specified donor system. Further, apparent zero order release was demonstrated with all systems. Except for diclofenac sodium, drug fluxes decreased as the donor medium changed from isotropic to anisotropic. The decrease in fluxes was probably due to the added constrains on the movement of drug molecules. By changing the anisotropic donor medium from neat to middle phase, drug flux decreased in case of salicylic acid and diclofenac sodium. In the mean time, flux increased in case of the diethylamine salt and appeared nearly similar in case of diclofenac acid. Rates of drug transfer across the skin from the anisotropic donors seemed to be largely controlled by the entropy contribution to the transport process. The type and extent of drug-liquid crystal interactions probably influenced the latter.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent excretion modes of salicylic acid in tobacco cell suspension culture.

14C-salicylic acid (SA) was used to monitor SA metabolism and its regulation in tobacco cell suspension culture. Two SA concentrations (20 microM and 200 microM) were used for comparison. SA was quickly taken up in both treatments, and the 200 microM-treated cells absorbed approximately 15 times that of 20 microM-treated cells within 5 min. More than 85% and 50% of the absorbed SA were excreted in free form to the culture medium within 5 h from cells treated with 200 microM and 20 microM SA, respectively. SA excretion was significantly inhibited by EGTA and the inhibition could be reversed by the addition of exogenous Ca2+ to the culture medium in the 200 microM SA treatment. However, EGTA had little or no effect on SA excretion in the 20 microM SA treatment. The data suggest that tobacco suspension-cultured cells may contain both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent pathways for SA excretion. Reduced glutathione (an active oxygen species scavenger), staurosporine (a protein kinase inhibitor), and cycloheximide (an inhibitor of de novo protein synthesis) also blocked intracellular SA excretion to the culture medium in the 200 microM but not in the 20 microM SA treatment. These data support the existence of alternative SA excretion pathways in tobacco suspension-cultured cells. Tobacco cells may use both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent excretion pathways to cope with different intracellular SA status, and the pathway influenced by EGTA, reduced glutathione, staurosporine, and cycloheximide is activated by SA at 200 microM, but not at 20 microM.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed2004

Inhibition of cardiac mitochondrial respiration by salicylic acid and acetylsalicylate.

Acetylsalicylate, the active ingredient in aspirin, has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Because of the increasing frequency with which salicylates are used, it is important to more fully characterize extra- and intracellular processes that are altered by these compounds. Evidence is provided that treatment of isolated cardiac mitochondria with salicylic acid and to a lesser extent acetylsalicylate resulted in an increase in the rate of uncoupled respiration. In contrast, both compounds inhibited ADP-dependent NADH-linked (state 3) respiration to similar degrees. Under the conditions of our experiments, loss in state 3 respiration resulted from inhibition of the Krebs cycle enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH). Kinetic analysis indicates that salicylic acid acts as a competitive inhibitor at the alpha-ketoglutarate binding site. In contrast, acetylsalicylate inhibited the enzyme in a noncompetitive fashion consistent with interaction with the alpha-ketoglutarate binding site followed by enzyme-catalyzed acetylation. The effects of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylate on cardiac mitochondrial function may contribute to the known cardioprotective effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin, as well as to the toxicity associated with salicylate overdose.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combined cryotherapy/70% salicylic acid treatment for plantar verrucae.

Although common, warts are inconsistently treated by any single method. The authors present a review of the literature for various treatments with regard to the methodology and success rate of each treatment modality. The authors also present a therapeutic regimen of combined cryotherapy/ 70% salicylic acid. This treatment involves in-office application of the cryogenic agent and daily application of 70% salicylic acid by the patient. The cryotherapy was combined with daily patient application of salicylic acid to increase destruction of the verruca. In a study of 29 patients with 65 warts, the authors found this method successful in 58 warts in 25 patients, showing a 89.2% rate of eradication of verrucae in 86.2% of patients. The method is recommended due to its consistent efficacy in the patient population, and its relatively gentle and noninvasive approach.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1986

Sex differences in salicylic acid metabolism in Nigerian subjects.

The urinary metabolites of a single dose (1 g) of salicylic acid were investigated in black Nigerian subjects (78 females 44 males). Qualitatively, the major metabolites were the glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates. Quantitatively, there was a statistically significant difference in the level of these metabolites between female and male subjects (P less than 0.001) (using Student's t-test). The results of the present study compared with earlier published data show a statistically significant quantitative difference between black Nigerians and Caucasians (P less than 0.001). The results suggest possible racial and sex differences in the metabolism of salicylic acid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Stimulation of jasmonic acid production in Zea mays L. infected by the maize rough dwarf virus-Río Cuarto. Reversion of symptoms by salicylic acid.

In the present paper we study the possible biological relevance of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and exogenous salicylic acid (SA) in a plant-microbial system maize-virus. The virus disease "Mal de Río Cuarto" is caused by the maize rough dwarf virus-Río Cuarto. The characteristic symptoms are the appearance of galls or "enations" in leaves, shortening of the stem internodes, poor radical system and general stunting. Changes in JA and protein pattern in maize control and infected plants of a virus-tolerant cultivar were investigated. Healthy and infected-leaf discs were collected for JA measurement at different post-infection times (20, 40, 60 and 68 days). JA was also measured in roots on day 60 after infection. For SDS-PAGE protein analysis, leaf discs were also harvested on day 60 after infection. Infected leaves showed higher levels of JA than healthy leaves, and the rise in endogenous JA coincided with the enation formation. The soluble protein amount did not show differences between infected and healthy leaves; moreover, no difference in the expression of soluble protein was revealed by SDS-PAGE. Our results show that the octadecanoid pathway was stimulated in leaves and roots of the tolerant maize cultivar when infected by this virus. This finding, together with fewer plants with the disease symptoms, suggest that higher foliar and roots JA content may be related to disease tolerance. SA exogenous treatment caused the reversion of the dwarfism symptom.

Cyclopentanes↗
PubMed1999

Effects of salicylic acid derivatives on red blood cell membranes.

Salicylamide, sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are salicylic acid derivates. They differ in their substitution on the benzene ring and may have different effects on membranes. Red blood cells were used as a prototypical cellular system regarding drug mediated plasma bilayer effects. Established photometric methods sensing tiny changes of red blood cell morphology at rest (red blood cell shape) and at very low shear forces (red blood cell stiffness, red blood cell relaxation time) were applied. The derivative induced effects were detected in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Salicylamide induced a most pronounced echinocytic shape at 5 mM. The shape effect was smaller above as well as below 5 mM. Sodium salicylate induced echinocytes with increasing concentrations showing a saturation above 10 mM. In contrast, the shape was not affected by acetylsalicylic acid. All shape changes occurred within 2 min, and were reversible. The above tendencies were in parallel to a slight red blood cell stiffening. The relaxation time continuously increased with increasing concentrations in both salicylamide and sodium salicylate, with salicylamide always acting stronger. Acetylsalicylic acid again showed no effect. We hypothesize that the observed effects of sodium salicylate and salicylamide are due to their phenolic character mediating a molecular hydrophobicity. According to the bilayer couple hypothesis this would lead to an insertion into the red blood cells outer plasma bilayer leaflet. The extension induced here would cause a positive membrane bending leading to echinocytic shapes and the observed loss of red blood cell fluidity. In contrast, the hydrophilic aspirin would penetrate and thus not affect the red blood cell plasma membrane.

Aspirin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Photodegradation of phenol and salicylic acid by coated rutile-based pigments: a new approach for the assessment of sunscreen treatment efficiency.

The treatments used in many commercial sunscreen pigments (organic additives and inorganic surface coating) to lower the pigments' ability to degrade molecules under photocatalytic conditions are effective in inhibiting the degradation of phenol, but much less effective towards the degradation of salicylic acid. The reason is in the different degradation pathways that phenol and salicylic acid follow under photocatalytic conditions. The treatments are thus effective in inhibiting the degradation pathways initiated by Ti(IV)-*OH(surf) (also named *OH(ads)), as in the case of phenol, but much less effective towards electron-transfer processes involving surface complexes, as in the case of salicylic acid. These results indicate that the techniques currently adopted by the cosmetic industry to develop organic additives for use as pigment treatments are likely to be inadequate. The problem most likely is that treatments are optimized following the inhibition of the photocatalytic degradation of a single model molecule, which results in blocking just one photocatalytic degradation pathway (usually the one initiated by Ti(IV)-*OH(surf)) and not the other (electron transfer processes). The possible implications for sunscreen pigments are briefly discussed, and a new approach for the evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of inorganic sunscreens is proposed.

Catalysis↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of salicylic acid on production of anthracene derivatives in a culture of Rheum palmatum L. in vitro].

Elicitation is a method making use of protective mechanisms of plants to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plants and cultures in vitro. Salicylic acid acts in plants as an inducer of the expression of protective proteins and it can be thus included into biotic elicitors. That is why the present paper examined the effects of five concentrations of salicylic acid on the production of anthracene derivatives by a three-year and a nine-year old culture derived from the root of the intact plant Rheum palmatum L. The culture was cultivated on Murashige-Skoog medium with an addition of 10 mg.l-1 of alpha-naphthylacetic acid. It follows from the results that increase in production after elicitation is higher in the three-year old culture than in the nine-year old one and elicitation of suspension culture is more successful than elicitation of callus culture. The maximal content of anthracene derivatives (1.418%), detected by a photometric essay according to PhBS 4, was demonstrated after a 48-hour action of 1 mM aqueous solution of salicylic acid, when production was increased by 101% in comparison with the control.

Anthracenes↗
PubMed1992

Effect of salicylic acid and calcium on mitochondrial functions.

The rapid mitochondrial uptake of calcium followed by slow release in certain pathophysiological states associated with an increase in intracellular calcium, to normalize the cytoplasmic levels of free calcium, provides an important protective mechanism against calcium cellular toxicity. Salicylic acid, an in vivo metabolite of aspirin, inhibits the uptake and enhances the release of calcium by mitochondria, thereby increasing the levels of cytoplasmic free calcium. The Ca2+ induced mitochondrial swelling is enhanced in the presence of salicylic acid and in which turn leads to loss of biosynthesis of ATP. These results suggest that salicylic acid may promote cellular damage in pathophysiological states associated with increase in intracellular free calcium.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1984

Laryngeal edema as the only symptom of hypersensitivity to salicylic acid and other substances.

Idiosyncrasy to salicylic acid and related substances is well known, the most common symptoms being asthma, rhinorrhea and urticaria. We here describe two cases whose only symptoms were hoarseness and in which inspection revealed laryngeal edema when the patients ingested any of these substances. In cases of chronic recurring hoarseness, a history should be taken with respect to such hypersensitivity and suspect cases should be challenged, since a strict diet may improve the symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Inductive effects of enzymes of salicylic acid derivatives].

In the series of salicylic acids derivatives investigated 3,5-DIS has a large inductive effect of enzymes with respect to the metabolism of xenobiotics: rise in the rate of Cyt. P 450; increase of ethoxycoumarin deethylase, bilirubin glucuronosyl transferase and benzphetamine-N-demethylase activities. This effect is comparable with that of phenobarbital.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMed2000

NPR1 differentially interacts with members of the TGA/OBF family of transcription factors that bind an element of the PR-1 gene required for induction by salicylic acid.

NPR1 is a critical component of the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated signal transduction pathway leading to the induction of defense genes, such as the pathogenesis-related (PR)-1 gene, and enhanced disease resistance. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified several NPR1-interacting proteins (NIPs). Two of these NIPs are members of the TGA/OBF family of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors; this family has been implicated in the activation of SA-responsive genes, including PR-1. Six TGA family members were tested and shown to differentially interact with NPR1: TGA2 and TGA3 showed strong affinity for NPR1; TGA5 and TGA6 exhibited weaker affinity; and TGA1 and TGA4 displayed little or no detectable interaction with NPR1, respectively. Interestingly, the amino-termini of these factors were found to decrease their stability in yeast and differentially affect their apparent affinity toward NPR1. The interacting regions on NPR1 and the TGA factors were also defined. Each of four point mutations in NPR1 that disrupt SA signaling in Arabidopsis completely blocked interaction of NPR1 with TGA2 and TGA3. TGA2 and TGA3 were also found to bind the SA-responsive element of the Arabidopsis PR-1 promoter. These results directly link NPR1 to SA-induced PR-1 expression through members of the TGA family of transcription factors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salicylic acid metabolism in pregnant rats.

The metabolism of salicylic acid was investigated in pregnant rats over the whole gestational period. The results obtained showed no significant difference between pregnant and control animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Partial purification and properties of an inducible uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose-salicylic Acid glucosyltransferase from oat roots.

A salicylic acid (SA)-inducible uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose:SA 3-O-glucosyltransferase was extracted from oat (Avena sativa L. cv Dal) roots. Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography or anion exchange chromatography was used to separate SA from the product, beta-O-d-glucosylsalicylic acid. The soluble enzyme was purified 176-fold with 5% recovery using a combination of pH fractionation, anion exchange, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing chromatography. The partially purified protein had a native molecular weight of about 50,000, an apparent isoelectric point at pH 5.0, and maximum activity at pH 5.5. The enzyme had a K(m) of 0.28 mm for UDP-glucose and was highly specific for this sugar donor. More than 20 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were assayed as potential glucose acceptors. UDP-glucose:SA 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity was highly specific toward SA (K(m) = 0.16 mm). The enzyme was inhibited by UDP and uridine 5'-triphosphate but not by up to 7.5 mm uridine 5'-monophosphate.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Increased secretion of insulin but unchanged secretion of growth hormone in hyperglycaemic type II diabetics treated with acetyl-salicylic acid.

The effect of acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA, 3 g/d for three days) on basal and arginine-stimulated concentrations of insulin and growth hormone was studied in seven type II diabetics. From 120 min before until 120 min after the infusion of arginine-hydrochloride (30 g/30 min) blood glucose concentrations were clamped at hyperglycaemic levels both during treatment with ASA (blood glucose: 12.7 +/- 1.2 mmol/l) and during a control experiment without ASA (blood glucose: 12.9 +/- 1.3 mmol/l). Concentrations of serum insulin in the hyperglycaemic state prior to arginine infusion were increased during treatment with ASA, whereas increments of serum insulin induced by i.v. arginine were unaffected. No difference was seen in either basal or stimulated concentrations of growth hormone. Thus, ASA enhances glucose-induced secretion of insulin in type II diabetics but fails to potentiate the glucose-dependent suppression of arginine-stimulated growth hormone release. In contrast to the pancreatic beta-cell the glucose-sensitive regulatory mechanism of growth hormone release appears to be unaffected by the inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Transdermal delivery of salicylic acid in the treatment of viral papillomas.

Healthy adult (New Zealand, Dutch Belt, and Wild) rabbits were infected with rabbit papilloma virus (Shope variety). The resultant papillomas were treated with salicylic acid in a new transdermal drug delivery system utilizing a karaya gum glycol matrix. Biopsy samples of treated papillomas were taken at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after initiation of treatment and examined by electron microscopy. The observed changes during the course of treatment indicated that the karaya gum glycol matrix effectively released salicylic acid into the stratum corneum. Further, the rate of delivery of salicylic acid was such that the desired keratolytic activity was achieved with minimal inflammatory response.

Administration, Cutaneous↗