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PubMed1988

Prediction of early retirement on the basis of a health examination. An 11-year follow-up of 264 male employees in a Swedish pulp and paper company.

In a Swedish pulp and paper company 264 men in the age groups 36, 46, and 56 years underwent a health examination in 1972. An 11-year follow-up in respect of early retirement was performed. On the basis of collected data, five scales to assess work ability were established. The scales were (i) self-assessment of health and work capacity, (ii) the doctor's evaluation of general medical work capacity, (iii) the doctor's assessment of medical adaptation to work, (iv) aerobic work capacity, predicted from a submaximal bicycle test, and (v) work performance, determined from an interview with the subject's nearest superior. Multivariate analysis of the five scales and about 30 other variables showed that general medical work capacity was one of the strongest predictors of early retirement. It was also shown that the medical variables were better predictors of early retirement than the psychological and sociological ones. It was concluded that it is possible to predict early retirement on the basis of a health examination within an occupational health organization.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Participation in employer-sponsored wellness programs before and after retirement.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate wellness program participation before and after retirement. METHODS: This retrospective cohort design compares 3 groups of employees: 1998-1999 retirees (N=6065), 1994-1995 retirees (N=5862), and 21,176 employees who were still active as of 2002. Participation was compared over 2 time periods for high-intensity and low-intensity programs. RESULTS: Significantly different participation rates were found among the 3 groups specific to program intensity. Participation before retirement is associated with higher participation after retirement regardless of program intensity (OR=3.8 for overall participation). CONCLUSIONS: Wellness programs can attract retirees, especially if they participated before retirement and are offered a variety of programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Passing the torch. Medical staff retirement planning maintains continuity of care.

A medical staff retirement program can ensure long-term accessibility to care for the community and financial viability for the hospital. Thus hospitals should become actively involved in the physician retirement planning process. By so doing, they can preserve a patient base that may have taken years to develop and, once lost, may be difficult to recover. To establish a successful medical staff retirement plan, hospitals should: 1. Analyze medical staff demographics. 2. Set procedures for determining the practice's value. 3. Develop an approach for financing the sale. 4. Define the hospital's role as a financial intermediary in the sale. 5. Determine whether the hospital will share costs with the seller. 6. Establish a communication plan to introduce the retirement program to the medical staff. In the sale of a physician's practice, some of the hospital's options include purchasing the practice, helping the seller find an associate to purchase the practice, initiating a group at the hospital and merging the practices into the group, or simply providing the physician with moral support.

Communication↗
PubMed1994

Responsibility for retirement planning shifts to employees.

In recent years, organizations have shifted away from offering their employees defined benefit plans that promise specified income streams to employees when they retire. Instead, they are offering employees defined contribution plans, which rely on investment performance, as directed by plan participants, to generate sufficient retirement income. Healthcare financial managers who work in organizations that offer retirement plans for their employees find themselves increasingly prevailed upon to play the role of instructor to plan participants. While some financial managers may not relish the role, the more successful financial managers are at helping plan participants achieve their retirement income goals, the better the chance of healthcare organizations avoiding future liability problems.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life after retirement. Interview by Barbara J. Linney.

Are you thinking about retirement? Here are interviews with four physician executives who have made the transition. Some are recently retired, while others have been retired for many years. The good news is that all of them are productive and exploring interests and hobbies that their careers had taken precedence over. All of them were asked the following: (1) How have you felt about retirement? (2) What are some interesting things you've done? (3) What advice would you give to others who are planning for it?

Physician Executives↗
PubMed2000

A benefit of one's own: older women's entitlement to Social Security retirement.

This article explores differences in Social Security eligibility and benefit levels for older men and women using survey data from the Health and Retirement Study combined with administrative records on actual work histories and Social Security rules. We are able to determine the fully insured status of those persons, how close they are to meeting eligibility criteria when they are not fully insured, and their prospects for benefits. Around three-quarters of older women nearing retirement today will be fully insured for Social Security old-age benefits on the basis of their own accounts, but the rest would need substantial extra employment to rise above the eligibility threshold. Further, two-thirds of older married women who are fully insured have sufficient lifetime earnings to translate into an age-65 primary insurance amount worth at least half their husband's, but the other one-third can expect no additional retirement benefit from contributing to Social Security late in life. Finally, most wives will not be able to improve their benefits by working more under current rules. These results have mixed implications regarding the potential impact of women's rising labor force attachment on eventual retirement benefits. Working more years could increase women's chances of becoming eligible for Social Security benefits, but that effect is likely to be small. Furthermore, even when women do become fully insured according to the rules, not many wives will receive a higher benefit at the margin. The reason is that married women still receive higher Social Security benefits as a spouse than they do on the basis of their own work record. In fact, the net benefit from Social Security due to additional work is negative once one takes into account the Social Security contributions the women paid while employed. Benefits paid to widows are even more likely to be based on the spouse's work history rather than on the woman's. Hence, the rising labor market attachment of women in the future may increase their eligibility for benefits but will produce only modest (and often negative) impacts on their old-age Social Security benefits under current rules.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New retirement plan designs based on new laws and regulations.

Retirement plan design laws have recently undergone changes that could provide significant benefits to physicians. The issues are complex, however. Effective retirement plan strategies for physicians must be crafted to align with specific goals; no clear "best choice" plan exists. This article outlines the intricacies of various funding options for retirement benefits for physicians and medical office staff. Several examples illustrate several of the permutations that are available to achieve a variety of goals. Physicians seeking to maximize benefits while minimizing economic impact should seek counsel from a competent expert on retirement plan design.

Group Practice↗
PubMed2003

Retirements at risk: employees lack a comprehensive, realistic view of resources and needs.

Employees who are following conventional retirement-planning advice will be in for a rude awakening as they approach retirement and discover that they can't afford to retire just yet or are likely to outlive their retirement funds. The article discusses how we have arrived at this point, what the implications are, and what both employers and employees can do to remedy the situation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Retirement income adequacy: good news or bad?

Estimating replacement rate targets, and using them to assess the current state of retirement savings adequacy, has been the focus of much attention and analysis. Building on his earlier work published in Benefits Quarterly, the author conceptually defines retirement income adequacy, estimates replacement rate targets and reviews research on the current state of baby boomers' retirement savings. He concludes that, despite existing data limitations, researchers have made considerable strides in recent years in thinking about saving for retirement and the adequacy of workers' preparation for it. These advances suggest that singular rules of thumb for replacement rates are naive and that estimates should take into account the unforeseen risks that individuals face.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

[Morbidity and early retirement among teachers at vocational schools].

AIM OF THE STUDY: Teachers at vocational schools often feel overburdened and emotionally exhausted. The aim of our study was to gather new evidence-based information on the type and extent of the morbidity spectrum and health-related early retirement of teachers at vocational schools, using objective parameters and larger numbers of cases. METHODS: In a prospective total assessment (the entire state of Bavaria) over the period of 1996-1999 all official medical examinations among teachers of vocational schools in the public health centres were evaluated with regard to premature unfitness for work. The analysis included for example socio-demographic/occupational factors, the morbidity spectrum, assessment of performance, rehabilitation and a comparison of the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders and rehabilitation among disabled teachers of various types of schools in Bavaria ("Erlanger Lehrerstudie"). The answers given in a standardised, anonymous questionnaire provided the database. Evaluation was carried out by means of descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the 451 teachers studied, 31% (n=138) were women and 69%(n=313) were men. The median age was 56 years (range: 29-62 years). 70% (n=314) of the teachers were assessed to be unfit for work. The main reasons for early retirement were psychic and psychosomatic illnesses (F-ICD10) which made up 53% of the cases. Among the psychiatric diagnoses, depressive disorders (43%) and burnout syndrome (16%) dominated. The most frequent somatic diseases were muscular/skeletal disorders (M-ICD10) in 13% of cases, then cardiovascular disorders (I-ICD10) in 7% and malignant tumours (C-ICD10) in 7% of cases. In the gender-based analysis the relative frequency of psychiatric disorders (58% vs. 50%) and malignant tumours (15% vs. 3%--difference of statistical significance) was higher in women than in men, while the prevalence of cardiovascular (3% vs. 9%) and muscular/ skeletal disorders (6% vs. 16%--difference of statistical significance) was lower in women than in men. 63% (n=198) of the teachers assessed unfit for work had participated in at least one medical rehabilitation measure before early retirement. CONCLUSIONS: The main reason for early retirement of teachers at vocational schools is mental ill health. Beyond this fact there is a striking gender difference in the psychic and somatic morbidity. Measures of prevention and intervention would have to focus on mental health at the workplace and also take gender aspects into consideration.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Occupational influences on retirement, disability, and death.

This research examines the alternative mechanisms by which occupations influence the nature and timing of older men's labor force withdrawal. We specifically assess the extent to which occupational factors operate directly and indirectly on exiting events and whether occupations constrain traditional determinants of labor force participation. Based on a discrete-time hazard modeling approach, the results substantiate that the occupational task activities--substantive complexity and physical demands--are key elements of the work environment that are evaluated against nonwork alternatives. In the case of retirement, these aspects of occupational attractiveness function as a dominant and direct force in retirement decision making. With regard to disability, the occupational attribute of substantive complexity operates as an indirect advantage (through higher wages) by reducing the risk of disability. Indicators of career continuity also influence retirement among older workers. Finally, the results suggest that financial characteristics and health problems are central to the distribution of older workers across the alternative destination statuses of retirement, disability, and death.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adjustment to early retirement in males].

The article deals with pre-retirement as a critical life-event in the livespan of men. The empirical study shows modes of experiencing and adapting to pre-retirement. The predictors of adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement, as well as consequences of retirement in social participation are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

New retirees and the stability of the retirement decision.

Examination of the benefit awards data under the social security program may furnish at least partial answers to two questions: What is the estimated number retiring each year? How long do they stay retired? The calculation presented here of the number retiring in 1971 takes into account the fact that the date of the award is not necessarily the actual date of retirement. The difference has been accentuated since Medicare began and individuals have been filing for benefits solely to obtain hospital insurance protection, continuing to earn at a level that precludes receipt of benefits under the earnings test. This study of the data on payable benefits indicates that only a small proportion of retirees lose benefits because of their return to work within 3 years after award.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Age retirement in women. III. An odontological study.

This study presents data from clinical, roentgenological and interview examinations of 116 women at the age of retirement from work. The study was part of a comprehensive investigation including general health, health behaviour and psychological status. The women were examined 5 months before and 5 months after retirement. Oral status as well as dental health behaviour was recorded. Forty per cent had been treated with removable dentures of different types; 14 women were edentulous in both jaws. The dentate women had on an average 19.8 teeth, of which 83% were either filled or decayed. Eighty-one per cent claimed that they visited a dentist regularly and about 80% actually did so during the observation period. A majority of these were included in a recall system. Almost 1/3 experienced oral dryness, occasionally or constantly. Oral dryness was combined with a somewhat higher frequency of decayed surfaces. About 22% considered themselves to have, from a dental point of view, improved their eating habits after retirement. The study shows no evidence of decline in oral health behaviour after retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Income of retirement-aged persons in the United States.

This article reviews the composition and level of retirement income in the United States and how this has changed over time, focusing on two overlapping but distinct groups--the entire population aged 65 or older, and recent retirees. Changes in the composition of income of the aged over the past 20-30 years, including greatly expanded Social Security and pension coverage and an increasing number of persons with retirement savings, have improved the economic status of the aged not only in comparison with the aged in earlier years, but also in comparison with younger adults who derive most of their income from earnings. New retired workers are better off than the total aged population in several respects. The younger cohorts now in the labor force will spend more of their working lives in the more favorable conditions now present than was true of past new beneficiaries or the aged as a whole. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to expect that today's workers will enjoy more and larger pensions and increased income from savings to supplement their Social Security benefits when they retire.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Reported reasons retired workers left their last job: findings from the New Beneficiary Survey.

About a third of all new retired-worker beneficiaries who had stopped work reported that the main reason they left their last job was a desire to retire. The existence of health problems was the next most frequently given reason, and it was reported by about a fourth of the group. These responses were made to questions in the 1982 New Beneficiary Survey, conducted by the Social Security Administration (SSA) in October-December 1982. Recently retired workers not only said they wished to retire, but more of them began receiving benefits at age 62 than at older ages; by age 65 most were beneficiaries. Forty-five percent of the men and almost 54 percent of the women had already left their last job at the time they received their first benefit. Married women in particular had not only stopped work but frequently had left their last job more than 3 years before they received their first benefit check.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Tax impact from elimination of the retirement test.

The OASI eligibility provisions include a retirement test (or earnings test), and in 1979 aged beneficiaries who are under age 72 give up $1 in current benefits for each $2 of annual earnings above $4,500. If the retirement test were eliminated, total OASI payouts would increase because aged workers would no longer forfeit benefits. Aged workers also might increase earnings or delay retirement if this penalty on work effort were removed. Increased earnings would generate additional OASDHI taxes and individual income taxes. This article examines the fiscal effects on OASI benefit payouts and increased tax receipts if the retirement test were eliminated.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Low-back pain and early retirement among Danish semiskilled construction workers.

According to new regulations Danish trade union members are able to retire earlier than normal, at the age of 60-65 a. One of the reasons for retirement might be symptoms of wear and tear, eg, low-back pain. Questionnaires were sent to 157 semiskilled construction workers and 210 members of a reference group. Forty percent of the construction workers reported low-back pain as one of the reasons for retirement, whereas the corresponding percentage of referents was 25. Low-back pain occurred in the year before retirement for 68% of the construction workers and 50% of the reference group. The relationship between low-back pain, selection, and semiskilled construction work is discussed.

Aged↗