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PubMed2006

Effects of combined administration of quercetin, rutin, and extract of white radish sprout rich in kaempferol glycosides on the metabolism in rats.

Quercetin, rutin, the extract of white radish sprout rich in kaempferol glycosides, and their combination were intragastrically administered to Wistar rats to investigate the interactive metabolism of these flavonoids. The combined administration of these flavonoids changed the concentrations of the metabolites in plasma as compared with the concentrations after the administration of a single compound.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Functional diversity of plant-pollinator interaction webs enhances the persistence of plant communities.

Pollination is exclusively or mainly animal mediated for 70% to 90% of angiosperm species. Thus, pollinators provide an essential ecosystem service to humankind. However, the impact of human-induced biodiversity loss on the functioning of plant-pollinator interactions has not been tested experimentally. To understand how plant communities respond to diversity changes in their pollinating fauna, we manipulated the functional diversity of both plants and pollinators under natural conditions. Increasing the functional diversity of both plants and pollinators led to the recruitment of more diverse plant communities. After two years the plant communities pollinated by the most functionally diverse pollinator assemblage contained about 50% more plant species than did plant communities pollinated by less-diverse pollinator assemblages. Moreover, the positive effect of functional diversity was explained by a complementarity between functional groups of pollinators and plants. Thus, the functional diversity of pollination networks may be critical to ecosystem sustainability.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Production of transgenic crops by the floral-dip method.

The application of floral dipping toward the production of transformed plants has been rather limited. However, this procedure has enabled the successful production of transformed Medicago truncatula plants (a model plant for legume genetics) at efficiencies higher than those obtained by tissue culture methods. Indeed, this simple system, without requiring any knowledge of plant tissue culture, has been a breakthrough in the production of the first transgenic radish plants. This root crop is of major importance in the Far East, and the development of such a gene transfer system in radish has enabled agronomically important germplasms to be produced. Although the radish is closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana, it appears the two plants have different mechanisms of T-DNA transfer using floral dip. This chapter describes the simple system that has been adopted in the routine production of transgenic radish.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2006

Generation of composite plants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

Limitations in transformation capability can be a significant barrier in making advances in our understanding of gene function through the use of transgenics. To this end we have developed both tissue culture and non-tissue culture-based methodologies for the production of transgenic roots on wild-type shoots (composite plants). Composite plants are generated by inoculating wild-type shoots with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which subsequently induces the formation of transgenic roots. The composite plant system allows for "in root" testing of transgenes in the context of a complete plant and can be analyzed in a variety of gene function analyses and plant-microbe interaction studies. In this chapter we provide a tissue culture-based composite plant generation system for Arabidopsis and a non-tissue culture based-method for producing composite plants on a variety of dicotyledonous plant species. Composite plants generated using these methods can be treated like "normal plants," planted in soil and grown in greenhouses or in growth chambers. These methods have been shown to work efficiently for many different species of plants including several that are recalcitrant to transformation.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2006

Biosolids-amended soils: Part I. Effect of biosolids application on soil quality and ecotoxicity.

Investigations of potential risk from biosolids generally indicate that land application does not threaten human or ecosystem health, but questions continue to arise concerning the environmental effects of this practice. This research project was initiated to evaluate ecotoxicity resulting from the amendment of soils with biosolids from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Toxicity was evaluated using standard tests, including earthworm mortality, growth, and reproduction; seedling germination and root elongation; microbial respiration; and nematode mortality and reproduction. Nineteen municipal wastewater treatment plants were identified to participate in an initial screening of toxicity, and five were chosen for a more detailed evaluation. In addition, two soils with historically high applications of high-metal biosolids were evaluated. Contaminants examined were zinc, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Single applications had no effect on soil metal concentrations. Coplanar PCBs were not detectable in any of the soils or biosolids. All target organisms were sensitive to reference toxicants. Limited toxicity was observed in a small number of the amended soils, but no patterns emerged. Approximately one-half of the negative effects of biosolids on bioindicators could be attributed to routine properties, such as slight depression of pH and/or elevated salinity. None of the accumulated metal concentrations were excessive, and most would not be considered elevated. These observations suggest that current regulations for application of biosolids to soils are providing adequate ecosystem protection.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Uptake of iron by a vegetable; kaiware daikon (Japanese radish sprout).

Uptake of iron and several other minerals into kaiware daikon (Japanese radish sprout) was investigated by changing their supplementary conditions. The supplementation of calcium sulfate (0.1% (w/v), 230 ppm as calcium ion) and iron (III) chloride (0.1% (w/v), 200 ppm as iron ion) in hydroponics promoted the growth of kaiware daikon ca. 1.0-1.5 cm longer than the control group of no additions, while magnesium sulfate (0.1% (w/ v), 100 ppm as magnesium ion) did not affect the length of sprouts so much, but caused their leaves to grow a little wider. Mineral contents in the sprout were maximal when it was added, at ca. 0.1% (w/v), to the hydroponic solution. In tests regarding iron (II) ion supplementation, the color of the kaiware daikon seeds changed from brownish to black and the sprout did not grow well. In contrast, the iron (III) ion did not affect their color and promoted growth of the sprout. When the seeds were soaked in an iron (II) sulfate (75 ppm) or an ammonium iron (III) citrate (180 ppm) solution for 24 h prior to germination, the resulting kaiware daikon contained a few times higher the amount of iron than commercially available ones.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Light-emitting diodes as an illumination source for plants: a review of research at Kennedy Space Center.

The provision of sufficient light is a fundamental requirement to support long-term plant growth in space. Several types of electric lamps have been tested to provide radiant energy for plants in this regard, including fluorescent, high-pressure sodium, and metal halide lamps. These lamps vary in terms of spectral quality, which can result in differences in plant growth and morphology. Current lighting research for space-based plant culture is focused on innovative lighting technologies that demonstrate high electrical efficiency and reduced mass and volume. Among the lighting technologies considered for space are light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The combination of red and blue LEDs has proven to be an effective lighting source for several crops, yet the appearance of plants under red and blue lighting is purplish gray, making visual assessment of plant health difficult. Additional green light would make the plant leaves appear green and normal, similar to a natural setting under white light, and may also offer psychological benefits for the crew. The addition of 24% green light (500-600 nm) to red and blue LEDs enhanced the growth of lettuce plants compared with plants grown under cool white fluorescent lamps. Coincidentally, these plants grown under additional green light would have the additional aesthetic appeal of a green appearance.

Biomass↗
PubMed2003

Chemical and irradiation treatments for killing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa, radish, and mung bean seeds.

In this study, the effectiveness of dry-heat treatment in combination with chemical treatments (electrolyzed oxidizing [EO] water, califresh-S, 200 ppm of active chlorinated water) with and without sonication in eliminating Escherichia coli O157:H7 on laboratory-inoculated alfalfa, radish, and mung bean seeds was compared with that of dry-heat treatment in combination with irradiation treatment. The treatment of mung bean seeds with EO water in combination with sonication followed by a rinse with sterile distilled water resulted in reductions of approximately 4.0 log10 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per g. whereas reductions of ca. 1.52 and 2.64 log10 CFU/g were obtained for radish and alfalfa seeds. The maximum reduction (3.70 log10 CFU/g) for mung bean seeds was achieved by treatment with califresh-S and chlorinated water (200 ppm) in combination with sonication and a rinse. The combination of dry heat, hot EO water treatment, and sonication was able to eliminate pathogen populations on mung bean seeds but was unable to eliminate the pathogen on radish and alfalfa seeds. Other chemical treatments used were effective in greatly reducing pathogen populations on radish and alfalfa seeds without compromising the quality of the sprouts, but these treatments did not result in the elimination of pathogens from radish and alfalfa seeds. Moreover, a combination of dry-heat and irradiation treatments was effective in eliminating E. coli O157:H7 on laboratory-inoculated alfalfa, radish, and mung bean seeds. An irradiation dose of 2.0 kGy in combination with dry heat eliminated E. coli O157:H7 completely from alfalfa and mung bean seeds, whereas a 2.5-kGy dose of irradiation was required to eliminate the pathogen completely from radish seeds. Dry heat in combination with irradiation doses of up to 2.0 kGy did not unacceptably decrease the germination percentage for alfalfa seeds or the length of alfalfa sprouts but did decrease the lengths of radish and mung bean sprouts.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2004

Irradiation to kill Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on ready-to-eat radish and mung bean sprouts.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in eliminating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on commercial ready-to-eat radish and mung bean sprouts and to assess the chemical and physical quality of these sprouts. The use of ionizing radiation was investigated as a means of reducing or totally inactivating these pathogens, if present, on the sprouts. Treatment of mung bean and radish sprouts with a dose of 1.5 and 2.0 kGy, respectively, significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella to nondetectable limits. The total vitamin C content was gradually reduced with the increase in irradiation dose (P < 0.0001). However, the effect of storage interval on the loss of vitamin C was nonsignificant for radish sprouts and significant for mung bean sprouts (P < 0.04). The color, firmness, and overall visual quality of the tested sprouts were acceptable when effective doses were applied to both radish and mung bean sprouts. Therefore, ionizing radiation could be useful in reducing the population of pathogens on sprouts and yet retain acceptable quality parameters.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of fertilization-to-planting and fertilization-to-harvest intervals for safe use of noncomposted bovine manure in Wisconsin vegetable production.

Fresh bovine manure was mechanically incorporated into loamy sand and silty clay loam Wisconsin soils in April 2004. At varying fertilization-to-planting intervals, radish, lettuce, and carrot seeds were planted; crops were harvested 90, 100, 110 or 111, and 120 days after manure application. As an indicator of potential contamination with fecal pathogens, levels of Escherichia coli in the manure-fertilized soil and presence of E. coli on harvested vegetables were monitored. From initial levels of 4.0 to 4.2 log CFU/g, E. coli levels in both manure-fertilized soils decreased by 2.4 to 2.5 log CFU/g during the first 7 weeks. However, E. coli was consistently detected from enriched soil samples through week 17, perhaps as a result of contamination by birds and other wildlife. In the higher clay silty clay loam soil, the fertilization-to-planting interval affected the prevalence of E. coli on lettuce but not on radishes and carrots. Root crop contamination was consistent across different fertilization-to-harvest intervals in silty clay loam, including the National Organic Program minimum fertilization-to-harvest interval of 120 days. However, lettuce contamination in silty clay loam was significantly (P < 0.10) affected by fertilization-to-harvest interval. Increasing the fertilization-to-planting interval in the lower clay loamy sand soil decreased the prevalence of E. coli on root crops. The fertilization-to-harvest interval had no clear effect on vegetable contamination in loamy sand. Overall, these results do not provide grounds for reducing the National Organic Program minimum fertilization-to-harvest interval from the current 120-day standard.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of raw radish on pharmacological action of ginseng].

Ginseng decoction can increase the memory-improvement, weary-resistance, antihypoxia, sedation in mice, and increase the weight of spleen and accessory sexual gland, but reduce the weight of thymus. Raw radish can decrease these pharmacological effects in varying degrees, except the sedation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Cycling and balance of copper in farmland ecosystem of Jianghan plain in Hubei Province].

The cycling and balance of copper in 8 cropping systems, i.e., wheat-rice, rice-rice, rape-soybean, rape-peanut, wheat-sesame, wheat-cotton, pepper-cabbage and radish-eggplant in Jianghan plain of Hubei Province were studied. The results showed that the main output of copper was crop harvesting, up to 85.9%-95.1% of total output, and the output of copper by field runoff and soil leaching was low. The main inputs of copper were organic fertilizer, rainfall, falldrop, and natural return. The inputs of copper from inorganic fertilizer and seeds (seedlings) were low. The balance analysis pointed out that copper had an accumulative trend in two patterns of rice and commercial vegetable ecosystem, and was in balance in upland field ecosystem.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

[The acting spectra simulating and planting of high yield radish].

The acting spectra for the photosynthesis of radish were investigated by the reflection spectra of radish leaves. It was found that the reflection spectrum of radish leaves and the acting spectrum required for photosynthesis were similar to a reflection peak at 550 nm and two absorption bands around wavelengths of 440 and 680 nm. The fluorescent auxiliary and colorant were dispersed in macromolecule resin to make the photo-ecology agricultural film, hence simulating the acting spectra of crops. The fluorescence spectrum of photo-ecology film showed two emission bands at the wavelengths of 616 and 660 nm which overlap the band of 680 nm in the acting spectrum. In the excitation spectra of the film, a peak was found at the wavelength of 550 nm, the same as the reflection band of radish leaves. As a result of this, the solar radiation in the wavelength range of red could be enriched by using the photo-ecology film. It was shown that the yield of radish, planted in the greenhouse of the photo-ecology film, had increased by 20.2%.

Ecology↗