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PubMed1996

Perception of the medical risk of spaceflight.

We conducted an opinion survey to improve the characterization of medical risk during spaceflight, using a questionnaire designed to elicit space medicine experts' perceptions of the probability, health effect, and mission impact of selected medical events occurring during spaceflight missions of 30-90 d. This questionnaire was directed toward those events about which little data currently exist, therefore medical events that have occurred during spaceflights with some frequency, such as space motion sickness, were excluded from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was mailed to 99 clinical and research professionals involved with NASA medical programs; 65 responses were returned, of which 60 could be analyzed. The experts rated skin disorders as the most likely to occur, but which would have little effect on mission completion or astronaut health. Circulatory diseases were rated as having the lowest probability of occurrence, but the highest effect on the mission or on a crewmember's health. The results of this survey will be combined with data from analogous populations and existing astronaut health data to establish a data set to support decisions about allocation of health care resources.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

A survey of the intended management of acute postoperative pain by newly qualified doctors in the south west region of England in August 1992.

A questionnaire designed to assess the knowledge of newly qualified house officers about the management of postoperative pain, was sent to 203 preregistration house officers in the South West region of England. The questionnaire sought information on the following: (1) the prescription of postoperative analgesia for four clinical cases, (2) the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with six medical conditions, and (3) the management of a patient who had an epidural infusion. The response rate was 26% (54 house officers) and only 13% of those circulated answered all four clinical cases appropriately. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was often inappropriate. The management of the patient with a postoperative epidural infusion was inadequate when compared with a minimum safe response protocol designed by the authors. The poor theoretical and practical knowledge demonstrated in this survey indicates that urgent changes are required in the undergraduate curriculum to take account of the recent revolution in the management of severe postoperative pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Is there a role for computerized decision support for drug dosing in general practice? A questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine: (i) whether general practitioners have difficulty with drug dosing; (ii) what information sources they currently use to help them with drug dosing; (iii) their views on the potential value of decision support software for drug dosing. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey. SETTING: Nottingham, U.K. PARTICIPANTS: 263 general practitioners (GPs). RESULTS: The response rate was 78% (263/336). Most GPs reported difficulties with drug dosing for children, the elderly and patients with renal impairment. Compared with 'patients in general', GPs had particular difficulties in drug dosing for these specific groups (P < 0.001). Paper-based formularies were the most common source of information for help with drug doses. Nevertheless, most GPs had positive views on the potential usefulness of computerized decision support. CONCLUSION: GPs commonly have problems in drug dosing for certain groups of patients. The development and use of computerized decision support might help GPs in these situations.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1987

Self-efficacy and the control of anxious cognitions.

This study was designed to explore the possibility that Bandura's notion of self-efficacy can be applied to control over cognitions as well as behavior. Subjects were asked to complete questionnaires designed to measure their dental anxiety, the number of their negative self-statements about a dental appointment and their perceived ability to control these thoughts. Subjects with low anxiety claimed to experience fewer negative thoughts than those with moderate or high anxiety, and also to have more control over these thoughts. Subjects believed that the extent of their control would decline as the appointment approached in time, but least for the low anxiety group and most for the high anxiety group. Finally, differences in self-efficacy scores between anxiety groups were maintained when the number of negative thoughts was controlled for, but differences in negative thinking between anxiety levels were not maintained when self-efficacy was controlled for. These results suggest that anxiety is more closely related to thinking processes than content.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Validity and reliability of parental report of frequency, severity and risk factors of urinary tract infection and urinary incontinence in children.

PURPOSE: We describe the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to determine frequency, severity and risk factors of urinary tract infection and daytime urinary incontinence in primary school-age children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on published validated questionnaires and advice from content experts, a questionnaire was developed and piloted in children attending outpatient clinics. Construct validity for parent report of frequency and severity of daytime urinary incontinence was tested by comparison with a daily accident diary in 52 primary school children, and criterion validity of parent report for UTI was verified by comparison with the reference standard (urine culture) in 100 primary school children. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was assessed in 106 children from primary schools. RESULTS: There was excellent agreement between the questionnaire and accident diary in severity (weighted kappa 0.94, 95% confidence intervals 0.85 to 1.03) and frequency of daytime urinary incontinence (0.88, 0.7 to 1.0). Parents reported urinary tract infection in 15% of children, compared to a positive urine culture in 8% (sensitivity 100% and specificity 68.5%). Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was excellent (mean k 0.78, range 0.61 to 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Parents overreport UTI by about 2-fold but can recall frequency and severity of daytime urinary incontinence well during a 3-month period. The developed questionnaire is a valid tool to estimate frequency, severity and risk factors of daytime urinary incontinence and UTI in primary school children.

Child↗
PubMed2003

An international field study of the reliability and validity of a disease-specific questionnaire module (the QLQ-OV28) in assessing the quality of life of patients with ovarian cancer.

This study defines the psychometric properties of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) quality of life (QOL) questionnaire designed to measure the QOL of patients with ovarian cancer. The ovarian cancer module (EORTC QLQ-OV28) was developed to supplement the EORTC QLQ-C30. The core questionnaire and the QLQ-OV28 were prospectively administered to 368 ovarian cancer patients after they had been treated with radical or debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. The QLQ-OV28 module assesses abdominal/gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, other chemotherapy side-effects, hormonal/menopausal symptoms, body image, attitude to disease/treatment and sexual functioning. Questionnaires were well accepted by patients, baseline compliance rates were 86%, 72% provided a second assessment, less than 3% of the items had missing data. Multi-trait scaling analyses confirmed the hypothesised scales. All hypothesised scales exhibited good psychometric properties. These results support the clinical and psychometric validity of the EORTC QLQ-OV28 module as a supplement to the EORTC QLQ-C30.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life: questionnaires and questions.

Quality of life (QoL) is a phrase often used in health care settings at policy and administration levels, in clinical assessments of therapies, and in clinical management of individual cases. While QoL is a broad concept that covers such areas as social, environmental, economic, and health satisfaction, health-related quality of life (HRQL) is less wide ranging, including mental and physical health and their consequences. First, I question the singularity of HRQL, suggesting there are at least two distinct meanings of HRQL. Second, questionnaires designed to assess individual patients' HRQL allow a limited range of ways for patients to express their state of being. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36), which operationalises HRQL for a traditional clinical setting, is used to show in detail the restricted options that are available for patient respondents. The communications limitations of utility-based measures, designed as cost-effectiveness measures but often used as though they were HRQL instruments, are also discussed. For assessing the HRQL of individuals in a health setting, such questionnaires can provide only a starting point, which should be supplemented with good interaction and communication.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2007

Factors affecting future choice of specialty among first-year medical students of the University of the West Indies, Trinidad.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine factors that influence career choice among 1st-year medical students. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 170 1st-year medical students from the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus was undertaken with a questionnaire designed to assess their perceptions of careers in various specialties. Likert scales were used to quantify the reasons for their preferences. RESULTS: The response rate was 136/170 (80%). The age of respondents ranged from 16 to 36 years, mean 20.45, SD 2.88. Of the generic factors students considered important in their choice of a specialty, students ranked the ability to help patients the highest (rating of 1.44), along with the diagnosis and treatment of disease second (rating of 1.49); 38 (27.9%) cited medicine, 26 (19.1%) surgery, 13 (9.6%) paediatrics, 10 (7.4%) family practice and 4 (2.9%) psychiatry as their chosen career. Students begin their medical training with the view that a career in psychiatry is less attractive than other specialties surveyed. The average attractiveness was estimated as surgery 1.64, medicine, 1.81, paediatrics 1.95 and psychiatry 2.57. The differences between the averages were highly significant (F = 57.6, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that although 1st-year medical students rank the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the ability to help patients as the greatest influence in choosing a specialty, internal medicine was the most popular chosen career, while the surgical specialties were identified as the most attractive. Medical students have serious reservations about psychiatry as a career choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Development of a questionnaire to measure concern for dental appearance.

100 adults, selected for cosmetic dental treatment in a general dental practice, completed a 42-item questionnaire designed, on the basis of previous research and the author's clinical experience, to measure concern for dental appearance. This had high internal consistency and was reduced to a questionnaire of 23 items with internal consistency shown by a standardised Cronbach alpha of .84. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation identified six factors, the main one appearing to be a measure of concern for dental appearance. The high internal consistency suggests that the total score for the revised questionnaire is a measure of a construct, concern for dental appearance. Although the simplest measure of that may be contained in the items for the first factor, a much larger sample would be necessary to confirm the complex factor structure and so the questionnaire's total score is probably the more reliable measure at present. A study is summarised showing that the total score provides a measure that, in statistical regression analysis, may predict the intentions of adults to take care of the appearance of their teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Drug free universities--trends in illicit drugs use among Kraków university students.

Social survey by questioning people is a significant source of information, valuable for planning and developing of prophylactic strategies. An illicit drugs use among a first-year students of Kraków's universities and factors determining the usage were analysed. The research by completing the questionnaire designed by National Bureau for Drug Prevention, Poland was performed in 725 a first-year students of six Kraków's universities. The students were asked to complete the questionnaire confidentially, while the lecture on psychoactive substances. 83.6% of those polled know some students who use a drugs, 38.3% already initiated into drugs, 61.9% reported that they needed at least one day to get drugs. The male students reach for drugs more often then females, and those first-year students being already 20 years old compared to the younger. The greater risk was also noted among students who rent apartments or when a parents earned together more than 3500 PLN. The medical students reached for drugs more rarely than the others. Our survey is one of the first source of information about trends in the drugs usage by Kraków's students. The results will help to develop a preventive standards and creation of effective anti-drugs campaign to be accomplished by college authorities and the Kraków Environmental Diseases Out-patient Clinic for students and academic teachers. The clinic was organised in 2004.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Estimation of salt intake by questionnaire.

A questionnaire designed to assess salt intake was tested. This involved principal components analysis of responses from 155 subjects to find the underlying components related to the questions. Validation of the questionnaire used 7-day urinary sodium excretion for 33 subjects, along with table and cooking salt usage over 7-days. This gave comparatively good prediction for total intake (r = 0.66) and table salt use (r = 0.70) but not for cooking salt use (r = 0.17). Test-retest reliability for the estimate of total intake was r = 0.75. This method would therefore offer a useful estimate of total intake, especially where group means are required rather than accurate estimates of individual intakes.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Steps of the instrument design process. An illustrative approach for nurse educators.

The process of developing a self-report measuring instrument is described, from the original idea through the preliminary study of reliability and validity of the instrument. The specific example used is the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool, a questionnaire designed to measure and evaluate students' confidence for performing general transcultural nursing skills among diverse client populations.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2003

Questionnaire reveals variations in the management of acute first time shoulder dislocations in the Netherlands.

AIM: To collect information about the management of patients with acute first time shoulder dislocation by (orthopaedic) surgeons in the accident and emergency departments of Dutch hospitals. DESIGN: Questionnaires were sent to 131 (orthopaedic) surgeons of 74 Dutch hospitals. METHOD: We enquired whether patients with acute first time shoulder dislocation are managed according to protocols in accident and emergency departments; which radiographs are deemed necessary before and after reduction; which reduction methods are generally performed; and what kind of pain relief or sedatives are generally administered. Furthermore, we enquired into the method and duration of immobilization after reduction. RESULTS: The response rate was 73%. Sixty-five per cent of the hospitals are used to managing acute first time shoulder dislocation according to protocols. Making prereduction and postreduction radiographs is standard practice in almost all hospitals. The most favoured methods of reduction are those according to Kocher and Hippocrates. In 85% of cases sedatives are administered before reduction, and in addition to that systemic analgesia is administered in 30%, whereas intra-articular analgesia is preferred in 25% of cases. CONCLUSION: Apparently, a protocol for the management of acute first time shoulder dislocation is not standardly available in all hospitals. On the basis of current literature and the results of this questionnaire it may be useful to establish a guideline for diagnostic procedures and the management of acute first time shoulder dislocation in accident and emergency departments.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of a career planning workshop on graduate dental hygienists.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a career planning workshop on the career satisfaction, decisions, and plans of graduate dental hygienists. Method. A workshop was designed to teach graduate dental hygienists a systematic process for analyzing their needs and opportunities and making informed, realistic, and satisfying career decisions. This workshop incorporated vocational testing, interpretation by a professional counselor, lecture/discussion, small group interaction, and an accompanying manual of career planning resources and exercises. Sixty-nine dental hygienists attended a two-day workshop in fall 1990. Participants completed data collection instruments consisting of 42-item pre-assessment and 40-item follow-up questionnaires designed by the authors. Sixty-three completed the pre-workshop questionnaire. Fifty-four participants responded to the follow-up questionnaire mailed six months after the workshop. Data analyses included frequency distributions, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Paired t-tests and chi-square statistics were also calculated. Results. Findings from the pre-workshop questionnaire indicated that over 76% of participants had considered leaving their present position and 70% had considered leaving the profession. The six-month follow-up questionnaire revealed that four participants had changed dental hygiene employers and two had left the profession to pursue different careers. Forty-four percent reported that their feelings toward dental hygiene as a career had become more positive since attending the workshop. Pre-workshop to six-month follow-up responses indicated increased mean satisfaction in amount of challenge, compensation/rewards, and overall career satisfaction. Conclusions. The results of this study indicated that career planning workshops, in combination with other methods, are a useful strategy for helping dental hygienists maintain satisfaction, and have the potential to promote career longevity in the dental hygiene profession.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vocal attrition in voice students: survey findings.

A questionnaire designed in part to survey symptoms of vocal attrition and possible factors contributing to it was administered to 79 university female voice students. Of the 74 students (94%) completing the questionnaire, 10 (13%) were free of symptoms, 19 (26%) had few (one or two), and 45 (61%) had multiple (three or more) symptoms. Thirty-five students (47%) had sought medical help for voice problems since they began their singing career. Students with multiple symptoms were significantly more likely to (a) be bothered, frustrated, worried, depressed, or anxious about their voice; (b) quit performance, forgo audition, limit their repertoire, or quit singing altogether; (c) speak in a voice that is too low in pitch; and (d) have a general tendency to worry, be depressed or anxious, or have mood swings. The clinical implications of these and other findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Presence of anti-hepatitis C virus serum markers in a dental school patient population.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has joined the list of infections liver diseases of which the practicing dentist must be aware. This recently described RNA virus causes between 20% to 40% of reported cases of viral hepatitis in the United States. Patients with HCV show symptoms only one quarter of the time, but chronicity is maintained longer than with the other liver infections. The major mode of transmission is percutaneous, so dentists are potentially at risk to contact the virus. To assess the presence of exposure to HCV, a total of 500 dental school patients were screened for serum antibody to this virus (second-generation anti-HCV). In addition, participants were required to fill out a special screening questionnaire designed to indicate high-risk groups. Their serum was also analyzed for serum chemistries known to be associated with acute and chronic liver disease. Analysis of the 15 response questionnaires revealed statistical significance relating to questions inquiring about previous exposure to blood (transfusions, surgical procedures, etc) but little significance relating to lifestyle. In either case responses were not of practical predictive value. More than 5% of our sample patients were found to be positive reactors to anti-HCV, indicating previous HCV exposure. A significant number of those positive for anti-HCV also showed elevation of serum chemistries associated with hepatitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS in northern Thailand: MOS-HIV Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: Translation and psychometric evaluation of a Thai version of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) in Thailand. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand, with data collected in face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire designed to measure 10 scales of quality of life (QOL). We recruited 200 people with HIV/AIDS attending self-help groups in the municipal area. Standard guidelines were followed for questionnaire translation and psychometric evaluations. RESULTS: Item-level internal consistency and discriminant validity were reasonably established. Success rates were 93.8 and 97.4%, respectively. Scale-level internal consistency reliability of multi-item scales was satisfactory, ranging from 0.74 to 0.88, with all exceeding inter-scale correlations. Principal components analysis of item and scale scores identified two hypothesized dimensions of the MOS-HIV. The mental health component was strongly loaded by health distress, mental health, vitality and cognitive function scales, and physical health by role, physical and social functions, and pain scales. Respondents manifesting symptoms or reporting worsening health status scored significantly lower on all scales. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary studies have shown the Thai version of the MOS-HIV to have psychometric properties comparable with those reported in previous surveys. Further testing and modification should make it useful as an HIV-specific QOL measure in Thailand.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers can provide a more accurate measure of long-term intake than can dietary questionnaires. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify which adipose tissue fatty acids are suitable biomarkers of intake as assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. DESIGN: Costa Rican men with a mean (+/- SD) age of 56 +/- 11 y (n = 367) and women aged 60 +/- 10 y (n = 136) completed a 135-item food-frequency questionnaire and provided an adipose tissue sample. Fifty fatty acids were identified by capillary gas chromatography. Correlation coefficients were calculated after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. RESULTS: The best adipose tissue marker for total intake of saturated fatty acids was 15:0 + 17:0 (r = 0.18). Both 15:0 and 17:0 were also the best correlates of dairy product intake (r = 0.31 for each). The diet-adipose tissue correlations for n-3 fatty acids were r = 0.34 for 18:3, r = 0.15 for 20:5, and r = 0.18 for 22:6. Fish intake correlated significantly with these adipose tissue n-3 fatty acids. Dietary and adipose tissue n-6 fatty acids were highly correlated: 18:2 (r = 0.58) and 18:3 (r = 0.24). The best indicators of total trans fatty acid intake were ct18:2n-6 and tc18:2n-6 (r = 0.58 for each); total 18:1 trans fatty acid (r = 0.45) and 16:1 trans fatty acid (r = 0.16) were the next best indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Adipose tissue is a suitable biomarker of dietary fatty acid intake, particularly for n-3 and n-6 cis polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids. Ideally, adipose tissue and dietary questionnaires should complement, rather than substitute for, each other in epidemiologic studies.

Adipose Tissue↗