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PubMed2000

Genetics of sexual development.

In humans, the choice between male or female development is genetically determined. Sex determination occurs as the undifferentiated and bipotential embryonic gonad becomes either testes or ovary. This process is influenced by the action of genes that have been discovered by genetics studies of sex-reversed patients, XY females, XX males, and XX true hermaphrodites. The development of the gonad is better known in males than in females. SRY, a gene located on the Y chromosome, triggers a complex genetic cascade leading to testicular development. Other genes such as DAX1, located on the X chromosome, antagonize the action of SRY and may influence ovarian development. Only a minority of sex-reversed patients can be explained genetically, suggesting that many genes influencing sex determination are yet to be discovered.

Disorders of Sex Development↗
PubMed1991

Psychology and psychopathology in women--a psychoanalytic perspective.

Aspects of the normal psychology and psychopathology of women are discussed in relation to adolescence, young womanhood and motherhood. Perversions of motherhood exist, although they are largely denied by a society which idealises being a mother. This denial may be caused by society's inability to see a woman as a complete human being. The aetiology of perversions in women is both psychobiological and social and it is bound up with the politics of power. Perverse motherhood can be seen as the product of the emotional instability and inadequate individuation brought about by a process involving at least three generations.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Female identity development and self-reflection in late adolescence.

The primary aim of this study was to assess whether the capacity for self-reflection in late adolescent females is related to their level of identity development. It was hypothesized that females characterized by advanced identity status (either identity achievement or moratorium) would exhibit a greater capacity for self-reflection than those characterized by less advanced identity status (foreclosure or diffusion). Of 85 subjects who met the criteria for this study (female college students in the New York City area), 32 fit purely into one of four identity statuses; among this latter group, a t test revealed a significantly higher degree of self-reflection for the advanced identity status subjects. Implications for the psychology of identity are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Flexibility and traditionality in children's gender roles.

The present study examined the correlates of variability in children's gender-role preferences. A multidimensional test battery assessed the traditionality of preferences of 376 kindergarten and third grade children in five different gender role domains, and elicited information about three significant socialization agents (parents, peers, and media). Parents of the children (N = 358) were also interviewed with regard to their attitudes and sex role socialization practices. Predictions were generated from an existing theoretical developmental model. Boys exhibited stronger sex-typed preferences than did girls. Older girls were more flexible and older boys less flexible than were their younger counterparts. In accordance with prediction, two factors were obtained; the first relevant to current gender-related activities, the other to future expectations. Present-oriented gender preferences correlated best with peer perceptions, whereas future expectations (e.g. job aspirations) were best predicted by media choices. Parental data correlated with children's preferences but not as strongly as did the peer and media scales. Predictability of children's gender-role orientations was reasonably high when a number of factors were included, thus supporting the utility of a multidimensional approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Puberty, sexual development and eating disorders in adolescent outpatients.

This study examined puberty and psychosexual state in a clinical sample of adolescents attending for assessment because of eating disorders (ED). A total of 57 adolescents (girls) aged 14-21 years (mean age 16.9 years) having either anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN) were studied by semi-structured interviews and structured self-report questionnaires considering the timing of menarche, dating and attitudes to sexuality. The age at menarche did not differ statistically significantly between AN and BN. It was significantly lower in the BN group than in the normal population, but no statistically significant difference was found between the AN group and normal population. The general attitudes to sexuality were more negative in the AN group than in the BN group. In the AN group, there were also fewer dating experiences and interest in dating than in the BN group. After controlling for the effect of age, age at menarche and duration of ED, negative attitudes to sexuality and no dating experiences were still best predicted by AN. The results suggest different ways of coping with the developmental challenges in sexuality in AN and BN during adolescence.

Adolescent↗