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PubMed2000

Soft-testing of industrial control systems programmed in IEC 1131-3 languages.

This paper presents a technique and the means for testing PLC-based control software outside the actual plant environment with the purpose of increasing the confidence level on the compliance of the software to functional and temporal requirements. The need to obtain a high confidence level on the correct software operation arises from the fact that in most of the cases it is quite dangerous and expensive to test unproved PLC operation by linking it with the actual facilities that it is going to control. The proposed technique relies on a combined simulation of the controlled plant and the PLC system and an analysis of the plant responses. The PLC system simulation imitates the way software is executed on a PLC that is programmed in the languages of the IEC1131-3 standard. It is based on the programming model of the IEC standard and analytical formulae for estimating the program runtime. The simulation of the plant is based on a discrete convolution model that is solved at the same rate with the rate determined by the control algorithms. A tool realizing these concepts has been developed and its use in testing the control software of three critical outputs of a distillation column is demonstrated.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1999

Language plus for international graduate students in nursing.

PURPOSE: To provide information about an English-language support program that focuses on the needs of international graduate nursing students. The growing presence of these students coincides with the increasing numbers of universities committed to world health. Crucial social and language competence affect the success and progress of international students in graduate nursing programs. DESIGN: Reviewed literature was 1980 to 1998, in nursing and applied linguistic research including second-language acquisition, phonology, discourse analysis, and language pragmatics to identify social and language phenomena. FINDINGS: Investigators suggest essential elements such as conventions of academic writing, reading comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation skills be included in the supportive Language Plus program. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing development of the Language Plus program can promote collaboration between nurses and linguists and increase the success of international graduate nursing students.

Communication Barriers↗
PubMed1984

Effects of modeling and corrected practice on generative language learning of preschool children.

A simultaneous treatments design was used to compare the effects of modeling and corrected practice on generative language acquisition of six preschool children. New syntactic forms used to describe agent-action and agent-action-object stimuli were taught concurrently. All six children learned both new syntactic forms. However, generative language learning was accomplished more efficiently with corrected practice, irrespective of the number of words or the linguistic complexity of utterance forms. When modeling was not effective initially, instructing two children to start talking like the model resulted in rapid observational learning. It is suggested that descriptive researchers may have prematurely discounted the possible role of corrected practice in the enhancement of language learning. This analog study indicates that corrected practice should provide a more efficient approach for establishing generalized syntactic responding, at least initially, in language intervention programs.

Child Language↗
PubMed2000

A method for vocabulary development and visualization based on medical language processing and XML.

A comprehensive controlled clinical vocabulary is critical to the effectiveness of many automated clinical systems. Vocabulary development and maintenance is an important aspect of a vocabulary, and should be linked to terms physicians actually use. This paper presents a method to help vocabulary builders capture, visualize, and analyze both compositional and quantitative information related to terms physicians use. The method includes several components: an MLP system, a corpus of relevant reports and a visualization tool based on XML and JAVA.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical skill-building simulations in cardiology: HeartLab and EkgLab.

HeartLab and EkgLab are two simulation-based programs designed to teach medical students the essentials of the auscultatory cardiac examination and of electrocardiogram interpretation, respectively. The issues considered throughout the development of these projects, namely implementation language selection, program architecture, simulation design, patient models, and the approach to verification, are applicable to the design of any simulation-based system.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1980

Language recovery in aphasia: effect of systematic filmed programmed instruction.

This project investigated the effect of systematic filmed programmed instruction on language recovery of aphasic subjects with markedly disturbed communication skills. Fourteen male veterans between 32 and 69 years of age who had suffered cerebrovascular accidents were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group of 7 patients each. All subjects had completed elementary school; the majority had attended high school and several had attended college. Each subject was receiving and continued to receive speech therapy. In addition, the experimental subjects received supplementary filmed programmed instruction while the control group viewed slides, attended bibliotherapy and engaged in other nonprogrammed, activity. Each subject submitted to pretests, midtests, posttests of reading recognition and comprehension, figure background, visual learning, visual closure, and vocabulary. Study of the results and statistical analysis of the data did not show significant improvement either due to speech therapy or filmed programmed instruction for these subjects. The results of this project cannot be generalized because of limitations of number, subject categories, widespread time since onset, and for the experimental group, the filmed material utilized.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Using software agents to maintain autonomous patient registries for clinical research.

A software agent is an application that can function in an autonomous and intelligent fashion. We have used mobile software agents to maintain clinicians' patient research databases (patient registries). Agents were used to acquire data from the clinician and place it into the registries, copy data from hospital databases into the registries, and report data from the registries. The agents were programmed with the intelligence to navigate through complex network security, interact with legacy systems, and protect themselves from various forms of failure at multiple levels. To maximize the separation between our system and the hospital information infrastructure we often used Java, a platform-independent language, to program and distribute our software agents. By using mobile agents, we were able to distribute the computing time required by these applications to underutilized host machines upon which the registries could be maintained.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed1976

Mime in language therapy and clinician training.

A speech pathologist developed a program with language goals which included spontaneous communication, focus, attention span, auditory memory, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and concepts such as body image, spatial relationships, and same and different polarities. The services of a professional mime were used to translate these goals into mimetic activities and to perform the activities in group sessions with the children. In addition, the mime taught the speech clinicians some simple mimetic activities. The subjects were five children with mental retardation, language delay, lack of spontaneity, short attention span and very poor visual and auditory memory. The results suggested increase in spontaneity and attention span in all the children and a facility to remember the illusions depicted for them by the mime. The experience with the mime training for clinicians was also positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the Program of the Feeding and Language Stimulation Centers in 3 Chilean regions].

To evaluate the effect of attendance to a non traditional day care center ("CADEL") on physical and psychomotor development, 366 children aged 2-5 years belonging to 22 centers were studied. Weight and height were measured at 0, 4 and 8 months and weight for age, height for age and weight for height indexes were calculated from WHO/NCHS standards. Psychomotor development at the beginning of the study and 8 months latter through a standard test (TEPSI) was evaluated. Mean weight and height monthly increments were 144 +/- 83 g and 0.54 +/- 0.16 cm, 72 and 90% respectively of normal growth. Protein energy malnutrition prevalence (30.8%) was not modified but subnormal values of psychomotor development (40.9%) decreased during the study (p less than 0.05 global, coordination and motor function). Language retardation did not improve with the attendance to the program. These centers represent low cost alternatives to extended coverage of preschool services for low income families. More active family integration and reinforcement of stimulation and educational activities may improve program effectiveness.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed1992

Future trends in language intervention: addressing cultural bias in service delivery.

In this paper the cultural biases in a widely-used language intervention approach--the Hanen Early Language Parent Program--that trains parents to be conversational partners with their language-delayed children, are explored. In many respects this program represents the best of current clinical practice. It is empirically and theoretically grounded in recent research on parent-child interaction; studies have documented its efficacy; and it is a family-centred approach. And yet, in clinical practice, it does not work with all families. Not surprisingly, these families are often from nonmainstream backgrounds. Potential reasons for the lack of effectiveness with some families become apparent as research on patterns of language socialization in a wide variety of cultures is reviewed. This review reveals that all of the basic premises of this program rest on culturally relative beliefs and values. Specifically considered are cultural variation in (1) aspects of social organization related to interaction, (2) the value of talk, (3) how status is handled in interaction, (4) beliefs about intentionality, and (5) beliefs about teaching language to children. Suggestions for incorporating this information into clinical services with nonmainstream families are offered.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Expert systems for the prediction of ovulation: comparison of an expert system shell (Expertech Xi Plus) with a program written in a traditional language (BASIC).

The use of an expert system shell (EXPERTECH Xi Plus) in the construction of an expert system for the diagnosis of infertility has been evaluated. A module was devised for predicting ovulation from the medical history alone. Two versions of this system were constructed, one using the expert system shell, and the other using QuickBASIC. The two systems have been compared with respect to: (1) ease of construction; (2) ease of knowledge base update; (3) help and explanation facilities; (4) diagnostic accuracy; (5) acceptability to patients and clinicians; (6) user-friendliness and ease of use; (7) use of memory space; and (8) run time. The responses of patients and clinicians were evaluated by questionnaires. The predictions made by the computer systems were compared to the conclusions reached by clinicians and to the "gold standard" of day 21 progesterone. The conclusions of this pilot study are: (1) the construction of this expert system was NOT facilitated by the use of this expert system shell; (2) update of the knowledge base was not facilitated either; (3) the expert system shell offered built-in help and explanation facilities, but as the system increased in complexity these became less useful; (4) after initial adjustment of decision thresholds the diagnostic accuracy of the system equalled that of the clinician; (5) the patient response to computer history-taking was very favorable but much less favorable to computer diagnosis; (6) the clinicians took a positive attitude to computer diagnosis; (7) the systems were easy to use; (8) the expert systems shell required much more memory space and had a much slower response time than the system written in BASIC.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1989

A program package for self-assessment and examination in biochemistry.

A BASIC program has been developed for self-evaluation and testing of an individual's knowledge of main categories in biochemistry. The computer tests permit sequential or random distribution of items, random distribution of answers in each item at each new run, effective feedback control with the student, use of a program clock to determine different time allowance, precise and quick analysis and grading of student's answer thus saving the time and labour of examiners. Editing, deleting and appending of new items is easily achieved. Information is obtained for verifying the quality of the test itself. Examination versions of tests in ten categories have been combined into an annual computer test in biochemistry.

Algorithms↗