[Analysis of the definitive statistics of the 11th General Population and Housing Census].
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Americas↗
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Jordan 1990: results from the demographic and health survey.
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Adolescent↗
Adults' perceptions of the causes and primary prevention of common fatal cancers in New Zealand.
AIMS: To assess population perceptions of the causes and primary prevention of common fatal cancers, and to help inform the New Zealand Cancer Control Strategy. METHODS: A national telephone survey obtained perceptions from a random population sample, 20 years or older, identified from telephone directory listings, supplemented with self-identified Maori from electoral rolls. Quotas were set to recruit population proportions consistent with 1996 Census distributions. RESULTS: The 438 respondents (64% participation) matched 1996 Census distributions for age, sex and ethnicity, but were socioeconomically advantaged. Among women, breast, cervical and lung cancer were most salient; among men, prostate, lung and bowel cancer - partially congruent with population statistics. There was high unprompted awareness that tobacco smoke and sun exposure affect lung cancer and skin cancer risk, respectively, but less awareness of potential protective strategies for other cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of cancer risk and prevention are affected by high-profile programmes. Cancer prevention activities should reflect known risks and the potential for prevention. With high incidence and death rates and potentially modifiable risks, bowel cancer deserves greater attention. A comprehensive cancer prevention strategy needs to go beyond raising awareness and the promotion of individual behavioural change to the development of healthy public policies and practices that create supportive environments for health-promoting behaviours.
Adult↗
[Gene pool and gene geography of the USSR population].
Gene pool and gene geography are discussed from the point of view of their conceptual history beginning from the original concept of A.S. Serebrovskiĭ (1928). Difference between the present-day gene geography and gene geography of gene pool is accentuated: the former only represents a portion of the latter. Historical and territorial integrity of the USSR population gene pool, in conjunction with its huge diversity, is the main problem being analysed by various means of computerized genetic cartography. Coupled with the gene frequency mapping, following methods were also used: mapping of average heterozygosity, of interpopulation differentiation, of principal component scores and mapping of geographical trend for each mapped genetic parameter. The work is based on 100 allelic genes and haplotypes from 30 independent loci studied on the average in 225 local populations. Statistical analysis of gene geographical maps is based on 3975 nodes of regular cartographic net for the USSR territory. The wind rose of systematic changes in the USSR gene pool has three main geographic orientations: W-E, SW-NE and S-N. At the same time, there are only two main systematic forces of gene pool evolution: the force of social history with predominant W-E orientation and the force of natural history with predominant S-N orientation of their actions. The heterozygosity level of gene pool declines strictly in accordance with the resultant in the SW-NE direction.
Alleles↗
Paraguay 1990: results from the Demographic and Health Survey.
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Adolescent↗
Council tax valuation bands and contacts with a GP out-of-hours service.
UK GPs are no longer responsible for the organisation of out-of-hours care for their patients, but resources remains capitation-based. This cross-sectional study tests whether council tax valuation bands can predict the demand for such services. All out-of-hours contacts made by patients in North Wiltshire over 4 months were classified by council tax band; frequencies compared with official population statistics. Council tax band predicts out-of-hours GP workload irrespective of age and sex: the more modest the home, the higher the GP contact rate. It may prove more difficult to sustain out-of-hours services in deprived parts of the UK.
Adolescent↗
[Changes in factors associated with the nutrition transition in Mexico].
OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographic and socioeconomic changes, food availability and food expense in Mexico during 1980-2000. METHODS: From official statistics (Population Census, FAO Food Balance Sheets, Family Income and Expense National Survey and Economic Census) we estimated the evolution of population distribution according to locality size, occupational structure, woman participation in the wage-earning labor force, minimum wage, availability of food establishments and expense in food. RESULTS: The percentage of the population that lives in urban areas has increased, they are employed in the tertiary sector, womens participation in the labor market has increased but real minimum wages have decreased. Vegetables, oleaginous, oils, fish and seafood availability have decreased whereas animal fat, vegetables, fruits, softdrinks, meats and egg availability have increased. The number of inexpensive restaurants (cocinas económicas and fondas) has also increased. Food expenses have decreased while amount of money spent in food consumed away from home has increased. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, the growth in urban areas and the tertiary job sector shows a parallel growth in the availability of high fat and protein food, a greater diet variety and more opportunities to consume food not prepared in the home. On the other hand, the sale of equipment and places designed for recreational physical activity have increased. By reducing employment in the primary sector it is foreseeable that labor intensive physical activity will become less important overtime.
Female↗
[Selenium deficiency of west Bohemia population].
To estimate status and intake of selenium in inhabitants of the most Western region of the Czech Republic (Cheb region) 241 serum, 404 urine and 30 hair samples from randomly selected persons in the age between 6 and 65 years is performed. Serum and hair samples were analysed by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), while Se in urines was detected by means of fluorimetry. Urine iodine was determined in the same group by Sandell-Kolthoff method for the possibility to detect concomitant Se and I deficiency and/or correlations between these two essential trace elements necessary for metabolism of thyroid hormones. Average values of Se indexes are low (55.4 +/- 13.8 microg Se/L serum; 15.4 +/- 5.7 microg Se/L urine; 13.6 +/- 6.0 microg Se/g creatinine; 0.268 +/- 0.051 microg Se/g hair) and prove Se deficiency in the searched population. Statistical evaluation of Se in subgroups of boys, girls, men and women proved significant differences as far as age is concerned, gender differences were found only between boys and girls. Some significant and highly significant differences were found also in subgroups according age and gender (males and females in the age of 6, 10, 13, 18-35, 36-49 and 50-65 years). On the other hand, urine iodine average value (126 +/- 65 microg/L) is on the lower optimum level. By the use of correlation analysis, slight but significant correlations were found between Se and I in urine and some of thyroid hormone parameters and their influence on the organism.
Adolescent↗
[Informatics in medicine: drug monitoring in the elderly. Software for clinical procedures].
The Author describes the main procedure for the clinical control of pharmacokinetics and therapeutical programmes in medical practice, taking the use of digitalic alkaloids as an example. The procedure entails: a) Data records: this comprises a system for loading the patient's data into three different structures. The first record contains general information regarding the patient and it is used independently during the therapeutic regimen selection phase. The second record contains details of previous therapy, while the third concerns the input of digitalemic vales. b) The programme: it elaborates the main pharmacokinetic constants (Ka, Kcp, Kpc, Kslope, VC) of the predicted two-compartment model and Sheiner's expression is used to correct it for the reference statistical population. c) Distribution values in the compartments: the chapter illustrates the mean values of alkaloid tissue distribution in normal subjects, the mean value of digoxin with protein binding, the importance of circulating pharmacological ranges and the digitalisation load in relation to tissue deposits. d) Print-out: this represents the observation and therapy selection phase. A typical example of digoxin therapy is illustrated using a dot-matrix plotter and the methods are discussed for interpreting the results of this print-out.
Aged↗
Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of commercial airline pilots.
We undertook a cohort study of all male pilots employed since January 1, 1950, by CP Air, now Canadian Airlines International. A total of 913 eligible pilots--630 active and 283 no longer employed--contributing 18,060 person-years of observation, were identified through company records. As of October 31, 1988, current status was obtained on 891 (97.6%). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were used to compare, respectively, the mortality and cancer incidence of the cohort with that of the British Columbia population. Statistical significance of the SMR and SIR by comparison with the Poisson distribution (p less than 0.05 one-sided) and 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Excess deaths were observed for aircraft accidents (No. = 23; SMR = 21.29; p less than 0.001; CI 14.60, 30.20), brain cancer (No. = 4; SMR = 4.17, p = 0.017; CI 1.40, 9.50) and rectal cancer (No. = 3; SMR = 4.35; p = 0.033; CI 1.20, 11.20). Excess cancer incidence was noted for non-melanoma skin cancer (No. = 26; SIR = 1.59; p = 0.017; CI 1.10, 2.20), brain cancer (No. = 4; SIR = 3.45; p = 0.030; CI 1.20, 7.90) and Hodgkin's Disease (No. = 3; SIR = 4.54; p = 0.030; CI 1.20, 11.70). These findings, suggesting an excess risk for certain cancers in commercial airline pilots, are based on small numbers and need to be confirmed in larger cohort studies.
Aerospace Medicine↗
[Modification of the relative plasma concentrations of methyl and methylene groups in cancer: a study using proton NMR spectroscopy].
Fossel et al. have recently proposed the proton NMR examination of plasmatic lipoproteins--and more precisely the determination of an index obtained from the averaged linewidth of the CH2 and CH3 resonances--as a possible tool for detection of cancer. Many evaluations conducted on an international basis have demonstrated that initial expectations were not met and that the test lacked sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value to be accepted as a screening and diagnostic tool. In our evaluation we have collected plasma from healthy subjects, from patients with various kinds of cancer at different stages of evolution and therapy, and from patients suffering from a variety of pathologies, including benign tumors. In accordance with Chmurny et al., we observed that the linewidth index (LWI) is precise and reproducible when care is taken in the handling and storage of samples and in the fasting of subjects. After finding no predictive value to the test, we have reanalyzed the spectra and studied the variations of the ratio defined by the methylene signal area over the methyl signal area. This ratio is significantly increased in cancer. Furthermore, it offers a better separation of statistical populations permitting a more precise discrimination between cancer, other pathologies and controls. We have also found that malignant tumors arising from mesenchyma (sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma) induce less important variations in the CH2/CH3 ratio than adenocarcinoma or glioma, when such differences cannot be documented using the LWI. These observations are particularly interesting since they might bring new information on the metabolic modifications of the LWI and the CH2/CH3 ratio might reflect the embryologic origin of the tumors and raise the issue of the heterogeneity of cancer disease.
Humans↗
[Quantitative characterization of nuclear polymorphism of the epithelial cells in fibroadenomatosis and cancer of the breast].
A method for quantitative analysis of epithelial cell nuclear polymorphism was suggested, viz. identification of general statistical population using Petunin's criterion. This criterion was employed to assess heterogeneity of visible surface of interphase epithelial cell nuclei and to assay nuclear DNA level in fibroadenomatous hyperplasia and cancer of the breast. Heterogeneity index (h), alongside with other parameters, appeared useful for quantitative assessment of the disease: heterogeneity index values ranging 0.1-0.4 point to pronounced heterogeneity of epithelial cell nucleus surface and DNA level, and are suggestive of malignant transformation of tissue, whereas benign proliferation of the epithelium is usually characterized by 0.4 less than h less than or equal to 0.9.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Age changes of functional nuclear swelling and classes of nuclei in human hepatocytes].
The aim of the study was to describe aging changes in the functional nuclear edema and the classification of human hepatocyte nuclei, by determining three parameters--the size of the nucleus, the relative DNA quantity and the number of chromocenters. For this purpose, karyometry and DNA cytophotometry were performed on 10 human liver preparations. The data obtained was subjected to correlation, cluster and discriminance analysis. The results indicated a reduction in the capacity of liver cells for functional nuclear edema as aging progressed. Whereas at a young age there is only a loose correlation between nuclear size and DNA content, it becomes much stricter later on, partly caused by polyploidization. Cluster analysis, followed by discriminance analysis, is well suited for dividing the nuclei of human hepatocytes into two or three statistical populations provided the nuclear area, DNA quantity and number of chromocenters are all used as characteristics simultaneously. When allowance is made for functional edema, the biological interpretation of clusters from young liver preparations permits meaningful conclusions, but it appears problematic for old preparations. Here it might be more practical to analyze the mixed distributions resulting from a determination of the DNA quantity or nuclear size alone.
Aging↗
The clinical spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood.
The onset and course of 108 children with systemic lupus erythematosus have been analysed. There were more black patients than one would expect from hospital population statistics. There was a greater preponderance of boys with onset of the disease at less than 12 years of age and there is a large number of familial cases. Major signs and symptoms differed from those observed in adults only in the greater degree of reticuloendothelial involvement and in a possibly greater propensity for children to change renal biopsy category. Diffuse proliferative renal lesions remain a major contributor to death both in children and in adults, but the importance of the extrarenal mortality factors plus the greater proportion of male deaths is emphasized.
Adolescent↗
Cancer morbidity and mortality in phosphate workers.
Phosphate ore mining and processing operations are associated with dusty conditions and potential exposure to gamma radiation and radon daughter products. Although most current measurements are within Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, no measurements exist for the era preceding modern standards of industrial hygiene and workplace ventilation. All workers employed by the participating phosphate company between 1950 and 1979 were ascertained, and 3451 males employed for approximately 6 months or more comprise the study population. Statistically significant elevations in lung cancer (standardized mortality ratio = 1.62) and emphysema were observed in white but not in black workers, in relation to U.S. rates. Among workers for whom 20 years had elapsed since first employment, there was a dose-response trend of increasing lung cancer risk with increasing duration of employment (standardized mortality ratio = 2.48 with 20 years of employment). There was no evidence of excess lung cancer risk among employees hired after 1960. Multivariate analyses and internal comparisons of risk by job type are consistent with a hypothesis of occupationally related lung cancer, but small numbers prevent firm conclusions.
Chemical Industry↗
Should we X-ray Halloween candy? Revisited.
The well-intentioned program of X-raying Halloween candy is costly. The annual expense to the 3 local hospitals in the Reno/Sparks area was $1625.62. The price to X-ray each bag ranged from $2.01 to $5.23 (average $3.38). On the basis of our total regional population statistics, the nation could be spending as much as $0.8-$1.4 million to screen Halloween candy. Radiographic screening of Halloween candy is not effective. Of the 394 X-rays taken in the 3 local hospitals, and the 669 taken in 18 outlying hospitals, no films were positive for hidden radio-opaque forein bodies. Not only is X-raying Halloween candy costly and ineffective, it also creates several problems. Children taking their candy to the hospital on Halloween night risk involvement in traffic accidents. The implication that X-rayed candy is "safe" carries potential liability. Additional drawbacks and risks arise from crowds composed mostly of children in the Radiology Dept and Emergency Room, and from disruption of vital hospital functions. In October, 1986, a program for community education and cooperation among all 3 area hospitals was developed. No X-rays were offered in the Reno/Sparks area. There were no police reports of contaminated candy for this Halloween following implementation of this program, compared to 4 reports for the preceding 2 years.
Candy↗
[Kinetic study of thrombocytopenia associated with HIV infection].
In the last 2 years, 46 cases of HIV-induced pure thrombocytopenias have been studied, using either autologous 111 In-labeled platelets and/or homologous 51Cr-labeled platelets. The most interesting data seem to be: more than 50% of the cases were observed in young, drug addicts, a population statistically different from the general epidemiological survey of AIDS; in most the cases, thrombocytopenia was an isolated symptom with no other symptoms due to the HIV infection, or any other hematological abnormality; cortico steroids and immunoglobulins were either inefficient or only temporarily useful. In contrast splenectomy was efficient, at short or middle-term, in 12 cases of the present series; this last fact correlated with the splenic sequestration observed in almost all the cases; the platelet life-span was short in all these patients, except those with AIDS disease and pan myelopathy.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[1981-1983 breast feeding studies of 1,500 mothers in Dortmund and Haltern. I. Collectives studied and rates of breast feeding in the maternity ward].
Rates of breast-feeding were studied in collectives of 998 mothers (Dortmund) and 500 mothers (Haltern) in two large maternity wards encouraging breast-feeding. In both hospitals the collectives were representative for the population in the surrounding region. Mothers were asked to take part in the study as they were admitted. Response rates were 99%. Age and parity of mothers in Dortmund were in agreement with population statistics, whereas in the Haltern collective there was a smaller proportion of younger mothers. The collective in Haltern had a slight edge with respect to social background. The different types of delivery had the same percentages in both wards. Birthweight was on the average 100 g higher in Haltern neonates. There were no differences in mean length. In both wards feeding on demand was practised during the rooming-in period during daytime, whereas at night infants were bottle-fed on demand in the infant's room. In Haltern supplementary formula feeding was offered more liberally. In Dortmund 92%, in Haltern 97% of the mothers tried to breast-feed; only 5% and 2% respectively were unsuccessful. Mothers who did not want to breast-feed (8% and 3% respectively) rarely mentioned relevant obstacles as a reason for their decision. On discharge 80-90% of the mothers were breast-feeding, with only about one half of them fully breast-feeding. Caesarean section was hardly detrimental to initiation of breast-feeding, but often to success.
Adult↗