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PubMed1975

[Effects of post-infarct physical training on physical fitness and cardio-circulatory adaptation to effort].

In fifteen patients recovering from a myocardial infarction dating of at least three months, examined at rest or during a submaximal exercise, various circulatory (cardiac rate, blood pressure, cardiac output...) and ventricular parameters (oxygen consumption, ventilation per minute) both before and after a program of physical training for a period of six to eight weeks. The benefit of readaptation was judged on the increased work capacity (VO2max increase of 24.6%) and the improvement of cardio-circulatory adaptation during a submaximal exercise: reduction of the cardiac rate by 11%, of Katz's index by 12.6%, of the cardiac output by 5.8% and of the left ventricular work by 8.8%. This cardiac thrift at the origin of the increase of physical aptitude is essentially due to a better peripheral circulation adaptation to exercise, as indicated by the increased oxygen arterio-ventout difference by 11.4%.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness of psychologically informed physical therapy, tendon-specific exercise program and routine physical therapy in prolonged unilateral shoulder pain and symptom correlations with imaging: a single-center, randomized, parallel-group, three-arm study (RESPECT).

BACKGROUND: Shoulder complaints are one of the most common musculoskeletal ailments. Patient-specific characteristics such as obesity, depression and physical labor are established risk factors, whereas imaging findings are common and associations between specific imaging findings and symptomatology is limited. General exercises are considered useful in treatment whereas evidence for specific tendon exercises is lacking. Biopsychosocial model is also recommended, but has not been extensively studied concerning shoulder symptoms. This article describes the study protocol designed to evaluate the effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness of routine and specific physical therapy (PT) interventions. Imaging is performed for descriptive, longitudinal and imaging-symptom correlation studies. METHODS: The Rehabilitation of Shoulder Pain: Evaluation and Clinical Trial (RESPECT) is a randomized three-arm parallel-group study involving 300 participants aged 20 to 60 years with prolonged unilateral shoulder pain. Participants will receive either routine PT, physiotherapist-guided tendon-specific exercise program or psychologically informed PT. Bilateral shoulder radiographs, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging will be done at the baseline and at 12 and 36 months. Electronic surveys will be completed at the baseline and at 3, 6, 12 and 36 months. The primary outcome will be patient-specific functional scale (PSFS) at 12 months, analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for baseline PSFS. DISCUSSION: RESPECT will provide systematic and controlled data regarding different PT interventions in prolonged shoulder symptoms, which is currently limited. Being one of the most common sources of musculoskeletal pain, improved management could reduce symptom-related burden and prolonged functional impairment at individual and population level. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Registration number NCT07235969; Registered November 18th, 2025; Version: 1.0.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

An assessment of the efficacy of physical therapy and physical modalities for the control of chronic musculoskeletal pain.

An analysis of review articles and controlled clinical trials for temporomandibular disorders and similar chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders was carried out. Although little evidence was found that any specific therapy had long-term efficacy greater than placebo, we did find strong evidence that symptoms improve during treatment with most forms of physical therapy, including placebo. When the frequency of significant between-group differences in trials that used placebo and waiting list control (i.e., no treatment) groups were compared, it was found that treatment was better than placebo in only 7/22 trials, whereas treatment was almost always better than no treatment (15/16). This difference was highly significant (P = 0.001). A similar analysis of trials that included more than one treatment group showed that while equal amounts of treatment were usually associated with equal outcome (9/10), unequal treatment regimes led to unequal outcome (10/15; P = 0.012). The group that received the most therapy appeared to do best. In conclusion, it seems that patients are helped during the period that they are being treated with most forms of physical therapy. However, most of these therapies have not been shown to be more efficacious than placebo.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The role of physical therapy and physical modalities in pain management.

This article provides an overview to arthritis care of the common physical modalities (heat, cold, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, low-energy laser, topical applications, and external devices). The rationale for use and effectiveness of the various physical modalities are discussed. Exercise is presented in terms of mode and effect of range of motion, muscle conditioning, and aerobic exercise.

Arthritis↗
PubMed2006

Habitual physical activity, physical fitness and heart rate variability in preadolescents.

The amount and type of physical activity (PA) appropriate in youth for optimal health is still being discussed. The purpose of this study on 12-year-old preadolescents is to evaluate the association of two PA patterns, corresponding to different exercise intensities, with some health-related indexes. PA was evaluated by triaxial accelerometry in 67 student subjects, who were successively classified according to 1) their usual participation or not in moderately intense (> 4 metabolic equivalents, METs) activities (either in daily life or in leisure activities) for at least 210 min a week (4 M (210)); and 2) the habitual practice or not of more intense activities (> 6 METs) for at least 60 min a week (6 M (60)). Health-related indexes consisted of cardiopulmonary (maximum oxygen uptake, V.O 2max), muscular (lower limb strength) fitness parameters and vagal-related indexes of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV), such as the HF/(LF+HF) ratio (where HF and LF stand for high and low frequency power). HR was recorded in the supine position after 15 min of quiet rest, and HRV indexes were calculated in 5-min segments. Energy expenditure due to PA was not significantly associated with any health-related index. Reaching 4 M (210) was associated with both higher estimated V.O 2max (p < 0.05) and higher muscular strength indexes (p < 0.05) but not with enhanced HRV indexes. Subjects who reached 6 M (60) had higher estimated V.O2max (p < 0.05) and higher HF/(LF+HF) (p < 0.05). Our results show that regular moderately intense activities are sufficient to influence physical fitness but suggest that more intense activities are necessary to observe more favorable HRV vagal-related indexes.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Clinical education and cultural diversity in physical therapy: clinical performance of minority student physical therapists and the expectations of clinical instructors.

Clinical education is an integral part of preparation for the profession of physical therapy and the role of the clinical instructor is critical. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical instructors' expectations of student physical therapists with different ethnic backgrounds and the clinical performance of the students as assessed using a modification of the Generic Abilities Assessment. For this study, individuals with a Caucasian ethnic background who were raised in the United States were considered as the majority. The remaining individuals (minority) were subdivided into five groups: African American, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Caucasian from outside the United States, and Other. Clinical instructors reported their experiences with students from different ethnic backgrounds, their expectation of students' performance, and recollections of specific weaknesses in performance. From the 216 surveys distributed, 192 clinical instructors responded. Fifty-seven percent had supervised a minority student, with a mean of three students each. While 4% reported that they expected a higher standard from majority students, 17% noted a difference in performance between majority and minority students. Results from this study suggest that minority students would benefit from further preparation in communication and interpersonal skills but they are stronger than majority students in stress management and the effective use of time and resources.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Device physics vis-à-vis fundamental physics in Cold War America: the case of quantum optics.

Historians have convincingly shown the close ties U.S. physicists had with the military during the Cold War and have raised the question of whether this alliance affected the content of physics. Some have asserted that it distorted physics, shifting attention from fundamental problems to devices. Yet the papers of physicists in quantum electronics and quantum optics, fields that have been exemplary for those who hold the distortion thesis, show that the same scientists who worked on military devices simultaneously pursued fundamental and foundational topics. This essay examines one such physicist, Marlan O. Scully, with attention to both his extensive foundational studies and the way in which his applied and basic researches played off each other.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2004

Improving health-enhancing physical activity in girls' physical education.

This study examined the effectiveness of an intervention to increase levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) during girls' physical education lessons. Two Year 7 classes (age 11-12 years) were randomly appointed to control and experimental groups. Both followed the same six-lesson unit of gymnastics with identical lesson objectives. The experimental class teacher included the additional objective of increasing MVPA during each lesson. MVPA was assessed in all six lessons using heart rate (HR) monitoring and systematic observation. After each lesson, students' intrinsic motivation and perceived competence were assessed, and the teachers evaluated whether they had met planned objectives. The experimental group engaged in more MVPA [F(1, 21) = 8.49, P = 0.008 (HR), t8 = -2.35, P = 0.048 (observation)] than the control group and also had most opportunities for skill practice (t8 = -2.81, P = 0.023). Intrinsic motivation and perceived competence levels were similar between the groups for each lesson, and teachers reported that lesson objectives were satisfactorily achieved. This intervention succeeded in increasing MVPA without compromising intrinsic motivation, perceived competence or planned lesson objectives.

Aptitude↗
PubMed2002

Aging and physical disability: on integrating group and individual counseling with the promotion of physical activity.

This review examines selected conceptual models on physical disability that have been commonly employed in the study of chronic disease and aging, and suggests including self-efficacy beliefs and physical symptoms into the main pathway of the disablement process. The resulting model of disability has direct implications for integrating group and individual counseling into exercise prescription.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical fitness, physical activity, and fatness in relation to blood pressure and lipids in preadolescent children. Results from the FRESH Study.

PURPOSE: The cross-sectional gender patterns of fitness, activity, and fatness were examined in relation to blood pressure and lipids in 9- to 10-year-old children. METHODS: Subjects were fourth graders (26 boys and 27 girls) participating in FRESH, a school-based heart health program. The main variables of interest were fitness determined on a treadmill, habitual physical activity by self-report, fatness by skinfolds and body mass index, blood pressure, and lipoprotein lipids. RESULTS: Physical fitness and activity were higher in boys, whereas fatness and triglycerides were higher in girls. Systolic blood pressure correlated positively with fatness in girls, and there was a trend for this relationship in boys. In boys, total LDL cholesterol correlated positively with fatness and negatively with fitness. By multivariate analysis, fitness was the primary correlate of total and LDL cholesterol. In girls, fitness correlated positively with total and LDL cholesterol. This finding was opposite in boys. Fatness correlated negatively with HDL cholesterol in boys. CONCLUSION: Boys are more fit and active and less fat than girls. Fatness in young children already shows a relationship with heart disease risk factors. In boys, fitness shows a favorable relation to lipids. These data along with other studies suggest that more consistent relationships among fitness, activity, fatness, blood pressure, and lipids are likely to emerge as children approach adolescence. The findings also underscore the complexity of defining these relationships in young children.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2006

Is participation in occupational physical activity associated with lifestyle physical activity levels?

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the prevalence of lifestyle physical activity (PA) by occupational PA (mostly sitting, walking, or heavy labor). METHODS: Descriptive and adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis of lifestyle PA (regularly active, irregularly active, inactive) and occupational activity was used (N = 6,360). RESULTS: The prevalence of regular lifestyle activity was 45.7% among those who sit/stand, 49.6% among walkers, and 59.7% among heavy laborers. The regression analysis showed that adults working in heavy labor were almost twice as likely to be regularly active as those who sit/stand. CONCLUSION: Contrary to expectation, adults who engage in physically demanding work appear to be more active outside the job. Those who are sedentary at work could benefit from having access to opportunities for PA during the workday and trying to engage in activity outside of work hours.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Self-reported barriers to quality physical education by physical education specialists in Texas.

School-based programs offer an efficient means of promoting the health of a large number of children. The Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) program was designed to decrease risk factors for chronic disease in elementary school children and includes separate coordinated interventions for child nutrition services, physical education (PE), classroom instruction, and family education. Physical education specialists who attended CATCH training during school years 2000-2003 were surveyed about CATCH PE at their respective schools. The survey included items pertaining to PE barriers, implementation and satisfaction of CATCH PE, and demographic characteristics. A serial cross-sectional study design was used; response rates were 58.6% in 2000, 20.9% in 2001, 38.7% in 2002, and 57.7% in 2003. The top two rank order barriers to quality PE were large class size and low academic value. Future research should focus on determining characteristics of schools that are achieving quality PE programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Changes in physical capacity, heart size and function in patients after myocardial infarction, who underwent a 4-to 6-week physical training program.

From findings in 1,200 coronary patients after myocardial infarction, it was shown that a stationary course of treatment in a rehabilitation center, where a gradually intensifying, individually adapted physical training program is administered, can lead to statistically highly significant improvements in the functional efficiency of the heart, as well as in physical capacity, in a short period of 4-6 weeks. It should be stressed that these positive effects can be demonstrated in the early stages of rehabilitation from infarction, that is, directly following discharge from the hospital, in the same way as in a late course of treatment of the repeated therapy; it is also important to point out that similar favorable results were obtained for older groups as for younger ones under all parameters, within the same time. A 6-week training period is more effective than a 4-week one.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1997

Leisure-time physical activity but not work-related physical activity is associated with decreased plasma viscosity. Results from a large population sample.

BACKGROUND: Regular leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is inversely associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). This has been mainly explained by its impact on traditional CHD risk factors, but more recently it was also shown to lower fibrinogen, which largely determines plasma viscosity. No data on the effect of work activity (WA) on plasma viscosity have been published. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the relationship between self-reported LTPA or WA and plasma viscosity as well as other CHD risk factors in 3522 men and women age 25 to 64 years. Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. LTPA was inversely associated with plasma viscosity in both sexes. The unadjusted mean differences in plasma viscosity in men between no activity and the highest activity were 0.024 mPa.s (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.016 to 0.032 mPa.s, P < .001) during winter and 0.024 mPa.s (95% CI, 0.016 to 0.031 mPa.s, P < .001) during summer. After adjustment for age, cholesterol, smoking, blood pressure, body mass index, and years of education, mean differences decreased but still remained substantial and statistically significant (0.010 mPa.s; 95% CI, 0.003 to 0.018 mPa.s [P = .009] for winter activity; and 0.010 mPa.s; 95% CI, 0.002 to 0.017 mPa.s [P = .011] for summer activity). Similar results were found in women. WA showed no appreciable association with plasma viscosity after controlling for the covariates. CONCLUSIONS: LTPA is inversely associated with plasma viscosity, independent of other risk factors, whereas WA shows no material effect in men and women. Decreased plasma viscosity may represent one mechanism through which LTPA confers a decrease of CHD risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on various established and potential stroke risk factors and provides recommendations for the reduction of stroke risk. METHODS: Writing group members were nominated by the committee chair on the basis of each writer's previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association Stroke Council's Scientific Statement Oversight Committee. The writers used systematic literature reviews (covering the time period since the last review published in 2001 up to January 2005), reference to previously published guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate recommendations based on standard American Heart Association criteria. All members of the writing group had numerous opportunities to comment in writing on the recommendations and approved the final version of this document. The guideline underwent extensive peer review before consideration and approval by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. RESULTS: Schemes for assessing a person's risk of a first stroke were evaluated. Risk factors or risk markers for a first stroke were classified according to their potential for modification (nonmodifiable, modifiable, or potentially modifiable) and strength of evidence (well documented or less well documented). Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, sex, low birth weight, race/ethnicity, and genetic factors. Well-documented and modifiable risk factors include hypertension, exposure to cigarette smoke, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and certain other cardiac conditions, dyslipidemia, carotid artery stenosis, sickle cell disease, postmenopausal hormone therapy, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity and body fat distribution. Less well-documented or potentially modifiable risk factors include the metabolic syndrome, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, oral contraceptive use, sleep-disordered breathing, migraine headache, hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated lipoprotein(a), elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase, hypercoagulability, inflammation, and infection. Data on the use of aspirin for primary stroke prevention are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive evidence is available identifying a variety of specific factors that increase the risk of a first stroke and providing strategies for reducing that risk.

Brain Ischemia↗
PubMed1980

Physical therapy rationale for physical therapy.

Physical therapy is applied to relieve airway obstruction and to decrease the ventilatory effects of increased resistance to flow. The most direct method for reducing resistance through airways and collateral channels for ventilation is to increase lung volume. It is possible to vary the distribution of alveolar volume and airflow by changing the gradient of pleural pressure and the inspiratory flows. Results of physical therapy are frequently difficult to assess, especially if the simplest of end points, such as volume of sputum and arterial blood gases, are used. For example, the volume of sputum may not accurately reflect mucociliary transport either during or after a period of sputum collection, especially if cough is encouraged. Furthermore, arterial blood gases, like measures of airway resistance, may be insensitive indicators of changes in peripheral airways, especially if homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining ventilation-perfusion relationships are effective.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1985

Prevention of bedrest-induced physical deconditioning by daily dobutamine infusions. Implications for drug-induced physical conditioning.

The effects of intermittent infusions of dobutamine were studied in young normal male subjects during a period of bedrest deconditioning to determine whether this synthetic catechol affects physical conditioning processes in humans. 24 volunteers were placed at bedrest and randomized to daily 2-h treatments of saline infusions (control), dobutamine infusions, or maintenance exercise (control). Exercise, hemodynamic, and metabolic studies were performed at base line and at the termination of the 3-wk treatment period. Maximal exercise (duration, oxygen consumption, and workload) fell for the saline group and remained unchanged for the dobutamine and exercise groups. Hemodynamics during exercise were maintained the same as pretreatment base line for the dobutamine and exercise groups, whereas stroke volume and cardiac output dropped and heart rate rose for the saline group. The metabolic profile showed an increased blood lactate response at rest and during submaximal exercise after 3 wk of bedrest for the saline group, and essentially no change for the exercise and the dobutamine groups. Extraction of oxygen across the exercising lower limb rose for the dobutamine group, as did the activity of the skeletal muscle oxidative enzymes, citrate synthetase, and succinate dehydrogenase. In contrast to the exercise control group, the saline and dobutamine groups developed orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, and accentuation of the renin-aldosterone response over the 3-wk treatment period; for the saline group, this is best explained by the observed fall in blood volume and for the dobutamine group, by the blunting of vascular vasoconstrictive responses. During a period of bedrest deconditioning in humans, infusions of dobutamine maintain many of the physiologic expressions of physical conditioning.

Adult↗