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PubMed2000

Anterior chamber flare after trabeculectomy and after phacoemulsification.

AIMS: To evaluate and compare prospectively the anterior chamber inflammatory response after phacoemulsification cataract surgery and after trabeculectomy with peripheral iridectomy. METHODS: Anterior chamber inflammation was measured using the Kowa FM-500 laser flare meter in 131 patients undergoing trabeculectomy and 148 patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. Flare was measured before surgery and on each postoperative visit up to 12 months. RESULTS: Before surgery there was no significant difference in flare readings between the two groups. Following trabeculectomy flare returned to baseline levels 4 weeks after surgery, while following phacoemulsification cataract extraction it remained significantly higher at week 6 (p<0.006) and month 3 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anterior chamber inflammation is more prolonged after cataract surgery than after trabeculectomy. This may have implications for the timing of trabeculectomy in relation to cataract surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Combined phacoemulsification and transpupillary drainage of silicone oil: results and complications.

AIM: To review retrospectively 74 consecutive cases of combined phacoemulsification and transpupillary drainage of silicone oil. METHODS: Candidate patients for intraocular silicone oil removal and cataract extraction underwent combined phacoemulsification and transpupillary drainage of silicone oil through a planned posterior capsulorrhexis and without the use of a pars plana infusion line. RESULTS: The retina remained attached in 59 (79.7%) patients postoperatively. In this success group, the postoperative visual acuity improved in 42 (71.2%) patients. There was no association between age, duration of silicone oil tamponade, preoperative diagnosis, macular status or number and nature of previous surgery, and the incidence of redetachment following silicone oil removal. CONCLUSION: Combined phacoemulsification and transpupillary drainage of silicone oil is a safe and reliable technique that offers the main advantage of diminished surgical trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Results of vitrectomy performed at the time of phacoemulsification complicated by intravitreal lens fragments.

AIM: To evaluate outcome of vitrectomy performed at the time of phacoemulsification complicated by intravitreal lens material. METHODS: Clinical records associated with consecutive 8536 phacoemulsification procedures were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: 17 (0.20%) eyes had a posterior capsule rupture with retained lens material in the vitreous cavity that required vitrectomy. Final visual acuity was 0.5 or better in 14 eyes (82%) and 0.4 to 0.1 in three eyes (18%). Retinal detachment occurred in one eye during vitrectomy and two after the surgery. Cystoid macular oedema was observed in two eyes and none developed glaucoma. The corneal endothelial cell loss was 5.7% (SD 6.8 %) (n=15) at 3-6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Combined vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation at the time of phacoemulsification complicated by intravitreal lens material is an option to be considered to reduce the risk of postoperative complications including secondary glaucoma and corneal endothelial cell damage.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

A prospective, case controlled study of the natural history of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy after uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIM: To determine if uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery is associated with an accelerated rate of progression of diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy postoperatively. METHODS: A prospective trial of 50 type 2 diabetics undergoing monocular phacoemulsification cataract surgery by a single consultant surgeon. The grade of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy in the operated and non-operated fellow eye was assessed preoperatively and for 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Overall, retinopathy progression was observed in 11 patients. In seven the retinopathy progressed in both eyes, in three it progressed in the operated eye alone, and in one it progressed in the fellow eye alone. Macular oedema was observed in 13 eyes postoperatively. Four had transient pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema and nine true diabetic maculopathy. Where maculopathy progressed it did so symmetrically in five patients, it progressed in the operated eye alone in four patients, and the fellow eye alone in two patients. There was no significant difference in the number of operated and fellow eyes whose retinopathy or maculopathy progressed postoperatively. In both the operated (OE) and non-operated (NoE) eyes retinopathy progression was associated with a higher mean HbA(1)C (OE p=0.003; NoE p=0.001) and insulin treatment (OE p=0.008, NoE p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery does not cause acceleration of diabetic retinopathy postoperatively and any progression that is observed probably represents the natural history of the disease. Although macular oedema is common after cataract surgery it may follow a benign course and in many patients the development of clinically significant macular oedema postoperatively probably represents natural disease progression rather than being a direct effect of surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Combining phacoemulsification with vitrectomy for treatment of macular holes.

AIM: To describe the results of combined phacoemulsification, insertion of posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL), and pars plana vitrectomy for patients with macular hole. METHODS: A case series of 89 consecutive patients with macular hole who underwent combined phacoemulsification, insertion of PCIOL, posterior capsulectomy, and pars plana vitrectomy. RESULTS: 80 of 89 patients (89%) had their holes closed with the combined surgery. Four of the nine patients who failed had their holes closed with one further procedure. Of the 89 patients operated on, 61 (65%) had vision of 20/40 or better. Three patients (3%) had Snellen acuity of less than 20/400 postoperatively. Three patients (3%) developed retinal detachments, one with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Eight patients (9%) developed CMO. Three patients developed late reopening of their macular holes after remaining closed for 9 months or more. CONCLUSION: Combined phacoemulsification, insertion of PCIOL, and pars plana vitrectomy surgery can be used to treat macular holes. Combining cataract surgery with vitrectomy surgery may prevent a later second operation for post-vitrectomy cataract formation.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Bilateral same day phacoemulsification: 220 cases retrospectively reviewed.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The relative frequency, basic patient data, results, and complications of planned same day bilateral phacoemulsification were studied from April 1999 to May 2001 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. METHODS: Retrospective study of patient records (n=220) regarding preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, applied indications, concurrent disease, preoperative, peroperative, and postoperative complications, and number of unplanned postoperative visits. The monthly rate of bilateral phacoemulsification to all cataract procedures was monitored. RESULTS: Mean corrected preoperative visual acuity was 0.27 (worse eye) and 0.39 (better eye), and postoperatively (all eyes) 0.71. Visual acuity was 0.5 or better in 78% of eyes. Preoperative considerations included type of cataract, to avoid anisometropia, social circumstances, and concurrent eye disease. Reasons for unplanned postoperative visits included secondary cataract (n=10), iritis (n=6), corneal oedema (n=3), cortex in the anterior chamber (n=2), and unilateral endophthalmitis (n=2). During the study period, 10.5% of patients were operated upon bilaterally on the same day. CONCLUSIONS: Same day bilateral phacoemulsification was found to be a safe and cost effective way of rapidly rehabilitating selected cataract patients. The patient must be informed of the added potential risks as well as the benefits of the procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Direct measurement of wound temperature during phacoemulsification.

We developed a method to measure wound temperature during phacoemulsification with a thermometer and compared the temperature between pulse and nonpulse modes. In cases with partial or complete obstruction of the aspiration port, wound temperature was significantly lower in the pulse mode versus the nonpulse mode. It was ascertained that pulse mode phacoemulsification prevents thermal burn of the wound in the hard nucleus during cataract surgery. This method is useful to evaluate wound temperature during phacoemulsification under various conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ocular attacks after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in patients with Behçet disease.

PURPOSE: To elucidate factors related to ocular inflammatory attacks after cataract surgery, limited to a single procedure of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation, in patients with Behçet disease. METHODS: This retrospective study included 12 consecutive patients (16 eyes) with Behçet disease, who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation during 4 years from January 1995 to December 1998 at three institutions. Their medical records were reviewed, and factors related to the ocular attacks were analyzed. RESULTS: Four eyes of 3 patients experienced ocular attacks during 1 year before cataract surgery, while 4 eyes of 4 patients developed ocular attacks during 1 year after the surgery. The development of ocular attacks after cataract surgery was significantly related with the presence of ocular attacks during 1 year before the surgery (p = 0.0286, chi(2) test). The patients' age or gender, the duration of Behçet disease or oral medications for Behçet disease did not show any relationship with the presence or absence of ocular attacks after cataract surgery. The visual acuity improved in all patients after the surgery, including those who developed ocular attacks. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of ocular attacks during 1 year before cataract surgery is related to postoperative ocular attacks. Despite postoperative ocular attacks, phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation is a safe procedure to expect a good visual outcome in patients with Behçet disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantification of blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after phacoemulsification in Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis.

PURPOSE: To quantify the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) following phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation in eyes with Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis (FHU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 19 eyes of 19 patients with FHU (mean age 38 +/- 14 years) and 35 eyes of 35 patients with senile cataracts (mean age 63 +/- 9 years) underwent phacoemulsification with one-piece PMMA posterior chamber lens implantation. Aqueous flare was quantified using the laser flare-cell meter (LFCM, Kowa FC-1000) following medical pupillary dilation preoperatively and 1, 3, and 5 days, then 1 and 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean preoperative aqueous flare (in photon counts per millisecond) in FHU vs. controls was 11.7 +/- 3.5 vs. 5.8 +/- 1.7. Following cataract surgery, mean aqueous flare increased to 27.8 +/- 4.4 vs. 16.0 +/- 4.5 on day 1, decreased to 23.6 +/- 4.0 vs. 11.8 +/- 3.5 on day 3, and to 18.0 +/- 3.0 vs. 9.5 +/- 1.7 on day 5. In FHU eyes, it was 13.9 +/- 2.7 after 1 week, and had returned to preoperative levels after 6 weeks (10.9 +/- 2.5) and remained stable for up to 6 months (mean 10.3 +/- 2.2). Pre- and postoperatively, aqueous flare values were 2-3 times higher in FHU eyes than in control eyes with senile cataract (p = 0.01). No postoperative complications such as fibrin formation, synechiae, macrophages on the intraocular lens optic or endophthalmitis were observed in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: BAB breakdown following phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation is relatively mild in eyes with FHU and the BAB appears to be fully reestablished to preoperative levels 6 weeks postoperatively, explaining the usually good outcome of cataract surgery in this condition.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Safety and efficacy of micro-incisional cataract surgery with bimanual phacoemulsification for white mature cataract.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of micro-incisional cataract surgery (MICS) with bimanual phacoemulsification for the management of white mature cataract. METHODS: Twenty-five eyes in 25 patients with mature cataract were prospectively recruited to undergo MICS with bimanual phacoemulsification. Serial changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central corneal thickness (CCT) and endothelial cell density (ECD) were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: MICS was successfully performed in 24 (96%) of the 25 eyes, with 1 eye requiring conversion to extracapsular cataract extraction due to radial tear during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. The median preoperative BCVA was hand movement. On day 1 postoperatively, the median BCVA improved to 0.6 (p < 0.001 compared with baseline). All patients had BCVA of 0.6 or better at 3 months after surgery (p < 0.001 compared with baseline). The mean increase in CCT at day 1 and week 1 postoperatively was 11.5 and 7.1%, respectively. The change in mean CCT was no longer significant at month 3 postoperatively (p = 0.82). The mean reduction in ECD at 3 months postoperatively was 7.8% (p = 0.037). None of the patients developed any postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: MICS with bimanual phacoemulsification appeared to be a promising alterative for the management of white mature cataract.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vitreoretinal surgery for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic factors, effect of timing and outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for removal of retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. METHODS: A retrospective review of 43 eyes of 43 patients who had vitreoretinal surgery for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification, between January 1998 and November 2000. RESULTS: Seven of the 43 patients underwent vitrectomy on the same day as cataract surgery, 20 in the first week, and 23 after the first week, with a mean of 14.8 days (0-90). Initial visual acuity was < or = 20/400 in 27 (75%, n=36) and intraocular pressure (IOP) > or = 25 mmHg in 22 (61%, n=36) eyes with or without medication. The mean preoperative IOP was 27.4 mmHg. Initial ocular findings included moderate or severe corneal edema in 17 patients (40%), uveitis in 14 (33%), retinal detachment in 1 (2%) and vitreous hemorrhage in 2 (5%). After a mean follow-up of 8.4 months, final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was > or = 20/40 in 24 patients (56%) and < or = 20/400 in 7 (16%). Persistent corneal edema (one eye), cystoid macular edema (four eyes), age-related macular degeneration (one eye) and suprachoroidal hemorrhage (one eye) were the causes of BCVA < or = 20/400. Final mean IOP was 15.2 mmHg and only one case had IOP > 25 mmHg. Uveitis disappeared in all cases (p<0.001), and corneal edema persisted in only one eye. Both the BCVA and IOP differences were significant (p<0.001), but no correlation was found between pre- and postoperative BCVA and IOP as regards vitreoretinal surgery timing, posterior or anterior removal sites and IOL implantation sites or procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Vitreoretinal surgery is effective for removing retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification, lowering the IOP and reducing the uveitic reaction and corneal edema. BCVA > or = 20/40 can be reached in at least half the patients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of intraoperative antibiotics in irrigating solutions on aqueous humor contamination and endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification surgery.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of intraoperative antibiotic use in irrigating solutions on aqueous humor contamination during phacoemulsification surgery and to evaluate the corresponding risk of postoperative endophthalmitis. METHODS: 644 eyes of 640 patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery with foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were included in this study. Preoperative conjunctival smears were taken and eyes were allocated to receive irrigating infusion fluid containing either balanced salt solution (BSS)-only (group 1; 322 eyes) or BSS with antibiotics (vancomycin and gentamycin) during surgery (group 2; 322 eyes). Bacterial contamination rates of aqueous humor samples taken in the beginning and at the end of operation were compared. Predictive factors for the development of postoperative endophthalmitis were determined by clinical and microbiologic analyses. RESULTS: The rates of culture-positivity were similar between group 1 and group 2 for both preoperative conjunctival smears and aqueous samples (p > 0.05). Aqueous samples taken at the end of operation were found to be contaminated in 68 (21.1%) eyes in group 1 and 22 (6.8%) eyes in group 2, and the difference was significant (p = 0.0001; OR = 3.65 (2.1-6.0)). Capsular rupture was associated with higher rate of contamination in both groups (p = 0.0001; OR = 7.7 and p = 0.0001; OR = 8.1). Two eyes in the BSS-only group developed postoperative endophthalmitis and these cases had posterior capsular rupture during the surgery and culture-positivity for staphylococcus epidermidis throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative antibiotic irrigation decreases aqueous humor contamination during phacoemulsification. Further studies are warranted to determine the interrelationship between aqueous humor contamination and endophthalmitis in eyes with posterior capsular rupture.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Uncomplicated phacoemulsification and first-day review: the patient's perspective.

PURPOSE: To evaluate patients'opinions regarding first-day review following uncomplicated phacoemulsification. METHODS: A prospective questionnaire-based survey was conducted on consecutive patients at the time of listing for day-case phacoemulsification. Data collected included demographic details, proposed anaesthetic technique, first or second eye surgery and postcode. Statistical analysis was undertaken with the unpaired t-test, the chi2-test with Yates' correction for small numbers or Fisher's exact test, and Kendal's rank correlation, as appropriate. RESULTS: 100 patients (59% female; mean age 74.2 (12.6) years) were recruited. 87% preferred to return to hospital for their first-day review. This result was not significantly affected by sex, proposed anaesthetic technique, first eye surgery or postcode area. Only patients < 65 years old preferred not to return (p<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this population, patients preferred to return for first-day review following uncomplicated phacoemulsification. There may be some variance in the opinions of surgeons and patients regarding this issue, and the patient's preferences should be taken into account to provide optimum quality of care.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phacoemulsification in the vitreous cavity for retained nuclear lens fragments.

PURPOSE: To evaluate anatomic and functional results after surgery of retained lens fragments in the vitreous cavity after previous phacoemulsification. METHODS: The authors studied retrospectively 18 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retained nuclear lens fragments. Patients having only cortical material in the vitreous cavity were excluded. In all cases the nucleus or nuclear fragments were removed after a complete vitrectomy using perfluorocarbon injection in the vitreous cavity, associated with phacoemulsification in the vitreous cavity. The authors used a conventional phaco probe devoid of the silicone sleeve. Time lapse between cataract surgery and vitrectomy varied between 0 and 24 days (mean 8.2 +/- 7.4). Follow-up was 33.9 +/- 20.6 months (range 4 to 53). RESULTS: The mean final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/45 (range 20/400 to 20/20). It was 20/40 or better in 33% of patients, reaching 40% when patients with previous macular disease were excluded. A total of 61% of patients reached a final BCVA ranging from 20/50 to 20/200. Retinal detachment occurred in one eye and topical medications were necessary to manage intraocular pressure in four cases. CONCLUSIONS: PPV with intravitreous phacoemulsification is the technique of choice for dislocated nuclei or nuclear fragments in the vitreous cavity. (

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Development of glaucoma after phacoemulsification for removal of cataracts in dogs: 22 cases (1987-1997).

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors contributing to glaucoma after lens extraction via phacoemulsification in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 22 dogs (29 eyes) with glaucoma and 21 dogs (30 eyes) without glaucoma after phacoemulsification. PROCEDURE: Medical record review. RESULTS: Eyes at increased risk for glaucoma included those of Boston Terriers, those with uveal or retinal abnormalities before surgery, and those with intraoperative intraocular hemorrhage. Significant differences between groups were not detected for incidence of preoperative lens-induced uveitis, presence of an intraocular lens, or frequency of an acute postoperative increase in intraocular pressure. Glaucoma developed (mean +/- SD) 12.8+/-14.1 months (median, 10 months; range, 0.25 to 55 months) after surgery. Eighteen of 29 (62%) eyes with potential for vision after onset of glaucoma retained vision for a mean of 16.5+/-12.8 months (median, 10.8 months; range, 1.5 to 37 months) after glaucoma was diagnosed. Most of these eyes still had vision at the conclusion of the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Risk factors identified by this study will aid in preoperative counseling of clients and refining selection criteria for candidates for phacoemulsification. Careful follow-up for the remainder of the dog's life after surgery may improve long-term success rates by permitting early intervention before intraocular pressure increases substantially and vision is irreversibly lost. Surgery for cataracts may still be worthwhile in dogs with increased risk of glaucoma, especially if elderly, because of the lengthy period to onset of glaucoma after surgery and the beneficial effects of treatment after glaucoma develops.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Funduscopic findings following cataract extraction by means of phacoemulsification in diabetic dogs: 52 cases (1993-2003).

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of retinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms in dogs with diabetes mellitus following cataract extraction by means of phacoemulsification and identify potential risk factors. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PROCEDURE: Medical records of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification between 1993 and 2003 were reviewed, and information was recorded on signalment, history, physical examination findings, ophthalmic examination findings, results of laboratory testing, electroretinographic findings, and surgical findings. Glycemic control was classified as poor, intermediate, or good on the basis of baseline blood glucose concentration, perioperative body weight loss, daily insulin dosage, and presence of glucosuria and ketonuria. Data from diabetic and nondiabetic dogs were analyzed to determine prevalence and risk factors for development of retinal hemorrhages or microaneurysms following phacoemulsification. RESULTS: 11 of the 52 (21%) dogs with diabetes mellitus developed ophthalmoscopic signs of retinal hemorrhages or microaneurysms, compared with 1 of the 174 (0.6%) nondiabetic dogs. Median time from onset of diabetes mellitus to diagnosis of retinopathy was 1.4 years (range, 0.5 to 3.2 years). No risk factors for development of retinopathy were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that retinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms may be more common and develop earlier in diabetic dogs than previously reported. This may affect treatment, as diabetic dogs survive longer with improved glycemic control.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cystoid macular edema after phacoemulsification: risk factors and effect on visual acuity.

BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence and risk factors for cystoid macular edema (CME) after phacoemulsification surgery and its effect on visual acuity. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 98 eyes of 98 patients (43 women) with a mean (SD) age of 61.8 (11.3) years. Phacoemulsification was performed with temporal clear corneal incision and implantation of foldable hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens in the bag. Postoperative visits were on day 1, week 1, and at 1, 3, and 6 months. In addition, at week 10 all patients had fundus fluorescein angiography, and presence of CME was determined. Age, sex, iris colour, pseudoexfoliation, type of cataract, phaco time, status of the posterior vitreous, iris trauma, severity of anterior chamber reaction, and visual acuities were evaluated. RESULTS: No major intraoperative complications occurred. Twenty-five (25.5%) eyes were CME(+), and 73 (74.4%) eyes were CME(-). CME occurred in 70% of patients with iris trauma and 20.5% of patients with no iris trauma. CME was more common in patients who had postoperative anterior chamber inflammation of 2+ or more than in patients with less inflammation (43.2% vs. 11.5%). Complete posterior vitreous detachment had some apparent protective effect against CME development. The mean visual acuities of CME(+) patients were lower than those of CME(-) patients in all postoperative periods. The difference was significant in the third month (p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: CME after phacoemulsification was associated with iris trauma and severe postoperative inflammation. Complete posterior vitreous detachment had some apparent protective effect against CME development. CME may be associated with decreased visual acuity.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical results of phacoemulsification in patients with uveitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with uveitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Review of records of 37 eyes of 31 patients with uveitis (14 men and 17 women; mean age, 49.8 years; age range, 26 to 71 years) who underwent phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. The data recorded were age, gender, IOL type, treatment modalities, final visual outcome, and complications. RESULTS: Panuveitis, anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, and intermediate uveitis were detected in 16 (51.6%), 9 (29.0%), 5 (16.1%), and 1 (3.3%) of the patients, respectively. At 6 months postoperatively, 32 (86.5%) eyes had achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 22 (59.5%) eyes had a visual acuity of 20/20. Five (13.5%) eyes showed limited improvement in postoperative visual acuity due to posterior segment problems. Postoperative recurrence of inflammation occurred in 12 eyes (32.4%) of 10 patients and was treated and controlled with medical therapy. CONCLUSION: When inflammation in uveitic eyes is under complete control, phacoemulsification and implantation of a foldable acrylic IOL in the posterior chamber is safe, effective, and tolerated well. To minimize vision-limiting complications, these patients must be observed closely after surgery, and must be treated aggressively if the inflammation recurs.

Adult↗