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PubMed1998

Secondary school teachers' perception of pupils' undesirable behaviours.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies provide inconclusive evidence with regard to the influence that teacher, pupil and school characteristics have on teachers' attitudes towards problem behaviours. AIMS: To investigate the seriousness of several behaviours as perceived by secondary school teachers, and the extent to which these perceptions are influenced by a number of characteristics. SAMPLE: A sample of 605 randomly selected teachers from 16 state secondary schools participated in the study. METHODS: A questionnaire survey method was employed: RESULTS: Drug abuse, cruelty/bullying and destroying were perceived as the most serious behaviours whereas inquisitiveness and whispering were rated as the least serious. Significant grade level differences were observed in all but two of the 49 behaviours, these being masturbation and obscene notes. While smoking and heterosexual activity were perceived significantly more serious in Form 1-2 than in Form 4-5 pupils, the converse was true for all the remaining forms of behaviour. Irrespective of grade level, a number of significant pupil sex and teacher sex differences were observed. Whereas cheating, lying, masturbation and heterosexual activity were perceived to be significantly more serious in girls than in boys, the converse is true for dreaminess, disorderliness, silliness, quarrelsomeness, and restlessness. While female teachers perceived masturbation and obscene notes significantly more serious than male teachers the opposite is true for disorderliness. School selectivity and teaching experience were important moderators of the perceived seriousness of problem behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides additional evidence of the importance of certain teacher, pupil and school characteristics as moderators of teachers' perception of the seriousness of behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pupil injury risks as a function of physical and psychosocial environmental problems experienced at school.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate relations between physical and psychosocial environmental problems in schools, as perceived by school principals, and injuries among pupils. METHOD: Proportionate injury ratios (PIRs) were computed for 77 public sector Swedish schools (33,248 pupils), and divided into four classes based on types of environmental problems reported. Sports related injuries, injuries during recesses, and violence related injuries were considered. RESULTS: The schools reporting psychosocial problems (9.1% of schools and 7.3% of pupils) had more injuries than expected by chance than all types of injuries aggregated (PIR = 1.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64 to 2.27), and in the case of sports related injuries (PIR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.34) and injuries due to physical violence (PIR = 2.20; 95% CI 1.33 to 3.65). There were no significant excess risks of injuries for schools facing physical problems or a combination of physical and psychosocial problems. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial problems may exacerbate the risk of intentional and unintentional injuries among pupils. The results offer a reminder that school environment must be planned as part of any assessment of youth safety.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pupils with special needs: a Scottish perspective.

The distinction between ordinary and special schooling in Scotland was effectively erased by the Education (Scotland) Act of 1981. This Act recognizes that any pupil who requires extra support to succeed in a regular classroom is a child who has special education needs. Presently, all pupils who, for whatever reason, do not cope successfully at school are collectively referred to as children with learning difficulties. The term "learning difficulties" reflects a broader spectrum of problems than those characteristically found in the category of learning disabilities used in the United States. In cases of dyslexia, the term "specific learning difficulties" (a subgroup of learning difficulties) is also used. All special education provision in based on individual needs. A child's needs are interpreted in relation to a continuum of special education needs and in the context of his or her unique environment. For pupils with learning difficulties, the needs-assessment process is typically informal and rarely results in an official record of need being opened for them. A description of Grampian Region, one of the largest administrative units in northern Scotland, reveals how special educational practice is organized to respond to pupils with learning difficulties in the current educational climate.

Education, Special↗
PubMed2002

Pupil perimetry in the diagnosis of functional visual field loss.

The diagnosis of functional visual loss-reduced visual performance in the absence of an organic cause-is usually made by exclusion. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate pupil perimetry in three patients (aged 14, 43 and 50) with visual field loss presumed to be functional on clinical grounds and having no cause identified by visual electrophysiology or magnetic resonance imaging. A modified automated perimeter was used to examine visual and pupil responses to a light stimulus (size 1.7 degrees ) presented at five locations in the visual field (fixation and in each of the four quadrants). In each patient, the pupil responses were normal in those test quadrants which showed apparent visual field loss. Pupil perimetry provides objective evidence for a diagnosis of functional visual field loss in selected patients and may circumvent the need for other investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Are the pupils of premature infants affected by intraventricular hemorrhage?

The size and reactivity to light of the pupil in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage has been variously described in the literature. These descriptions have included miosis, reactivity to light, nonreactivity to light, and anisocoria. We studied the size and light reactivity of 20 infants with intraventricular hemorrhage compared with 30 controls. Both groups displayed a mean pupil diameter in relative darkness of 3.0 to 4.0 mm at various postconceptional ages (P > .05). The age of first response to light was about 30 weeks after conception in each group (P > .05). The severity of intraventricular hemorrhage as determined by ultrasound was not related to the pupil diameter in relative darkness. In general, the pupils of neonates are not affected by intraventricular hemorrhage.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed2003

An epidemiological study of pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis among pupils in the peri-urban zone of Kumba town, Meme Division, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Paragonimiasis have previously been reported in two zones of the Southwest Province of Cameroon including the Kupe mountain and Mundani foci. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and epidemiology of paragonimiasis in the peri-urban zone of Kumba, Meme Division, located about 50 km away from the Kupe mountain focus. METHODS: Pupils of several government primary schools in 5 villages around Kumba underwent both parasitologic and clinical investigations in search of signs and symptoms of paragonimiasis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was also searched for in the differential diagnosis. Freshwater crabs from neighbouring streams in the five villages were dissected in search of paragonimus metacercariae. RESULTS: Out of a total of 1482 pupils examined in all five villages, 309 individuals (147 males and 162 females) were recruited for this study based on the presence of one or more signs or symptoms of paragonimiasis. Eggs of Paragonimus africanus were found in stools and/or sputum of pupils from all five villages, giving an overall paragonimus prevalence of 2.56%. There was no significant difference in the disease prevalence between the villages (Chi2 = 8.36, P = 0.08). The prevalence of Paragonimus africanus eggs amongst pupils with symptoms of paragonimiasis was 12.3% (38 of 309). Males were infected more than females (17.0% versus 8.0%), but the difference was not significant (Chi2 = 5.76, P = 0.16). All the 38 paragonimus egg positive subjects presented with cough, 23 (60.53%) complained of chest pain while 16 (42.11%) had haemoptysis. Stool examinations also detected some intestinal parasites including Ascaris lumbricoides (29.45%), Trichuris trichiura (6.47%), Necator americanus (2.27%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.62%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.65%), and Entamoeba histolytica (4.53%). No case of M. tuberculosis was noted. Out of a total of 85 dissected crabs (Sudanonautes africanus), 6.02 % were infected with paragonimus metacercariae. CONCLUSION: In addition to the two previously described paragonimiasis foci of Kupe mountain and Mundani, the identification of autochthonous cases of paragonimiasis in the peri-urban zone of Kumba town, makes the South West Province the most endemic zone of paragonimiasis in Cameroon at present.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Visual acuity of fly photoreceptors in natural conditions--dependence on UV sensitizing pigment and light-controlling pupil.

The effect of the UV-absorbing sensitizing pigment of fly photoreceptors on absolute, spectral and angular sensitivity was investigated with a wave-optics model for the facet lens-rhabdomere system. When sky light was used as a UV-rich light source, one sensitizing pigment molecule per rhodopsin increased the photoreceptor absorption by 14-18% with respect to pure rhodopsin, whilst two sensitizing pigment molecules per rhodopsin increased the absorption by 20-27%. Upon light adaptation, when the pupil mechanism is activated, photoreceptor absorption decreases; in the housefly, Musca, by up to 6-fold. The fully light-adapted pupil diminishes the photoreceptor's acceptance angle by a factor of approximately 0.6 due to selective absorption of higher order waveguide modes. Spatial acuity of dark-adapted photoreceptors is more or less constant throughout the visual wavelength range, including the UV, because the waveguide optics of the rhabdomere compromise acuity least at wavelengths most limited by diffraction of the facet lens. Diffraction is not the general limiting factor causative for UV sensitivity of insect eyes. Visual acuity is governed by diffraction only with a fully light-adapted pupil, which absorbs higher waveguide modes. Closure of the blue-absorbing pupil causes a UV-peaking spectral sensitivity of fly photoreceptors. The sensitizing pigment does not play an appreciable role in modifying spatial acuity, neither in the dark- nor the light-adapted state, due to the dominant contribution of green light in natural light sources.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2003

Optimal pupil size in the human eye for axial resolution.

A computer model that incorporates the monochromatic aberrations of the eye is used to determine the optimal pupil size for axial and lateral resolution as it applies to retinal imaging instruments such as the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The optimal pupil size for axial resolution, based on the aberrations of 15 subjects, is 4.30 mm +/- 1.19 mm standard deviation (sd), which is larger than that for lateral resolution [2.46 mm +/- 0.66 mm (sd)]. When small confocal pinholes are used, the maximum detected light is obtained with a pupil size of 4.90 mm +/- 1.04 mm sd. It is recommended to use larger pupil sizes in imaging applications where axial resolution is desired.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alcohol consumption in pupils of Compulsory Secondary Education].

BACKGROUND: The consumption of addictive substances by adolescents is a growing problem with a considerable social and health impact, with alcohol being the drug of greatest consumption. The aim of this paper is to analyse the consumption of alcohol in pupils attending Compulsory Secondary Education in our health care milieu in order to understand the dimension of the problem in our context. METHODS: Randomized distribution, stratified by school year, of a semi-quantitative questionnaire on the frequency of consumption of alcoholic drinks. Distributed to 406 pupils in Compulsory Secondary Education: 194 males and 212 females, with ages between 13 and 16 years. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption increased with school year (p<0.05), with differences existing between the two sexes. From figures for consumption in the 1st year of Compulsory Secondary Education of 27.8% in males and 11.4% in females (p<0.05), figures were reached in the 4th school year of 81.5% in males and 54.7% in females (p<0.05). The regular consumption of alcohol (at least once a week) in males rose from 8.4% (1st school year) to 53.7% (4th school year); and in females from 5.8% (1st school year) to 24.6% (4th school year). In the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, amongst the males who consumed alcohol, 18.2% did so on a daily basis, 47.7% at the weekend, and the remaining 34.1% occasionally; and amongst the females, 6.9% did so on a daily basis, 37.9% at the weekend, and the remaining 55.2% occasionally. In the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, the average quantity of alcohol ingested by the males at the weekend was 130.7 grams, and by the females 98.8 grams. In both sexes, the proportional contribution to the total ingestion of alcohol was in the majority of cases by consumption of spirits (46.1% in males and 55.4% in females) and beer (30.9% in males and 31.6% in females). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of alcohol consumption amongst Secondary School pupils is very high, especially starting in the 3rd year of Compulsory Secondary Education in males and the 4th school year in females. On the completion of studies in Compulsory Secondary Education, there is a generalised consumption of alcohol amongst our adolescents that is mainly circumscribed to the weekend, although there is an important and relevant number of pupils who refer to daily consumption.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2002

Human pupil and eyelid response to intense laser light: implications for protection.

Natural ocular protective measures induced by laser glare at 514 nm were evaluated concomitant with the performance of a tracking task. Light-induced eyelid and pupil responses of 5 volunteers, 1 woman and 4 men, ages 23 to 60 years, were recorded as they tracked a target moving at 0.3 degrees/sec. with an optical sight. Frame-by-frame analysis of video images of the eye allowed assessment of the eyelid response (squint and blink) and measurement of the pupil diameter. Three laser exposure durations (0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 sec.) were used during bright and dim ambient light conditions. All laser exposure trials produced a pupillary constriction with a latency, i.e., the time from the onset of the laser exposure until the pupil began to constrict, of approximately 100 msec. In a representative 3-sec. exposure, the total intraocular energy was reduced by 69% as the pupil diameter decreased from 6.0 to 2.5 mm. For the 0.1-sec. exposures at 1.6 mW/cm2, a blink reflex was observed on 2 of 10 trials under the dim ambient conditions and not observed on 9 trials under bright conditions. For 1- and 3-sec. exposures at 0.33 mW/cm2, a blink reflex was observed on four (3 bright and 1 dim) of the 38 trials. For conditions evaluated, pupillary constriction was consistent and provided some protection when the exposure duration exceeded the pupillary latency period; however, a blink reflex was observed on only a limited number of trials, possibly due to the exposure dose, the small retinal irradiance diameter produced by the laser exposure, and the volunteers' attention to the demanding performance task.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

High school pupils' attitude and experience with drugs in Holon, Israel.

Five hundred and eight high school pupils filled out questionnaires concerning their attitudes and experience in the use of drugs: 3.15% had used drugs at least once. The beginning age was 14.36 +/- 1.55. Boys consumed more than girls (68.75 vs 31.25%). Pupil's permissive attitudes were in significant correlation with the following: controversy with parents (p < .05); breaking rules (discipline and property) (p < .05); drug consumption (p < .001); and positive parents' and friends' attitude toward drugs (p < .003). According to the pupils, the three main motives for beginning to take drugs were curiosity, peer influence, and existence of personal difficulties and/or seeking pleasure. The pupils' knowledge in the topic of drugs came from TV (92.5%, newspapers and periodicals (77.5%), and school (75%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cross-cultural attitudes towards suicide among South African secondary school pupils.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitudes towards suicide among Grade II secondary school pupils among three cultural groups in South Africa. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Grade II Secondary school pupils chosen at random from three urban schools in Pietersburg. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 366 pupils, 150 (41%) males and 216 (59%) females, the mean age was 19.3 years (SD = 2.6), with a range from 17 to 24 years. The three cultural groups were 142 blacks, 112 whites and 112 Asians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Socioeconomic and family background (14 items), suicide data (4 items), and a 30-item Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale for Adolescents (MAST-12). RESULTS: Suicide ideation and plans to commit suicide are the highest among Asians, closely followed by Whites and lowest among Black pupils. The frequency of attempted suicide was lower among Blacks (11.3%) than that among Asians (13.5%) and Whites (13%). Analysis of variance indicated a significantly higher score among suicide attempters on attraction to death and repulsion by life and a significantly lower score on attraction to life and repulsion by death. Furthermore, this study found a significant correlation between total MAST, suicide ideation, suicide intent, history of completed suicide in family or friend, parents divorced, family size and suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: This study found differential effects across diverse ethnocultural adolescent groups for suicidal ideation, plants and attempts. This gives indications on how suicide prevention programmes can be constructed in culture-congenial ways.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Two families of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with Adie's pupil, axonal neuropahy and the Thr124Met mutation in the peripheral myelin protein zero gene].

We reported two families of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) with Thr124Met mutation in the peripheral myelin protein zero (MPZ). The clinical features of the proband patients of both families showed Adie's pupil, severe sensory dominant neuropathy in lower extremities, and axonal changes in sural nerve biopsies and nerve conduction studies. Muscle atrophy and weakness was mild in the lower legs, while sensory impairment was marked. The proband patient of family 1 had four symptomatic siblings and one of them showed Adie's pupil. The elderly daughter of the proband of family 2 showed Adie's pupil and younger daughter showed photophobia. The biopsied sural nerves of both proband patients revealed prominent axonal sprouting, and sub-perineurial edema and mild fascicular enlargement. Segmental demyelination was not frequent in teased fiber assessment. The present two family cases strongly suggest that this MPZ gene mutation (Thr124Met) could be present among the patients with CMT type 2, axonal form. Furthermore, the patients showing sensory neuropathy and Adie's pupil may need to be reexamined with this mutation. It is also necessary to reassess genotype-phenotype correlation in CMT patients particularly in reference to type 1 and type 2.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

[Analysis of motivation for cigarette smoking by teenagers based on a questionnaire distributed among school pupils staying in summer camps].

Cigarette smoking by teenagers is conditioned by many factors with psychosocial ones among them. The aim of our study was to define the reasons for cigarette smoking by juveniles in Poland nowadays. The analysis was performed on the basis of questionnaire given to 598 school pupils resting in the summer camps in the Tricity of three neighbouring towns of Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia. The study group included 357 females and 241 males, with an age of 8-19 years, on average 14.4. Out of the hole group 111 (18.6%) were smokers. This subgroup, 58 boys and 53 girls (age: 12-19 yrs.; on average 15.4), answered to several questions concerning cigarette smoking. Among remaining 487 non-smokers the prevalence of cigarette smoking among their parents was only assessed. As the main reason for smoking the majority (69.4%) of smokers reported the stress reduction. Pleasure was another frequently reported (29.7%) reason for cigarette smoking. Peers smoking was an important reason for cigarette smoking for 28.8% of school pupils. We found that the example of smoking parents significantly influenced the prevalence of smoking cigarettes among teenagers. The majority (73.9%) of smoking pupils knew the cigarette were harmful. Obtained results show the multiplicity of reasons for cigarette smoking by juveniles resulting mainly from psychosocial factors. There is a great necessity of antismoking programs for school pupils adjusted to specificity of psychology of adolescence as well as the exemplary role of adults creating a life style without cigarette.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Health inequalities: self-reported complaints and their predictors in pupils from Belgium].

BACKGROUND: This paper identifies socioeconomic and sociodemographic predictors of respiratory/allergic health problems and subjective complaints in adolescents in Belgium. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of the 1998 cross-national study "Health Behaviour of School aged Children" (HBSC) in French-speaking Belgium was undertaken. The survey was based on a self-completed questionnaire concerning various aspects of physical, emotional and social health. The five health problems (asthma, any other respiratory difficulty, allergy, poor subjective health, overweight and depressed feeling) were considered present when a positive reply was given to close-end questions stating if the pupils suffered, or have suffered from these problems during the last six months. We analysed a representative sample of 12,012 pupils aged 11 to 19 years in fifth and sixth grades of primary school, and in all six grades of secondary school. RESULTS: socioeconomics gradients were found for subjective ill health, depressed state and overweight (p<0.01). Depressed state and overweight were linearly associated with a family economic score. Respiratory difficulties and allergies were observed mainly in pupils in technical training. CONCLUSION: Pupils with a lower economic score have a higher prevalence of subjective complaints. It remains important to define determinants of subjective ill health and moreover, to act upon these results by increasing accessibility to health services when necessary, by adapting some others to young people and by tailoring interventions to objective and self-perceived needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[ND YAG laser impact for creating a pupil].

PURPOSE: Using the energy of Nd YAG laser for creating a pupil and achievement of best functional and esthetic effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For creating a pupil in membranous cataract and pupillar membranes we used Nidek Nd YAG laser in 53 eyes with pseudophakia, senile and traumatic aphakia. We used individual method of approach in each eye. In some of the eyes a complex of laser treatment: membranectomy, iridectomy, anterior vitreolysis in several treatments. We defined the average power of the laser beam and the average number of applications for attaining best results. RESULTS: The creation of pupil plan was connected with the immediate improvement of the visual acuity. In 41 of the eyes (77.35%) it reached value between 0.4 and 1.0. The IOP was compensated up to the 24th hour with local beta-block. CONCLUSION: The use of the Nd YAG laser energy for creating a pupil is uninvasive, modern, spare microsurgical method. An excellent functional and esthetic effect was achieved and no adjacent tissue was damaged while using it in closed eye ball conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Nd YAG laser microsurgery for pupil centering and improvement of visual acuity].

PURPOSE: To define the use of Nd YAG laser treatment for centering the pupil--coreoplasty and improvement of the visual acuity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used Nd YAG laser for coreoplasty in 29 eye of the patient, aged between 6 and 90. The eyes were classified in four groups using the disposition of the pupil according to the optic axis criteria. We used our own methods for centering the pupil. The average power was 3 +/- 0.2 mj, and the average number of applications--5 +/- 2. RESULTS: The Nd YAG laser coreoplasty succeeded in all 29 eyes. In 96.55% of the eyes the visual acuity was very good and excellent. CONCLUSION: The dislocation of the pupil according to the optic axis due to trauma or surgery complication always decreases the function of the damaged eye. The Nd YAG laser helps to improve the visual acuity--an excellent effect, produced in several minutes in dispensary conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Social support and proper human relations in high school pupils in relation to psychosomatic disease prevention].

The examination concerned 313 girls and boys from the second and third class of the secondary schools in Kraków. The translated German version questionnaire "Woman Self Image and Social Ideal" was used in the examination; mainly its parts such as: 1. "The social support" which includes 22 questions. 2. "Human Relations" which includes 64 questions. The five step scale of feeling was applied. One of the five possibilities was chosen by the examined persons and analysed. Stepwise regression was performed. More than half of the examined pupils have a good friend, who is helpful any time and who has never lets them down. They are relaxed with him, may discuss important problems and can give him charge over their home in their absence. 5% of the examined pupils could not share psychological problems with any friends and 10% could not count on house or flat care. 10% of pupils often felt as outsiders among other young people, while 1/3 did not experience such a feeling. The need of better understanding, care and support in the family and from close acquaintances was observed by 15%. Simultaneously only 14% claimed that relation in this matter were satisfactory. 19% of examined persons wanted more safety and friendship. Only 14% had a feeling of full safety. Juveniles most often claimed, that it is not difficult for them to buy a gift for another person (71% vs 2%), or cherish happiness of other people (67% vs 0.3%), and to express sympathy to others (65% vs 2.8%). More than half of the respondents judge themselves as non-aggressive against others, that they do not place their own needs above other peoples' needs, and that they are not afraid of contact with others. The frequency of choosing opposite extreme did not exceed 5% of the respondents. With the majority of questions we found a number of answers regarding discussed problem, ex. accepting orders from superiors (never--28%, sometimes--28%, average--21%, often--12%, very often--11%). In analogical proportions we found answers regarding such facts as a being strong and steady person, without bothering of hurting somebody's feelings or taking care of their own goals when anyone else is in need. We showed very differentiated, individual approach of examined adolescents to matters regarding their relations with people important for shaping their attitude towards life. It was also shown, that most of the 16-17 year old adolescents from Krakow enjoy a satisfactory relationship with people important in their lives, on the other hand, it is distressing that almost 20% of the examined pupils do not get enough support, care, safety and understanding either from their peers, families or adults.

Adolescent↗