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PubMed1983

Concepts of Schizo-affective psychoses. History, construct validity and some empirical data.

After offering a brief survey of some major unresolved contradictions in the field of clinical psychiatry, the author looks over the historical development of syndromatological entities related to the so-called schizo-affective psychoses. These syndromes were described with reference to somatogenic, endogenous, and psychogenic psychoses and as (relatively) distinct entities, respectively. For grasping these syndromes as independent entities it seems to be necessary to take into account a few holistic characteristics and to put aside the 'mixture model' while making research diagnostic criteria.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1978

[Clinical psychopathological characteristics of acute atypical circular affective psychoses].

The clinical reality of acute atypical affective psychoses is recognized by almost all psychiatrists. A total of 229 cases of atypical circular psychosis have been studied. In many of these cases the "psychodynamic mobility" of the personality, i.e., the "fixed attitude" according to Usnadse, was studied in addition to a clinical analysis. The method used for this is described, and a number of criteria for evaluation are reported. Also, the thematic apperception test and Rorschach test as well as electroencephalographic examinations have been carried out on many of the patients included in this study. The results of clinical-psychopathological and experimental-psychological examinations enable better diagnoses of acute atypical affective psychoses to be established.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1981

[Diagnosis and therapy of psychoses (author's transl)].

We apply the same diagnostic principles for the acute schizophrenic episode of the youngster as we do for the adult. The slowly progressive psychoses are characterized by though disorders, creation of extreme alternatives to their view of life, and a loss of shame. An organic process has to be ruled out as differential diagnosis of these psychoses as well as manic depressive illnesses. The different therapeutic aspects will be demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Classification of endogenous psychoses by centrally regulated variations of the cardiac rhythm. Preliminary report].

After the successful classification of endogenous psychoses only by a vector of measuring dates of covering curves of the arterial pulse waves was tested, whether the concrete state of activity of the generally activating reticular system observed in this case may be described also according to the peculiarity of centrally regulated variations of the cardiac rhythm. Using the vectors of the measuring values of these regulation influences we also got a rate of correct classification of endogenous psychoses of about 80%.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1980

[Psychopathologic aspects of the course of idiopathic psychoses].

This contribution to a symposium on our ability to affect the course of psychiatric illnesses deals with psychopathology and uses a syndrome-oriented approach. The core of the idiopathic syndromes consists of the bipolar affective psychoses, including the predominantly affective-psychotic psychoses of the schizoaffective borderland. The underlying dynamic constellation is determined by restriction and expansion, whereas schizophrenic phenomena arise when the dynamic becomes unstable. One can differentiate between the central affect-psychotic type, the purely depressive dysphorias, and the schizophrenic syndromes which are complicated by a dynamic insufficiency and a structural change and which are normally no longer completely reversible. The real psychotic core of the idiopathic syndromes on which the thymotropic drugs act, lies in the derailments of the psychic dynamic of the three types: restriction, expansion and instability. Within the structural-dynamic framework the psychotic derailments and personality with its biographical and situational background are closely linked. The cope and limitations of the treatment of the idiopathic syndromes are discussed from a structural-dynamic viewpoint.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1981

[Psychoses in oligophrenics].

Data of clinico-psychopathological examinations of 60 oligophrenics in the state of decompensation are presented. The decompensation took a course of psychotic states of various duration. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation. Data and outcomes of those states, as well as to the role of various factors in their genesis. Data concerning diagnostic differentiation of those states from other diseases, particularly, schizophrenia, involutional and vascular psychoses are presented. The clinical picture of the psychoses, when compared with the results of paraclinical examinations of the patients, allows one to separate these forms out of the total group of psychotic states having a residuo-organic basis, and to regard them as a decompensation of the basic ailment, i.e., residual signs of an early cerebral affection which acquires a number of specific features (in the formation of the psychopathological symptoms) associated with the oligophrenic structure of the intellectual defect. Importance of combined therapy in the system of the curative measures is stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Differential diagnosis of late endogenous affective psychoses].

On the basis of examining 102 patients with late endogenous affective psychoses, it has been shown that among them (like among younger patients) there exists a group of cases the nosological differentiation of which based on conventional criteria presents certain difficulties. However, in the older patients these "intermediate" cases are more frequent (about 30% of all cases) than in the younger ones. It has been also shown that at the older age the nosologically more typical paroxysmal and/or phasic endogenous psychoses are void of a number of clinico-nosological properties characteristic of analogous diseases of the younger age.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1981

[Schizophrenic psychoses and HLA antigens. Personal data and review of the literature].

Genetic factors play probably an important part in the development of schizophrenic psychoses. As a consequence the use of a genetic marker as the HLA system appears to be interesting in determining the disease susceptibility gene of these psychoses. Methods and results of an investigation about the frequencies of 33 HLA alleles observed in 51 patients considered as paranoid schizophrenics are presented. The frequency of HLA-A 29 was diminished while the one of HLA-B 15 was increased but the differences were no longer significant when p was corrected. However when all the results published from 1974 to 1980 were pooled in a combined statistical analysis, some associations became significant. It seems that schizophrenia as a whole, once paranoid and hebephrenic sub-types have to be distinguished. It may be concluded from these data that correlations between schizophrenia and HLA antigens which remain doubtful could be explained with a biological genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenic disorders. Review of literature concerning the identification of HLA haplotypes in schizophrenics pedigrees and about the HLA system as a genetic marker for the clinical response to neuroleptics in schizophrenic patients or in vitro, is also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Performance of medical students on the short syndrome-test. On the recognition of functional psychoses in young highly intelligent adults].

Erzigkeit's accelerated syndrome test is used to determine the severity of functional psychoses. This test, by which the proficiency level of a subject may be ascertained, should be evaluated in dependence upon the subject's age and general level of intelligence. To correct for these quantities, the accelerated syndrome test includes combined standards for four age and three IQ levels (12 tables of standards). The quality of correction should be empirically verified here. A sample of sixty-three medical students (this sample was characterized by a very high degree of homogeneity in that the students were of the same age and also had the same IQ's) were used to show that the standardization of age and IQ in the accelerated syndrome test allows functional psychoses to be far more readily recognized than when no consideration is given to these variables. Classification by degrees of disorder should also be much more convincing than without the use of differential standardization.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[System analysis and logic mathematical modelling of delusional psychoses].

Under consideration of the methodical and methodological classification 407 delusional psychoses were analysed which developed within the scope of schizophrenia, symptomatic psychoses and epilepsy. To this end, a list of standardised signs was made up which characterise the course of the disease in detail. The results yield structural-phenomenological models and are of differential-diagnostic importance.

Delusions↗
PubMed1980

[Concerning a single variety of intermediate or "mixed" psychoses].

A clinical follow-up examination was conducted in 61 patients (10 males and 51 females) with schizoaffective psychoses and a social and personality preservation, where the disease persisted not less than 10 years and where the amount of acute schizoform attacks did not exceed 3 years. It was established that the combination of some pathogenetic and clinical signs may lead to a formation of a special "intermediate" psychoses with "schizophrenic" symptomatology in the attacks and an absence of defect symptoms in the outcome of the disease, when there is a slight decline of the vital tone in a preserved personality kernel.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Certain patterns in the effect of premorbid backgrounds on the shape of reactive psychoses].

Clinico-statistical analyses of 696 cases with reactive psychoses established that the psychogenic syndromes developing on a pathological background are predilectively formed in a uniform or adjacent to the premorbid psychopathological register. The tendency found is interpreted as signs of general pathological regularities in a reactive type formation. The clinical expression of these regularities is accomplished through the probabilistic preformation by the premorbid pathological background of the depth and quality of a psychogenically changed consciousness of the patients. Affective and personality-catathymic mechanisms are taken as a model in discussing the construction of the clinical picture and pathokinesis of reactive psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[The diagnostic value of cranial computerized tomography in exogenous psychoses and mental disorders associated with organic disease (author's transl)].

205 patients hospitalized in a psychiatric department were subjected to cranial computerized tomography. The diagnosis on discharge according to the ICD key in each case was "psychoses or mental disorders associated with physical conditions". Pathological findings were obtained in 67.8% of the patients. In the case of space-occupying lesions the connection between psychiatric symptoms and syndromes and the underlying organic disease is obvious. Moreover, with inflammatory, vascular or traumatic diseases, a relationship to focal lesions found on the computer tomography appears likely if backed by appropriate neurological indications in the history or on clinical examinations. However, when alterations signifying diffuse brain atrophy are obtained on computer tomography any connections with psychiatric features should be very critically evaluated and, in individual cases, such connections had better not be looked for at all. Especially in cases of psychoses or mental disorders associated with physical conditions cranial computerized tomography is of high diagnostic value and the indications for its implementation in these cases should be judged very leniently.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Outcome of functional psychoses in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria.

In a study of 43 psychotics resident in a large metropolitan community of a non-Western country, scores of defined measures of illness outcome namely symptom score, social impairment score, change in occupational status score, indicate a generally poor prognosis in functional psychoses. This is congruent with the reports of similar studies in the industrialised countries and curiously at variance with the reports of better prognosis for several African and Asian patients. Our findings might be due to the fact that the population studied was exposed to significant western influence or contained poor prognosis illness variants. Alternatively, functional psychoses might run different courses among different ethnic groups within the same country. Our tentative findings should be base-stimulus for further enquiry.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

EEG and evoked potentials in the psychoses.

EEG and evoked potential (ER) findings in schizophrenic and affective psychoses were selectively reviewed. Both groups of psychoses appear to differ from normal in a number of EEG and ER characteristics; however, diagnostic specificity was suggested by relatively few findings. More encouraging result with respect to specificity have been obtained by subtyping the psychotic groups, e.g., process versus reactive schizophrenic, unipolar versus bipolar depression. Methodologic issues and directions for future research were discussed.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Factors influencing the clinical picture, course and effectiveness of therapy in patients with manic-depressive psychoses].

The long lasting (5-8 years) clinical observations of 496 patients suffering from manic-depressive psychoses had allowed the authors to distinguish some factors which influence (in a positive and negative way) the clinical features and therapeutic effectiveness as well as to follow the origin of psychoses. The attached specification of these factors is not complete, further tests and investigations are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

["Mediumistic psychoses". A case report].

Psychiatric diseases resulting from occult practices or spiritualist influences have long been known Henneberg in 1919 first described independent forms concelved as having a psychological genesis as "mediumistic psychoses". The continued importance of these disorders and the difficulties in their typological classification are illustrated by reference to a patient of our own who had pronounced auditory hallucinations. In classifying "mediumistic psychoses", it appears appropriate to give first consideration to atypical schizophrenic disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[A trial of the use of nifedipine for preventing relapses in affective and schizoaffective psychoses].

Nifedipine was applied for the secondary prophylaxis of affective phasic disorders. 21 patients with both affective and schizoaffective psychoses were treated with nifedipine for 1-3 years (mostly for 2 years) in a dose of 20-60 mg daily (usually 30-40 mg). The clear prophylactic effect of nifedipine was observed in 76.2% of cases. The duration of affective phases reduced by 44.8% while their frequency decreased by 40.4% as compared with the control group. The positive therapeutic effect was more pronounced for manic disorders (the transition of the disturbances to subclinical, ambulant level). The preventive effect of the drug was more clear in affective than in schizoaffective psychoses (91.7% and 55.6%, respectively) as well as it was more expressed in bipolar (84.6%) than in monopolar (62.5%) patients. The low frequency (23.8%) of side-effects occurred to be the positive characteristics of nifedipine treatment especially in long-term therapy.

Adult↗