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PubMed1989

Poland and US collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology. I. Introduction and baseline findings.

The Poland-US Agreement for Health Cooperation has as its goal the sharing of scientific information in cardiovascular disease epidemiology between the two countries. Patterns of cardiovascular disease and identification of risk factors were investigated through two large epidemiologic studies, the Pol-Monica Study in Poland and the US Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study in the United States. These two studies are described with regard to methodological issues, comparability of data collection procedures, and demographic and behavioral characteristics of the two populations involved. Mean blood pressure, lipids, and body mass indices of participants in these studies are also compared.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Poland and US collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology. II. Correlates of lipids and lipoproteins in men and women aged 35-64 years from selected Polish rural, Polish urban, and US samples.

Three diverse samples of men and women aged 35-64 years living in urban Poland, rural Poland, and the United States, are described and subsequently analyzed by multiple regression methods. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the natural logarithm (ln) of triglycerides are treated separately as dependent variables, with several demographic, behavioral, and biologic factors as independent variables. In the analyses of total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure was statistically significant in men and women in all three samples, while Quetelet index, cigarette smoking, age, ethanol consumption, and education were significant in at least one of the samples. In the LDL cholesterol analyses, Quetelet index and cigarette smoking were the predominant variables; in the HDL cholesterol analyses, Quetelet index, cigarette smoking, ethanol consumption, and age were key variables; and in the ln triglycerides analyses, Quetelet index, cigarette smoking, education, and systolic blood pressure were significant.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Poland and US collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology. III. Correlates of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men and women aged 35-64 years from selected Polish rural, Polish urban, and US samples.

Three diverse samples of men and women aged 35-64 years living in urban Poland, rural Poland, and the United States are described and subsequently analyzed using systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure separately as dependent variables in multiple regression. Several demographic, behavioral, and biologic factors are included in the models as independent variables. Heart rate, Quetelet index, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the natural logarithm of triglycerides were statistically significant in accounting for variation in systolic pressure in men in all three samples, whereas only heart rate and Quetelet index were significant in women in all samples. In the analysis of diastolic pressure, Quetelet index, heart rate, and ethanol consumption were statistically significant in men in all three samples, while only Quetelet index and heart rate were significant in women in all samples.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pelage mutant allele frequencies in domestic cat populations of Poland.

To determine mutant allele frequencies, surveys of coat phenotypes of the domestic cat (Felis catus L.) were conducted from October 1982 to June 1985 in 23 urban and rural populations of Poland (N = 67-278). The seven gene loci studied included: sex-linked orange (O), agouti (A), tabby (T), full-color expression (D), long hair (L), piebald spotting (S), and dominant white (W). The mutant allele frequencies at these loci are: p(O) = 0-0.139, q(a) = 0.487-0.774, p(Ta) = 0, q(tb) = 0.132-0.451, q(d) = 0-0.332, q(l) = 0-0.220, p(S) = 0.242-0.620, and p(W) = 0. The coefficients of darkness estimated ranged from 0.51 to 0.75, showing no statistically significant differences between urban and rural populations. Of the gene loci studied, only A and S show such differences, with the incidence of alleles a and S being, respectively, significantly higher and lower for urban areas. The relatively great amount of genetic heterogeneity in the cat populations of Poland seems to reflect historical determinants. The Polish data are compared to those from Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and geographic patterns in distribution for all of the mutant alleles studied are described.

Alleles↗

PubMed2001

Indoor radon concentrations in Poland as determined in short-term (two-day) measurements.

The aim of the present work was to obtain a pattern of 222Rn concentration distributions in typical buildings in Poland. In the investigations, the environmental passive detectors of the PICO-RAD type were used. The study encompassed buildings that were typical for Poland. The distribution of airborne 222Rn concentrations indoors is of a log-normal type. A total 1171 detectors were measured. Measurements were made in 319 basements, the remaining 852 measurements were carried out in the inhabited part of the houses. The radon concentrations in the basements in Bq x m(-3) ranged from 6 to 1300 with the arithmetic mean AM = 60, geometric mean GM = 30 and median M = 28, whereas those in the inhabited parts of the house (above the ground level) were: AM = 25, GM = 17 and M = 16 with the highest record value of 420.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗

PubMed1996

The National Institute of Hygiene and public health in Poland 1918-1939.

As the largest country of the former Eastern bloc, Poland presents an interesting case study for the evolution of public health in Eastern Europe in the twentieth century. This article looks more specifically at the interwar period when an epidemiological institute--created to deal with the epidemic aftermath of the First World War--developed into the National Institute of Hygiene (NIH), still Poland's first and foremost public health institution today. It considers the origins of the Polish hygiene movement, the influence of foreign models on Polish health structures as well as the specificities of the political and economic context of the 1920s and 1930s in relation to health issues. The foundations laid in those years seem to have played a more important role in the improvement of post war health than is commonly believed.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1988

Poland's anomaly. Natural history and long-term results of chest wall reconstruction in 33 patients.

Poland's anomaly is an uncommon congenital aberration of the chest wall characterized by absence of the pectoralis major muscle and other nearby musculoskeletal components. In this series, a wide spectrum of thoracic deformities was associated with the Poland anomaly, ranging from segmental agenesis of the ribs, sternum, and nearby muscles, to simple aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle. Although little disability was associated with the syndrome, the patients primarily sought operative correction due to the asymmetry and their perception of adverse cosmesis. Over a 10-year period, 53 operations were performed on 27 individuals with the goal of correcting the abnormal contour of the chest wall. The most successful reconstructions involved the use of the latissimus dorsi muscle, which was detached and transferred to the anterior chest wall while preserving the neurovascular pedicle. In women, this was accompanied by insertion of a mammary prosthesis. Reconstruction of the so-called "herniation" of the lung with rib grafts or alloplastic materials was found to be unnecessary, and the use of custom-made chest wall prostheses is not recommended, since four of five of these devices had to be removed due to migration, erosion of local tissues, and adverse cosmesis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Passive smoking in Germany and Poland: comparison of exposure levels, sources of exposure, validity, and perception.

Nonsmoking females age 35-65 years from Bremen, Germany (91 women), and Opole, Poland (98 women), were interviewed about their recent passive smoking exposure. We obtained urine samples at the time of interview and determined the concentration of cotinine as an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. In Poland and in Germany, the vast majority of nonsmoking women are involuntarily exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Polish women had slightly higher exposure levels than German women, with overall means of 9.93 and 8.65 ng cotinine/mg creatinine, respectively. Smoking by the husband was the major source of exposure in both study groups. In the Polish group, the work place was also an important source of ETS exposure. The validity of self-reported passive smoking exposure was found to be generally good; it was somewhat better in the German study group. A negative attitude toward tobacco smoke was slightly stronger among the German women. The percentage of women misreporting their active smoking status was low.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Preliminary indoor radon investigations in Lublin region, Poland.

Indoor air radon concentrations in all kindergartens and play schools in Lublin, Poland, were determined in grab samples by using alpha scintillation cells. In addition, some public buildings and homes in Lublin and several places in Eastern Poland were surveyed for radon. For kindergartens and play schools, the geometric mean was 23 Bq m-3 with a standard deviation of 1.4 Bq m-3, while in public buildings and homes, these values were 26 and 1.6 Bq m-3, respectively.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed1993

Diagnostic x-ray examinations in Poland in 1986--frequency and type.

This paper presents the results of a survey concerning x-ray diagnostic examinations in Poland as the main source of radiation risk to the general population. The methods of data acquisition and processing are described. In Poland, 21,400,000 patients (572 examinations per 1,000 inhabitants) are annually subjected to diagnostic x-ray examinations. The age and gender structure of examined patients is discussed extensively. Special attention is paid to the share of children and youth in the total number of examined patients. The obtained results are compared with the numerical data for other European countries.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

MR and CT in the assessment of Poland syndrome.

Seven cases of Poland syndrome were investigated with CT and/or MR to assess the extent of the muscle abnormalities of the shoulder girdle. In all cases the absence of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major was clearly shown, as were any associated abnormalities of the pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and latissimus dorsi. The latissimus dorsi muscle has an important role in reconstructive surgery and can be difficult to assess clinically. Cross-sectional imaging with CT or MR will give useful information in patients with Poland syndrome requesting anterior axillary reconstruction and breast mound formation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Neonatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis in the Poznań region of Poland by analysis of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM antibodies eluted from filter paper blood spots.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis at birth in the Poznań region of Poland, the value of the serologic examination of filter paper blood specimens collected from newborns for the diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection and the duration of anti-Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies in infants' sera. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All neonates born in the maternity wards of the University Hospital of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Poznań and in 10 selected obstetrics wards in the district hospitals were included. Blood samples were collected on filter paper cards, between the first and sixth day of life, screened for anti-Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies by an immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and if positive further analyzed for specific IgG and IgA antibodies. RESULTS: Between June, 1996, and October, 1998, filter paper samples from 27,516 liveborn infants were tested, which constituted approximately 75% of all births and 83% of liveborn neonates from the Poznań region. Anti-T. gondii-specific IgM antibodies were found in 13 newborns, equivalent to a prevalence of Toxoplasma-specific IgM in newborns of 1 per 2,117 liveborn children (0.47 per 1,000) or 1 per 870 children (1.15 per 1,000) born to seronegative women at risk of primary T. gondii infection during pregnancy. We identified two congenitally infected infants who were IgM-negative at birth, had a classic triad of clinical symptoms during the first year of life and had high levels of specific IgG. The birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis in the Poznań region was at least 1 per 1,834 live births (0.55 per 1,000) or 1 per 754 live neonates born to seronegative women (1.33 per 1,000). The sensitivity of the IgM assay on eluate from filter paper was not more than 86.7%, and the mean duration of IgM detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples was the first 4.8 weeks of life. CONCLUSION: In Poland the screening for congenital toxoplasmosis detecting one case per each 2,000 live births could be considered for inclusion in existing national neonatal screening programs for phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Smoking, alcohol, diet, dentition and sexual practices in the epidemiology of oral cancer in Poland.

The effect of smoking, drinking, diet, dental care and sexual habits on the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Warsaw, Poland. The study comprised 122 patients (including 44 females) aged 23-80 years with histologically confirmed cancer of oral cavity and pharynx. Controls were 124 subjects (including 52 females) admitted to the hospital for different non-neoplastic conditions unrelated to tobacco and alcohol consumption, with frequency matched to cases by age and sex. Smoking and drinking were strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. Among consumers of both products, risks of oral cancer tended to combine in a multiplicative fashion and were increased more than 14-fold among those who consumed more than 15 cigarettes and seven or more drinks per day. Cessation of smoking was associated with reduced risk of this cancer. The risks varied by type of cigarettes smoked, being lower among those consuming filtered cigarettes only (OR = 1.6) than nonfilter (OR = 6.5) or mixed (OR = 4.2) cigarettes. High fruit intake was associated with significantly decreased risk (OR = 0.4) with the strongest significant inverse association found for fruit juices and citrus fruits ( < 0.01). After adjustment for tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, poor dentition as evidenced by missing teeth, frequency of dental check-ups and frequency of teeth brushing emerged as a strong risk factor. Number of missing teeth and frequency of dental check-ups and frequency of tooth brushing showed increased ORs of 9.8, 11.9 and 3.2, respectively. Denture wearing did not affect oral cancer risk. No differences were detected in sexual practices (including oral sex and intercourse with prostitutes). In terms of attributable risk, smoking accounted for 57% of oral cancer cases in Poland, alcohol for 31% and low fruit intake for 12%. Attributable risks for low frequency of tooth brushing and dental check-ups were 56% and 47%, respectively. In conclusion, smoking and drinking cessation and increase of fresh fruit intake are likely to be effective preventive measures against oral cancer. These findings indicate also that poor oral hygiene may be an independent risk factor.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Association of coeliac disease with primary biliary cirrhosis in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: In western and northern but not southern Europe, the prevalence of coeliac disease among patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is higher than in the general population. We analysed the prevalence of coeliac disease among patients with PBC in Poland, a central European country. METHODS: In 115 patients with PBC, immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against guinea-pig tissue transglutaminase (tTGA), monkey endomysium (EMA) and gliadin (AGA) were determined. In patients positive for tTGA and/or EMA, the DNA typing of HLA-DQB gene and small-bowel biopsy were performed. RESULTS: IgA EMA was found in one patient with PBC (0.9%, 95% CI 0-2.5%). tTGA was detected in seven patients (6%, 95% CI 1.8-10.3%). Small-bowel biopsy showed flat mucosa in one subject, who was EMA positive/tTGA negative/AGA negative, and normal histology in four tTGA-positive/EMA-negative patients. In the latter four patients, the positive tTGA result was caused by IgA reactivity to proteins other than transglutaminase. Prevalence of coeliac disease in our 115 patients with PBC was 0.9% (95% CI 0-1.9%). In one patient with silent coeliac disease presenting with the HLA-DQ2 allele, introduction of a gluten-free diet was followed by improvement in liver function tests, improvement in histology of the distal duodenum, and disappearance of EMA. CONCLUSIONS: Our results from Poland do not confirm a high prevalence of coeliac disease in PBC patients. Guinea-pig liver transglutaminase immunolinked assay cannot be used as a screening test for coeliac disease in PBC patients. A gluten-free diet may be helpful in restoration of liver function in patients with such an association.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Urgent emergency issue in Poland.

The paper refers to the problem of emergency medical service in Poland, which is the only European Union Member State not having activated the emergency phone number 112. This fact has caused the threat of European Union sanctions. In this context, we try to discuss the chances of finalizing reform of the dramatically inefficient Polish emergency services. Except for the lack of the integrated emergency call centres, there is no appropriate network of emergency hospital departments in Poland and no clear regulations concerning emergency professions. The necessary law was enacted in 2001, but it did not come into force. The threat of European Union sanctions may hasten its implementation; however, the weak position of the present government may cause a further delay of the reform.

Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems↗

PubMed2005

Risk of injury: a case-crossover analysis of injured emergency service patients in poland.

BACKGROUND: Over the last 15 years large changes in both alcohol consumption and the health care system have occurred in Poland. Substantial fluctuations in alcohol-related mortality followed and burden on health services increased, but data on risk of injury from alcohol consumption are relatively scarce METHODS: Estimates for risk of injury from drinking within six hours prior to the event are reported in samples of emergency services patients from Warsaw (n=508) and Sosnowiec (n=432), using case-crossover analysis based on usual frequency of drinking RESULTS: A four-fold risk of injury was found for those reporting drinking prior to injury compared to those not drinking, and this was significantly greater for those positive for alcohol use disorders compared to those negative. Relative risk of injury was marginally greater in Sosnowiec (5.2) compared to Warsaw (3.4) (p=0.06), and was significantly greater for those under 30. A 17-fold increase in risk for violence-related injury was found, and was significantly greater for females than males. Risk was substantially greater in Sosnowiec compared to Warsaw across all subgroups, but differences were not significant, possibly due to the small numbers of those sustaining injuries from violence in Warsaw. DISCUSSION: Injury risk related to drinking was expected to be significantly greater in Sosnowiec, due to more traditional drinking styles of infrequent intake of large quantities of spirits, than in Warsaw, but this was only partially borne out by these data. Risk estimates for all injuries were similar to those found in other case-crossover studies in emergency departments. Given the high relative risk estimates for injury related to drinking prior to the event, among both problem and non-problem drinkers, hospital-based emergency services in Poland may be an important site for identification of those who could benefit from a brief intervention or referral for a reduction in alcohol-related injuries.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Attempt to eliminate health inequalities in Poland arising at the time of political and economic transformation: Polish 400 Cities Project.

AIM: Epidemiological data show that citizens of small towns and villages have presented worse trends in cardiovascular mortality during the political, social and economic transformation in Poland during past 15 years than citizens of large towns. To try to eliminate these inequalities the Polish 400 Cities Project (P400CP), a large educational and interventional project, was prepared. The project consists of two arms: medical and social interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main aim of the medical screening intervention in P400CP is to increase detection and control of cardiovascular risk factors in inhabitants of 418 small cities (<8000 inhabitants) and surrounding villages, particularly in men and people of lower education. In 2003 and 2004 the P400CP covered 123 cities. All together, 36 696 subjects aged between 18 and 98 years were examined. In all participants, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and questionnaire interviews were performed. The social arm of P400CP is one of multi-level educational intervention. Modern techniques of social psychology and marketing were involved to increase participation in interventions. RESULTS: Only 12.5% of all subjects had normal BP, cholesterol (<190 mg/dl) and glucose (<100 mg/dl in whole capillary blood) levels. During the first screening visit 65.5% of all examined subjects had BP>/=140 mmHg or >/=90 mmHg. The fasting glucose level was increased in 19% of women and 26% of men. Almost two-third of all subjects had a total cholesterol level above the norm. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in participants of the screening programme P400CP in small towns in Poland was very high. High prevalence and low control of risk factors in participants of the P400CP confirm the decision to target this programme at citizens of small towns and villages.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Anterior thoracic hypoplasia: a separate entity from Poland syndrome.

SUMMARY: Women presenting with anterior thoracic depression, breast hypoplasia, and subsequent asymmetry are often diagnosed with Poland syndrome regardless of pectoralis involvement, or are placed in the generic category of breast asymmetry or skeletal dysplasias. Recently, though, the term "sunken chest" has been used to describe forms of chest wall depression that previously may have fallen under generic skeletal dysplasias. The authors believe that, combined with hypoplasia of the ipsilateral breast, superior location of the nipple-areola complex compared with the contralateral side, and normal pectoralis muscles, this represents a previously undefined and real condition called anterior thoracic hypoplasia. During the past 4 years, the authors have treated eight women who have presented with a diagnosis of Poland syndrome or pectus excavatum, all of whom share the same characteristics-unilateral sunken anterior chest wall, hypoplasia of the breast, superiorly placed nipple-areola complex, normal pectoralis muscle, and normal sternal position. All of the patients underwent correction of breast asymmetry and unilateral anterior thoracic hypoplasia with augmentation mammaplasty, a method that when tailored for each side yields good aesthetic results. The average age of the patients was 31 years and the average chest size was 34. Cup size, as measured by the patient's standard bra, was a B on the nonaffected side in all patients and an A on the affected side in all patients except one. Of the eight patients, seven had the right anterior chest and breast involved, whereas one patient had involvement on the left. For all of the patients, the nipple and areola of the hypoplastic side were smaller and in a more superior position compared with the contralateral side on visual inspection. In the eight patients, a total of 19 augmentations (15 primary augmentations and four revisions) and one mastopexy were performed. Ten inframammary-fold approaches and nine periareolar approaches were used, and all of the implants were placed in a partial submuscular position, except for two implants placed in a subglandular position that were converted to partial submuscular positions in a secondary setting. In all the women, the sternal head of the pectoralis muscle was present and the pectoralis muscle appeared to be equal in size compared to the contralateral side. Nine different types of implants were used. Average implant fill volume measured 412 cc on the hypoplastic side and 257 cc on the contralateral side. In follow-up, all of the patients were satisfied with their operation and rated their aesthetic outcome as very good to excellent. The authors believe that anterior thoracic hypoplasia is a real, previously misdiagnosed and undescribed condition, and that both chest wall and breast deformities can be corrected safely and with excellent results using proper augmentation planning and implant selection.

Adult↗