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PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of child's play in the relationship between hearing mothers and deaf children].

BACKGROUND: The importance of child's play and its assessment for the therapy of deaf children. AIM: To analyze the organization of the act of playing between hearing mothers and deaf children, how it can be assessed and its relation with language acquisition. METHOD: Analysis of video recordings of six deaf children playing with their mothers in three different moments, with intervals between the recordings of 6 months each. Criteria were established for the analysis of the data. RESULTS: All of the children presented a language acquisition delay and a very poor interaction with their mothers. During one year five out of the six mothers modified their way of playing. CONCLUSION: Playing might (and should) be an efficient parameter to assess the therapy of deaf children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dextroamphetamine on the cognitive and social play of a preschooler with ADHD.

This study investigates how deficits in attention and impulse control are reflected in the social and cognitive play of a 4-year-old boy with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, an A-B-A-B reversal design was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of dextroamphetamine (2.5 mg, twice a day) for treatment of preschool attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The most dramatic effects of medication were observed on the level of sustained attention and the pattern of cognitive play. Sustained attention during play and in a structured group activity improved, and play became more sequentially organized and symbolic. Results are discussed with respect to the following: 1) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and preschool play; 2) the efficacy of psychostimulant medication; and 3) the adequacy of teacher ratings versus direct observation in measuring medication response.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

Studying infant and toddler play.

The play of infants and toddlers is a rich and flexible research modality. Play assessment can be an outcome measure of cognition or social ability, or it can be measured in conjunction with related constructs such as language to give a broad view of early development. Play can also be an effective intervention in studies of cognition, language, motor, or social development. This article offers strategies for the researcher who is interested in infant and toddler play. Emphasis is placed on environmental variables that the researcher manipulates to optimize the child's performance. Play measures are briefly addressed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Play and imitation skills in the diagnosis of autism in young children.

Play behaviors and motor imitation skills of 91 children between the ages of 3 and 6 years were investigated to determine their utility in distinguishing autism from mental retardation and other communication disorders. The performance of 22 autistic children was compared with that of 15 mentally retarded, 15 hearing-impaired, 19 language-impaired, and 20 non-handicapped children. Play behaviors were assessed using structured observations of free-play activities, and imitation skills were measured using a set of 12 individually administered tasks. The autistic group spent less total time interacting with toys and using toys appropriately, engaged in fewer functional play acts, and obtained lower imitation scores compared with all other groups. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the latter three variables discriminated the autistic children from the nonautistic handicapped children, with motor imitation emerging as the most important differentiating measure. These results suggest that measuring play and imitation skills may be useful in the clinical diagnosis of autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1977

Terrain preferences in the play behavior of Siberian ibex kids (Capra ibex sibirica).

Play behavior was studied in a captive group of Siberian ibex at the Chicago Zoological Park. The hypothesis that physical training effects were at least partially responsible for the evolution of play in this species was tested by noting the amounts of play which occurred on flat and on sloped surfaces. The kids showed a clear preference for play on sloped terrain, even though this choice resulted in considerably greater risks. The danger involved in highly active locomotor play performed on steeply sloped areas is presumably outweighed by the physical training benefit for an adult life spent moving in precipitious areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Sex stereotypes in adult-infant play.

24 14-month-old infants played with adult strangers in a laboratory playroom. To examine the effects of sex-role labeling on adult behavior, each infant was introduced as a boy and as a girl in 2 different sessions. After controlling for the adult's scores on the Spence-Helmreich Attitudes toward Women Scale, the adults were found to engage in more Encouragement for Activity and more Male Role Toy Choice when playing with children designated as boys. They showed more Interpersonal Stimulation and more Nurturance Play when playing with children designated as girls. No significant differences were observed between the behavior of the real girls and boys. Men and women showed some differences in their style of play.

Attitude↗
PubMed1983

From infant affect expression to symbolic play: the coherence of development in Down syndrome children.

To examine further the coherence of development of a sample of Down syndrome children, assessments were made of the quality and level of play at age 3-5 years. It was found that, with corrections for mental age, the play of these children was similar to that of nonhandicapped children. Moreover, individual differences in the level and quality of play were strongly predicted from Bayley DQ scores obtained at age 2 and by several indexes of affective expressiveness including 1 obtained in the first year of life. This was despite limitations on the performance range represented in the subsample included in this follow-up study. Finally, the various aspects of play, as indexed by 5 separate scales, intercorrelated strongly, suggesting consistent individual differences in the play session itself. All of these findings point to the coherence of development of these children. In addition, it is suggested that early affective assessments are strong predictors of the later functioning of Down syndrome.

Affect↗
PubMed1981

Pretend play and patterns of cognition in Down's syndrome children.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between cognitive functioning of Down's syndrome subjects as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and their symbolic play level. Subjects ranged in chronological age from 20 to 53 months and in mental age from 12 to 26 months. Each child was seen at home with the mother or primary caretaker present. A 1/2-hour play session was videotaped, followed by administration of the Bayley Mental Scale and Infant Behavior Record. Analysis of play behavior supported a 4-level scale. Symbolic play level was more highly correlated with mental age than with chronological age. Performance on the Infant Behavior Record was also highly correlated with symbolic play level.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1981

Intimate play and marital adaptation.

LITTLE attention has been given to the contribution of spontaneous, idiosyncratically elaborated "intimate play" to marital adjustment. This exploratory paper draws upon research and clinical interviews with married couples, ethological observations and children's play, and psychoanalytic object relations conceptions of adaptive regression. An understanding of intimate play is developed based on intrapsychic structures and interpersonal process, with several dimensions explored and illustrated in depth: its context, ritualizations, growth-potentiating aspects, and the range of adaptations it reflects. Intimate play is seen as having a role in positive bonding, communication, and conflict reduction, and more generally, as tending to stabilize a marital relationship. The clinical implications of the various phenomena associated with intimate play are also considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: distinguishing among reticence and passive and active solitude in young children.

3 forms of solitude were studied in young children--reticence (onlooker and unoccupied behavior), solitary-passive behavior (solitary-constructive and -exploratory play), and solitary-active behavior (solitary-functional and -dramatic play). 48 4-year-old children grouped in quartets of same-sex unfamiliar peers were observed in several situations. Mothers completed the Colorado Temperament Inventory. Results indicated that (1) solitary-passive, solitary-active, and reticent behaviors were nonsignificantly intercorrelated; (2) reticence was stable and associated with the demonstration of anxiety and hovering near others, whereas solitary-passive and solitary-active play were stable yet unrelated to anxiety and hovering; (3) reticence during free play was generally associated with poor performance and displays of wariness in several other social situations, while solitary-passive and -active play were not; (4) reticence was associated with maternal ratings of child shyness, while solitary-active behavior was associated with maternal ratings of impulsivity. Results are discussed in terms of the underlying mechanisms associated with reticence and passive and active withdrawal.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1994

[Assessment of social disability of patients suffering from chronic mental illness with the role play test].

UNLABELLED: Among the chronic mentally ill patients, disabilities invade most parts of their social functioning, and influences their long term course profoundly. It is important clinical issue to improve disability. Social skills training is assumed to be effective method to improve disability, and it has been disseminated over Japan recently. The assessment system to evaluate disabilities objectively at the viewpoint of social skills must be required to verify effects of social skills training, and to develop further effective therapeutic method. A role play test is the assessment tool for social skills through role plays under specific social conditions. It was reported to be useful as the method of functional assessment before treatment, and as the tool to evaluate effects of treatment to improve disability. PURPOSE: We created the Role Play Test (RPT) which was adapted to Japanese cultural background, and we tried to verify feasibility, reliability, and validity of the RPT. SUBJECTS: Thirty out-patients attending in the Day Hospital attached to Tokyo University Hospital. Twenty-six were schizophrenia, and 4 were other diagnoses. METHOD: Subjects were assessed with the RPT, BPRS, SANS, four rating scales for social functioning, and self-efficacy rating scale. The RPT was designed to assess components of social skills--social perception, role play behavior, and self-efficacy. Role play behaviors were recorded with video tapes for analysis of interrater reliability. The RPT is consisted of 12 scenes to evaluate social skills which are required in daily life. Statistical analyses were done with SAS (Statistical Analysis System). RESULTS: (1) The RPT was presumed to be feasible clinically, because the RPT could be practiced easily and responsibilities of both subjects and testers were not so much. (2) Interrater reliabilities assessed with ANOVA-ICC on 12 items was sufficiently high except one item. (3) Construct validity was certified through factor analysis, and criterion-related validity was certified through correlation analysis with other rating scales of social functioning. (4) Individual profile of the RPT should be useful instrument for functional analysis before social skills training. We also discussed on some hypotheses on the causal relationship between positive and negative symptoms and social skills. The RPT could be used as a tool to research causes of disabilities, and to evaluate improvement of social functioning after psycho-social intervention including social skills training, because the RPT can assess social skills quantitatively according to the cognitive-behavioral model.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of role-playing in child psychotherapy and psycho-pedagogy].

Spontaneous role-playing in children stands as a contribution in generating and in improving social behaviors. Spontaneous role-playing is a part of the child's maturing process. Its characteristics: it does not follow any logical pattern; it is frequently repeated; its emotional involvement is important, without ambivalence. Educational role-playing attempts to help the child in coping with a peculiar interpersonal situation. Therapeutical role-playing may be used in helping children suffering from a definite impairment of social skills--or from any psychological or medical problem. We report an example of the use of therapeutical role-playing in a group of diabetic children suffering from disorders in interpersonal relationships arisen at the time of the onset of their physical illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Play in the treatment of adolescents.

I propose a view of the treatment process with adolescents which places interactive play at the center. The adolescent plays by creating a highly charged interpersonal drama with the analyst to work out specific developmental conflicts. These conflicts involve struggles for greater autonomy and the formation of a solid sense of identity in the face of regressive pulls. The analyst unwittingly is taken up in the play and uses his or her sense of involvement as material for interpretation to further the play or resolve periods of strain when play falters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The importance of play in adulthood. An interview with Joan M. Erikson. Interview by Daniel Benveniste.

Joan M. Erikson (1902-1997) was an artist, a writer, a mother, and the wife and collaborator of Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994), one of the most important and influential psychoanalysts in the world. The following is an edited dialogue on one of her favorite topics--The Importance of Play in Adulthood. It features her thoughts on the subject and reminiscences of the ways she played throughout her life. She muses on play in relation to humor, fun, the role of the fool, and more. The article was a project undertaken in the spirit of play and it will hopefully evoke further playful musings in the minds of readers.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The development of "roughness" in the play fighting of rats: a Laban Movement Analysis perspective.

With increasing age, rats, when play fighting, become rougher. In part, this change can be accounted for by the increasing likelihood of using adult-typical fighting tactics. However, even when using the same tactics, adults appear rougher than juveniles in their play. In this study, videotaped sequences of play fighting in rats from the juvenile (30 days) to the post-pubertal (70 days) period were analyzed using Laban Movement Analysis (LMA). Movement qualities called Effort Factors in LMA captured the character of some of this change. Juveniles tended to use Indulging Efforts, whereas older rats tended to use Condensing Efforts. The latter are related to performing movements that are more controlled. This greater level of control was also evident in the way older rats maintained postural support during play fights. When standing over supine partners, juveniles are more likely to stand on the partner with all four paws, reducing their postural stability, and hence ability to control their partner's movements. Older rats are more likely to place their hind paws on the ground, thus providing a firmer anchor for movements with their upper bodies and forepaws. These age-related changes in behavior were found for both males and females. The findings lend support to a growing body of evidence that play fighting in the juvenile phase of rats is not just a more frequently occurring version of that present in adults, but rather, has unique organizational properties.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Effects of different opportunities for social interaction on the play fighting behavior in male and female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

After social isolation, animals play significantly more than nonisolated animals. However, it is not always possible to affirm that the effect of the social isolation is due to the lack of play. Experimentally, selective privation has been used, such as allowing the animals to play during periods of the day. In the present study, two experiments were carried out to verify the possible differences in the play fighting behavior of golden hamsters that were allowed to have different daily periods of social interaction (10 min, 1 hr, or 2 hr). Through the statistical analysis, it was shown that males play more than females and that periods of up to 2 hr daily for interaction are insufficient to avoid the short-term effects of isolation. It is concluded that a period of daily social interaction greater than 2 hr is needed to offset the effects of social isolation in golden hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Anticipatory and sequential motor control in piano playing.

Pianists were asked to play short excerpts from several pieces on an electronic keyboard. In each piece, there were two phrases whose first few notes were played identically with the right hand. Thereafter, the two phrases were played differently. The aim of the investigation was to ascertain whether or not hand and finger kinematics diverged prior to the depression of the last common note. Such a divergence would imply an anticipatory modification of sequential movements of the hand, akin to the phenomenon of coarticulation in speech. The lack of such a divergence would imply a strictly serial organization of movement sequences with one hand, as was found previously to be the case for typing. The time at which each key was depressed and released and the speed with which the key was depressed was recorded via a MIDI interface to a laboratory computer. The motion of the right wrist and of the fingers of the right hand was recorded optoelectronically. Piano playing can invoke anticipatory modifications of hand and finger kinematics. The time at which two patterns of movements diverged varied considerably from piece to piece. Playing an ascending scale with the requirement of a "thumb-under" maneuver could evoke an anticipatory modification as much as 500 ms in advance of the last common note. In another piece, keypresses appeared to be executed in a strict serial ordering and a third piece gave results intermediate between these two extremes. We interpret the results to suggest that a strict serial execution of a movement sequence is favored as long as this is compatible with the demands of the task.

Fingers↗
PubMed2005

Alcohol's effects on video lottery terminal (VLT) play among probable pathological and non-pathological gamblers.

This study tested whether alcohol increases behaviors associated with video lottery terminal (VLT) play, particularly among probable pathological gamblers. Forty-four regular VLT players were designated either probable pathological gamblers or non-pathological gamblers on the basis of scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS); [Lesieur & Blume (1997). American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1184-1188] Gamblers from each SOGS category were randomly assigned to either a moderately intoxicating alcohol dose or a control beverage condition (n = 11 per cell in the 2 x 2 between-subjects design). Following beverage consumption and absorption, participants played a video poker VLT game for up to 30 minutes. Four behaviors were measured: "power-bets" (doubling bet after viewing only two cards of the five-card poker hand); total money spent; mean bet magnitude; and number of minutes played. Alcohol increased time spent playing and rate of power-bets, particular among the probable pathological gamblers. Post hoc analyses revealed that alcohol also influenced the proportion of losing hands played--increasing them among the probable pathological gamblers while decreasing them among the non-pathological gamblers. Clinical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗