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PubMed2002

Development of a Canadian family medicine pharmacy practice experience programme.

Faculties of Pharmacy in Canada must currently provide students with at least 16 weeks of structured pharmacy practice experience. In recent years, the College of Pharmacy at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada has been developing more practice experience sites in non-institutional settings. One of these is at the Department of Family Medicine at Dalhousie University. This paper describes the development and expansion of clinical pharmacy services in the Family Medicine Clinics, provided by one of the College's clinical faculty members. With those services in place, the clinical pharmacist was ready to begin precepting pharmacy students at the Family Medicine Clinics. A proposal for a family medicine pharmacy practice experience programme was written, accepted and piloted in 1994-95. Following the success of that initial trial, the programme has continued and expanded over the years. Evaluation from the programme participants indicates that experience allows the pharmacy student to successfully complete programme objectives and gain an appreciation for working with other health care professionals to optimize patient care. The Family Medicine Clinics also appreciate the contributions made by the pharmacy students and value the interaction between students training in pharmacy and residents in family medicine.

Canada↗
PubMed1992

Hospital nuclear pharmacy--a comparison of physician and pharmacist practice.

OBJECTIVE: Nuclear pharmacy is practiced in every hospital with a nuclear medicine clinic. Pharmacists control this practice in fewer than four percent of these institutions. The authors wish to bring to the attention of hospital pharmacists an area of practice in which they can make a significant contribution to the state of pharmacy practice. METHOD: The current state of the physician practice of nuclear pharmacy is described and compared with the accepted standards of pharmacy practice. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital pharmacists can improve pharmaceutical care administered in nuclear medicine by their participation in nuclear pharmacy practice and by the application of hospital pharmacy practice standards. It is also suggested that nuclear pharmacy should be integrated into the pharmacy curriculum at schools of pharmacy.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community and ambulatory pharmacy: evaluation of patient care services and billing patterns before implementation of Medicare part D.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a summary of community and ambulatory pharmacy practice and billing patterns for medication therapy management services before implementation of Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Ambulatory care and community pharmacy practice settings in the United States in January 2004. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Ambulatory Practice and Research Network, preceptors of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Community Pharmacy Residency Programs, and participants in the APhA Immunizing Pharmacist listserv. INTERVENTIONS: E-mail invitations to participate in a Web-based survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Practice setting; pharmacy services performed; whether pharmacists were billing for pharmacy services; if billing, the billing technique used; if not billing, the reason for not billing. RESULTS: Of 349 respondents, 127 (36.4%) were practicing within a physician office, while 121 (34.7%) were practicing in community pharmacies. Diabetes, anticoagulation, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking cessation management services were performed significantly more often in physician offices. Immunization delivery and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis screenings were performed significantly more often in community settings. A total of 190 (54.5%) pharmacists stated that they were billing for pharmacy services. More community pharmacists were billing for services compared with other combined practice settings (69.2% versus 46.7%, P < .001). Top reasons identified for not billing for services were salaried position, indigent population, and discomfort with the billing process. CONCLUSION: Valuable baseline data are provided regarding pharmacy services that have been successfully implemented in ambulatory and community practice settings and which billing techniques were used to receive reimbursement before the implementation of MMA.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2002

Clinical pharmacy in a South Indian teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how clinical pharmacy is helping to improve medication use at a South Indian teaching hospital by addressing medication use problems, which are commonly encountered in India. SUMMARY: Clinical pharmacy is practiced in many countries and makes a significant contribution to improved drug therapy and patient care. India is a country with significant problems with medication use, but until recently Indian pharmacists have not been educated for a patient-care role. Postgraduate pharmacy practice programs have been established at 2 pharmacy colleges in South India as a result of a joint Indo-Australian program of cooperation. At a teaching hospital associated with the colleges, clinical pharmacy services such as drug information, medication counseling, drug therapy review, adverse drug reaction reporting, and the preparation of antibiotic guidelines are assisting clinicians to improve drug therapy and patient care. Seven hundred twenty-seven requests for drug information were received from July 1997 to February 2001, and 543 suspected adverse drug reactions were evaluated from November 1997 to February 2001. The most common drug classes causing adverse drug reactions were antibiotics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and antitubercular agents. Physician opinion and service utilization have also been surveyed: 82% of respondents had sought drug information from the Clinical Pharmacy Department and 71% of respondents had sought advice on individual patient management. The success of this program is raising awareness of clinical pharmacy among pharmacy educators elsewhere in India and has led to the introduction of clinical pharmacy services at other Indian hospitals.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2002

Changes in pharmacy practice faculty 1995-2001: implications for junior faculty development.

OBJECTIVE: To compare changes in United States pharmacy practice faculty demographics from 1995-2001 and to discuss the implications for junior faculty development. METHODS: Demographic data were extracted from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy institutional research system for academic years 1995-1996 and 2000-2001. RESULTS: In 2000-2001, pharmacy practice was the largest faculty discipline, 3.8 times larger than the next three disciplines. Junior pharmacy practice faculty occupied 65% of all junior full-time pharmacy faculty positions. Tenure track assistant professors decreased 4% from 283 to 271, and nontenure track assistant professors increased 58% from 427 to 677 (chi2 = 20.0, p<0.05). In 2000-2001, 72% of all pharmacy practice assistant professors were nontenure track, up from 59% in 1995-1996. Women assistant professors in pharmacy practice outnumbered men by 2:1. Challenges faced by new faculty include balancing teaching, practice, and research demands; selecting a nontenure or tenure track and understanding its expectations; limiting teaching preparation time; developing productive writing habits; setting performance goals; managing time; and handling the mental and physical stress of academic life. Senior faculty must actively help new members appreciate the many positive aspects of academic life by sharing their strategies and success stories. CONCLUSION: Schools and colleges of pharmacy relied heavily on increasing the number of nontenure track junior pharmacy practice faculty to meet increased clinical education demands.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1976

National survey of selected hospital pharmacy practices.

The incidence of 10 selected hospital pharmacy programs in short-term hospitals which contained a pharmacy was surveyed. A short questionnaire was mailed to a national sample of 738 hospitals. The 10 programs surveyed were: unit dose drug distribution; pharmacy-prepared i.v. admixtures; pharmacy-controlled drug administration; radiopharmaceutical dispensing; drug usage review; use of computers in the dispensing process; 24-hour pharmacy service; participation in group purchasing; pharmacy operation of central supply; and pharmacists' authority to select the brand or supplier of drugs. In addition, the volume of drug and supply purchases was determined. A large number of pharmacies (41%) belonged to a group purchasing plan, and a high percentage (67%) reported that pharmacists had authority to select the source of supply for all drug orders unless noted otherwise by the prescriber. Less than 10% of the hospitals had both complete unit dose drug distribution and intravenous admixture programs; an additional 10% had implemented such programs partially. Only 17% of the pharmacies in large hospitals were open 24 hours a day. Computer-assisted medication dispensing was used by 13% of the large hospitals and 5% of the small hospitals. Total pharmacy purchases for all short-term hospitals in 1974 was estimated to be 1.5 billion dollars.

Computers↗
PubMed2003

[Analysis of possibilities of pharmaceutical care elements implementation in Lithuanian community pharmacies].

OBJECTIVE: Objective of this survey--possibilities of implementation of pharmaceutical care elements in daily work of Lithuanian community pharmacies. All pharmacists have to ensure the best quality of pharmaceutical services which they render to their patients. Pharmacists also must improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, according to recommendations of pharmaceutical care. For a start they should implement at least separate elements of pharmaceutical care if they are going to provide pharmaceutical care services in their community pharmacies in the future. That's why this survey was designed to clarify the possibilities of implementation of separate pharmaceutical care elements in to daily work of community pharmacies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Material of this survey--pharmaceutical services rendered in Lithuanian community pharmacies. This survey has an analytical character and was accomplished with questionnaire. Chiefs of community pharmacies were asked to complete of questionnaire. We gave 150 questionnaires and received answers from 128 pharmacists. RESULTS: After gathered data analysis we found out that only 2% of pharmacies are almost prepared and well equipped for provision of pharmaceutical care services; however, they still have to rearrange their facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Lithuanian community pharmacies are not ready to work according to recommendations of pharmaceutical care today. Some elements of pharmaceutical care (such as blood pressure measurement, provision of written information for patient, etc.) are already implemented by almost all Lithuanian community pharmacies. If pharmacists want to provide pharmaceutical care services they should create a database of patient medication records in pharmacy. Unfortunately Lithuanian pharmacists do not have such databases today. Only with such databases there is a possibility to render pharmaceutical services of the best quality.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed2003

[The research of quality of patient counselling and resources of pharmaceutical information in community pharmacy].

THE OBJECTIVE: To learn patients opinion about quantity and quality of patient counselling in pharmacy. Also, to explore usage of pharmacy information systems (PIS) in pharmacies; find out internet usage in pharmacy daily activities and it's determinants. METHODS: Random anonymous questionnaire method. RESULTS: Obtained answers indicated, that in pharmacy patients receive essential information about medicines usage, however, explanatory information is not sufficient. All pharmacies in Lithuania daily use PIS, more than a half of market is occupied by "Skaitos kompiuteriu servisas" PIS ("SKS Vaistai"). Sixty percent of Lithuanian pharmacies have internet connection; 50% of all personnel of pharmacies use internet in their work. In this time pharmacies of Lithuania are not satisfied of with any PIS, and attempt to compensate shortage of information in other ways.

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed1992

Matrix management in hospital pharmacy departments.

The results of a nationwide survey to determine the managerial structures of selected hospital departments are reported. A questionnaire was mailed in August 1990 to a random sample of 1792 hospital pharmacy directors. The survey included questions on hospital bed capacity and ownership and on the managerial structures used for several departments and services, including pharmacy, satellite pharmacy, home health care, and hospice care. Recipients were asked to indicate a centralized management structure if decisions were made by a single individual; decentralized if the responsibility was distributed down the hierarchy; functional if departments were grouped according to specialties, skills, and knowledge; and matrix if the vertical hierarchy was overlaid by lateral mechanisms of authority. A total of 567 usable responses were received, for a response rate of 31.6%. Across departments, the most frequently reported type of management was centralized. Functional systems and systems that included a combination of features were cited least often. Of the pharmacy departments, 24.5% had decentralized management. Matrix management was used for 11.8%, 9.7%, 7.0%, and 4.7% of the pharmacy, home health-care, hospice-care, and satellite pharmacy departments, respectively, and was used more often in large hospitals than small hospitals. Pharmacy departments in nonprofit hospitals tended to use decentralized management more often than those in for-profit institutions. Centralized management was used most frequently by pharmacy departments, followed by decentralized and matrix management structures. Few pharmacy directors reported plans to implement matrix management.

Ownership↗
PubMed1981

Legal status and organizational attitudes toward use of supportive personnel in pharmacy.

The status of supportive personnel in state pharmacy statutes and regulations and the attitudes toward supportive personnel of state pharmacy organizational representatives were studied. The board of pharmacy, pharmacy association, and hospital pharmacists' society of each state and the District of Columbia were surveyed by mail to determine legislative or regulatory control of supportive personnel and the attitudes towards the use of supportive personnel. Overall, 84% of the questionnaires were completed. In 21 states and the District of Columbia, nonpharmacist personnel were not mentioned in pharmacy laws or regulations. In the other 29 states, nonpharmacist personnel were allowed. Laws in 20 of these states specified ratios of technicians-to-pharmacists, usually 1:1. The term "supportive personnel" was most frequently used in these regulations. However, "pharmacy technician" was the term most frequently suggested as most appropriate by the respondents. Requirements for education and certification of supportive personnel are not common at this time. Hospital pharmacists' societies unanimously supported the use of technicians; slightly over half the boards of pharmacy and pharmacy associations did so. There is little uniformity currently in statutes or regulations concerning pharmacy supportive personnel.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation is a potentially appropriate role for community pharmacists because they are encouraged to advise on the correct use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products and to provide behavioural support to aid smoking cessation. OBJECTIVES: This review assessed the effectiveness of interventions by community pharmacy personnel to assist clients to stop smoking. SEARCH STRATEGY: A search was made of the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group database for smoking cessation studies conducted in the community pharmacy setting, using the search terms pharmacist* or pharmacy or pharmacies. Date of the most recent search: March 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials which compared interventions by community pharmacy personnel to promote smoking cessation amongst their clients who were smokers compared to usual pharmacy support or any less intensive programme. The main outcome measure was smoking cessation rates at six months or more after the start of the intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by one author and checked by the second, noting: the country of the trial, details of participant community pharmacies, method of subject recruitment, smoking behaviour and characteristics of participants on recruitment, method of randomization, description of the intervention and of any pharmacy personnel training, and the outcome measures. Methodological quality was assessed according to the extent to which the allocation to intervention or control was concealed. Because of the potentially important cluster effects, we also rated trials according to whether they checked for or adjusted for these but, in the absence of consensus on how to pool cluster level data, we adopted a narrative approach to synthesizing the data, rather than a formal meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: We identified two trials which met our selection criteria. They included a total of 976 smokers. Both trials were set in the UK and involved a training intervention which included the Stages of Change Model; they then compared a support programme involving counselling and record keeping against a control receiving usual pharmacy support. In both studies a high proportion of intervention and control participants began using NRT. Both studies reported smoking cessation outcomes at three time points. However, the follow-up points were not identical (three, six and 12 months in one, and one, four and nine months in the other), and the trend in abstinence over time was not linear in either study, so the data could not be combined. One study showed a significant difference in self-reported cessation rates at 12 months: 14.3% versus 2.7% (p < 0.001); the other study showed a positive trend at each follow-up with 12.0% versus 7.4% (p = 0.09) at nine months. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The limited number of studies to date suggests that trained community pharmacists, providing a counselling and record keeping support programme for their customers, may have a positive effect on smoking cessation rates. The strength of evidence is limited because only one of the trials showed a statistically significant effect.

Counseling↗
PubMed1999

[Smoking cessation in pharmacies--evaluation of the smoking cessation campaign "Tobacco adieu!" among pharmacists in Basel].

Now as in the past, tobacco consumption is a major health problem in Switzerland. Efforts to reduce tobacco consumption include different preventive strategies. Although dispensary pharmacists have increased their efforts in health promotion and prevention in recent years, their role in tobacco prevention has not been documented so far. The "Tobacco Adieu!" campaign to support smoking cessation was introduced in pharmacies as a low threshold offer in Basle in 1996. This paper assesses the process and the effect of this effort. Participating pharmacies were interviewed during the evaluation and all consultations in this area were recorded in questionnaires. Customers requesting counselling from pharmacies during the campaign were also asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding their smoking behaviour and their experiences in the pharmacy. The offer was well accepted by the public: During the four week period, about 2,000 client contacts for smoking cessation took place in the 63 participating pharmacies. Compared to the pre-campaign situation, more intensive counselling took place. Clients who received counselling in the pharmacies generally attested to its good quality. In addition to counselling, further care during the smoking cessation phase was offered to clients who wanted to quit smoking. Follow-up visits were agreed in 76 percent of the cases. The project shows that smokers can be motivated to consider cessation and supported in the process by pharmacists. Therefore, pharmacies can be used as a low threshold offer in this context. Expansion of this programme in public pharmacies seems justified. However, continuing education and a motivated team are the prerequisites for successful counselling of smokers in pharmacies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

The quality of self-care counselling by pharmacy practitioners, supported by IT-based clinical guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the study was to assess the quality of self-care counselling from pharmacy practitioners, supported by national clinical guidelines. The research questions addressed (1) the distribution of symptoms among customers in need of self-care counselling, (2) the quality of the self-care advice provided by pharmacy practitioners, (3) the degree of customer compliance with appropriate pharmacy advice versus the extent of symptom relief, (4) and versus a subsequent medical care visit, and (5) which resource the customers would have turned to in the first place for their ailments, had the pharmacy practitioner not been available. SETTING: Three large community pharmacies with non-prescription self-selection departments in central Sweden. METHODS: Ten pharmacy practitioners counselled all customers > or = 18 years old, with whom a dialogue was initiated on advice or products for self-care. The counselling was based on national clinical guidelines for self-care advice in the form of a software decision support program. The data collection consisted of documentation of background customer information, independent assessments of the quality of the advice provided and of telephone follow-ups. RESULTS: Of all documented symptoms (n = 250), the most common were allergy (26.4%), musculoskeletal symptoms (8.4%) and dyspepsia (7.2%). Independent assessments of the documentation by a physician and a pharmacist found that self-care advice was appropriate to give 97.6% of the customers and that the advice provided was correct in 88.4% of the cases. In total, 217 cases (86.8%) were fully approved by both the physician and the pharmacist. Among the 182 customers who claimed that they complied completely with appropriate advice provided, 135 (74.2%) experienced a great improvement in symptoms. Among the 21 who had only partly followed the advice, six (28.6%) reported the same level of improvement (p < 0.001). If the pharmacy practitioner had not been available, 56.8% of the customers would have turned to medical care in the first instance. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates the high quality of pharmacy practitioners' self-care counselling supported by IT-based national clinical guidelines, including a favourable impact on customers' ailments. Furthermore, it reveals that pharmacy practitioners greatly relieve the pressure on the health-care system, resulting in reduced costs to society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Retail pharmacies in developing countries: a behavior and intervention framework.

Retail pharmacies in developing countries are one of the most important sources of advice on pharmaceuticals. Among the reasons the clients give are ease of access; availability of medicines; quality of service (no waiting and convenient hours of operation); and cheaper products, availability of credit, or the option to buy drugs in small amounts. However, the appropriateness of prescribing by retail pharmacy staff has been found to be far from acceptable. In childhood diarrhea, for example, oral rehydration salts (ORS), the appropriate diarrhea treatment, are recommended much less than pharmaceuticals of limited value, such as antimotility agents, adsorbents, etc. Little information is available for reasons underlying such behaviors. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework in which to analyze factors that may affect retail pharmacy prescribing, and we suggest strategies for behavior change. We developed this framework after examining relevant literature on retail pharmacy prescribing. We propose that pharmacy factors, client factors, physician practice and regulatory factors are the four sets of important factors for understanding pharmacy prescribing behavior. For intervention, we present four types of interventions which could be used for changing the behavior of pharmacy staff: information alone, persuasion, incentives and coercion. The behavior and intervention frameworks presented in this paper should also help in guiding further research in this area. For example, new information on the effects of ownership type, availability vs actual role of professional staff and authority structure on pharmacy treatment behaviors would be useful areas for future research. Similarly, additional research is needed on the comparative effects of coercive, persuasive and incentive strategies on pharmacy treatment behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementation of a pharmacy-based immunization program in a supermarket chain.

OBJECTIVE: To describe procedures for implementing a pharmacy-based immunization program in a supermarket chain. SETTING: Supermarket chain pharmacy. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: Ukrop's is a local supermarket chain with 27 stores in the greater area of Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Williamsburg, Virginia, 19 of which have pharmacies. Ukrop's offers enhanced patient care services including immunizations, diabetes, asthma, hypertension, hyperlipidemia monitoring, and smoking cessation. All pharmacies offer adult immunizations and host periodic diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia screening events. PRACTICE INNOVATION: Adult immunization program. INTERVENTIONS: Each pharmacy offered influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations on a walk-up basis during pharmacy hours and during clinics held at least 3 days per week. Immunizations were also offered periodically at off-site locations. Distribution of letters and chart stickers to patients' physicians, and even partnership with a physician to establish the immunization protocol, helped increase awareness of the pharmacy immunization services. This service involved a core group of immunizing pharmacists who developed a policies and procedures manual, distributed the vaccine, and handled additional staffing requirements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of adult influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations administered by pharmacists. RESULTS: Between September and December 1998, Ukrop's pharmacists administered 5,137 influenza vaccinations and 613 pneumococcal vaccinations. Between September 1999 and January 2000, Ukrop's pharmacists administered 18,000 influenza vaccinations and 1,200 pneumococcal vaccinations. CONCLUSION: In addition to immunizing thousands of people in its first year, the program served as a successful marketing tool to increase awareness of enhanced pharmacy services in the community and among local physicians. Administration of vaccines increased pharmacists involvement with and enthusiasm for enhanced patient care services and generated a revenue stream for the pharmacies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

An evaluation of community pharmacy records in the development of pharmaceutical care in The Netherlands.

An electronic patient database linking prescribes with a Dutch community pharmacy consortium was evaluated in a subset of the population of Noordwijk (11,760 patients out of a total of 25,600). The pharmacy database (a file of 41 disease contra-indications representing a subset of the prescribers' medical diagnosis) was studied in order to assess its value for the accurate discrimination of target patient groups within the community and for support to the pharmaceutical care of individual patients. The aim was to examine the application of the pharmacy records to pharmaceutical care, tested by measuring the accuracy of the pharmacy database to predict the community public health profile; and, more specifically, the accuracy to identify three potential target groups for pharmaceutical care. The records of patients with angina, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes (n = 1116), representing 65% of the total pharmacy morbidity records, were studied in detail and verified by the files and texts of the prescriber's individual patient records. From samples of patients (n = 273) from the three patient groups, the extent and nature of co-morbidity, polypharmacy (drug entities prescribed annually) and drug therapy instability (prescription changes to dose or dose form annually) were characterised. Angina patients showed the most comorbidity, 46% having three or more additional diseases; chronic respiratory disease patients showed most drug therapy instability; and insulin-dependent diabetic patients received most polypharmacy per disease. The pharmacy database predicted the prevalence of 10 of 23 relevant disease categories (representing 51% of the total morbidity on the medical records). However, the prevalences of eight categories were underestimated and of five categories overestimated. Of the three patient groups, 73% of patients appeared on both the pharmacy and the medical database. Of the total co-morbidity recorded for these patients, 68% of records were common to both databases. The database discrepancies (32%) were due to morbidity omitted (12%) and morbidity unverified (10%) on the pharmacy database, together with morbidity omitted from the medical database (10%). The current pharmacy database provides a limited view of morbidity. A strategic approach to pharmaceutical care requires pharmacists and prescribers to verify and share patient information if patient groups and individuals within a group are to be usefully targeted.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Cooperation in pharmacy-drug wholesaler relations.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between characteristics of pharmacy-wholesaler relations and cooperation in those relations. DESIGN/SAMPLE: Data were obtained from 326 pharmacies about 214 pharmacy-primary wholesaler relations and 112 pharmacy-secondary wholesaler relations. MEASURES: Separate multiple regressions were performed to test the hypotheses for both types of pharmacy-wholesaler relationship. For each regression, cooperation was the dependent variable, while the independent variables were customer service level, trust, pharmacy influence, wholesaler influence, and duration of relations. RESULTS: For primary wholesalers (adjusted R-square = 0.59), three variables had significant associations with cooperation: trust, pharmacy influence, and customer service level. Conversely, the model for secondary wholesalers (adjusted R-square = 0.60) showed that only trust and pharmacy influence were significantly related to cooperation. CONCLUSIONS: Trust and perceived pharmacy influence are important to all wholesalers in fostering and maintaining cooperation from their customers. In addition, level of customer service is an important variable for primary wholesalers working to develop cooperation with their customers.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1995

Pharmacy management company-negotiated contract for drug information services.

University-based drug information services provided on a contractual basis to the pharmacies of a pharmacy management company are described. Allied Pharmacy Management, Inc. (APM), the manager of 34 institutional pharmacies, 3 community pharmacies, and 6 long-term-care and infusion therapy pharmacies, determined a need to contract for the services of a drug information center. Centers meeting basic criteria were invited to submit proposals. After careful research and negotiations, APM chose the University of Tennessee Drug Information Center for a one-year contract beginning in November 1992. Services provided under the contract include drug information consultations, formulary drug class reviews, new drug monographs, drug-use evaluation (DUE) criteria, literature reviews, and newsletters. Seven months after the contract went into effect, APM-affiliated pharmacy directors stated that they were either satisfied or very satisfied with the quality of the answers to drug information requests, the newsletters, and the drug monographs and agreed overwhelmingly that the contract should be renewed. The contract has been renewed for second and third years. During the first year, the drug information center answered 155 questions and took 121 hours to do so. In the second year there were 244 questions, requiring 161 hours. In year 1 there were 21 formulary class reviews, 6 newsletters, 5 new drug monographs, and 1 set of DUE criteria. There have been 20-25 literature searches during each contract year. The drug information services provided by a university-based drug information center under contract with a pharmacy management company satisfied the directors of the affiliated pharmacies.

Contract Services↗