Development and standardization of the group personality projective test.
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Humans↗
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Influence of social desirability upon the group personality projective test.
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Group Processes↗
Intelligence tests and personality structure.
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Affect↗
Implicit anxiety measure predicts cardiovascular reactivity to an evaluated speaking task.
Explicit personality tests assess introspectively accessible self-descriptions. By contrast, implicit personality tests assess introspectively inaccessible processes that operate outside of awareness. Despite their inaccessibility, implicit processes are presumed to influence a variety of current responses. This study tested the hypothesis that an implicit anxiety test should predict cardiovascular reactivity during a speech stressor task. In all, 97 participants completed a measure of attention allocation toward threat (implicit test) and an anxiety questionnaire (explicit test) 1 week before giving an evaluated speech. Whereas the explicit test showed modest relations within only 1 measure of cardiovascular reactivity, the implicit test predicted heart rate and blood pressure reactivity during preparation and delivery of the speech. These findings encourage the broader use of implicit measures to assess cardiovascular responses to threat.
Adolescent↗
HIV testing patterns: where, why, and when were persons with AIDS tested for HIV?
OBJECTIVE: To describe the location of, primary reason for, and time between the first positive HIV test and AIDS diagnosis in a sample of persons with newly diagnosed AIDS. DESIGN: Interviews supplementing information routinely collected through AIDS case reporting. SETTING: Eleven US states and cities. PATIENTS: Persons with AIDS (2441) diagnosed between January 1990 and December 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Location of first positive HIV test, primary reason for testing, and time interval between first positive HIV test and AIDS diagnosis. RESULTS: Overall, persons were tested late in their course of HIV infection: 36% were tested for HIV within 2 months and 51% within 1 year of their AIDS diagnosis. Sixty-five per cent were HIV-tested in acute health-care settings: 33% in hospitals, 28% in physicians' offices, and 4% in emergency departments. Testing during hospitalization was most common among injecting drug users (43%) and persons infected through heterosexual contact (50%). Persons primarily sought HIV testing because of illness (58%); other reasons included being in a known risk group (13%) and having had a known HIV-infected sex partner (8%). Testing because of being in a known risk group was least common among persons infected through heterosexual contact (1%). Among persons in these exposure categories, testing differed by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Most persons with AIDS were tested relatively late in their course of HIV infection, in acute health-care settings, and because of illness. Not knowing one's serostatus precludes early medical intervention and may increase transmission.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Reliability of a timed walk test in persons with acquired brain injury.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of a 6-min walk test in individuals with acquired brain injury. DESIGN: A total of 23 clients (14 men, 9 women) participated. All participants were clients in a postacute residential rehabilitation facility. The time from injury averaged 12 mo (range, 7-38 mo). Subjects were instructed to walk around a rectangular track as many times as possible during a period of 6 min. The test was performed twice, separated by 1-10 days. Heart rate was monitored continuously throughout the test, and distance traveled was recorded in meters after completion. A physiologic cost index (beats per meter) was calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for distance traveled, heart rate responses, and physiologic cost index. RESULTS: The mean distance walked was 403 +/- 105 m (trial 1) and 417 +/- 106 m (trial 2). The intraclass correlation coefficient for distance was 0.94. The mean steady-state heart rate was 118 +/- 21 beats/min (trial 1) and 117 +/- 20 beats/min (trial 2), and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.65. The mean physiologic cost index was 0.52 +/- 0.19 beats/m (trial 1) and 0.55 +/- 0.22 beats/m (trial 2), and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.89. CONCLUSIONS: Distance traveled and the physiologic cost index demonstrated excellent reliability, whereas heart rate responses for individual minutes demonstrated only fair reliability. The individuals studied were very consistent in their efforts, despite a combination of physical and cognitive impairments. The results suggest that the 6-min walk test can be used reliably in the assessment of functional ambulation in persons with acquired brain injury.
Adolescent↗
Efficacy of endometrial microbiota testing-guided personalized therapy in infertile women stratified by CD138 status: a retrospective cohort study.
BACKGROUND: Chronic endometritis (CE) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the endometrium associated with infertility. Current diagnosis relies on histopathological markers like CD138, which may not fully assess the functional state of the endometrial microenvironment. This study aimed to investigate whether the endometrial microbiome test (EMT) combined with personalized therapy could improve pregnancy outcomes in infertile women undergoing IVF, compared with standard management based on CD138 results. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 336 infertile women (aged 22-37 years) who underwent the CD138 test in Xiangtan Central Hospital between January 2020 and December 2022. Among them, 162 patients opted to undergo concurrent EMT using 16S rRNA sequencing and received EMT-guided personalized treatment. After excluding patients with missing CD138 results, those who underwent sequential embryo transfer, and those with endometrial thickness <7 mm at the time of transfer, 151 patients were included in the EMT group and 155 in the non-EMT group. The non-EMT group received standard management based on CD138 results (empirical antibiotics for CD138-positive patients; no treatment for CD138-negative patients). Clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups overall and after stratification by CD138 status. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: The overall live birth rate in the EMT group was 64.24% (97/151), which was higher than the non-EMT group (46.45%, 72/155, adjusted p=0.004). Among CD138-negative patients, EMT-guided therapy was associated with a significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate (70.89% vs. 53.41%, adjusted p=0.011), ongoing pregnancy rate (62.03% vs 46.59%, adjusted p=0.041), and live birth rate (60.76% vs. 43.18%, adjusted p=0.030) compared to no treatment. Among CD138-positive patients, EMT-guided therapy showed no significant improvement for the ongoing pregnancy rate (69.44% vs. 52.24%, adjusted p=0.142) or the live birth rate (68.06% vs. 50.75%, adjusted p=0.118) compared to empirical antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION: EMT-guided personalized therapy was associated with favorable reproductive outcomes in CD138-negative women with infertility, identifying a subgroup that may benefit from microbiota-targeted intervention. For CD138-positive patients, the added value of EMT over empirical antibiotic therapy remains uncertain and warrants further investigation. EMT may guide treatment in CD138-negative cases via sequential diagnosis, though prospective validation is needed.
Humans↗
Use of the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test in Persons With Mental Retardation.
The need to access the internal mental life of a patient during the diagnostic process is essential and is ordinarily accomplished through self-report data during the psychiatric diagnostic interview. Because of cognititve and verbal limitations, persons with mental retardation, however, are ill-equipped to fully participate in the psychiatric interview. The ability of projective tests to access the patient's inner mental life provides a very helpful diagnostic aid, especially for persons with mental retardation. Psychologists may erroneously assume that such patients may not be able to comply with the testing format. This article addresses the literature on this subject, as well as providing new research data on the use of these instruments from a psychiatric clinic population, and presenting relevant case examples. The Rorschach is especially useful in identifying psychotic processes and thought disorder in persons with mental retardation. The Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test are also useful in providing generalized treatment planning, but also in identifying problems in aggression and sexually aberrant behavior. Guidelines for using projective tests will be given, as well as recommendations for the psychological evaluation of persons with mental retardation presenting with psychiatric disorder.
Journal Article↗
An international survey of predictive genetic testing in children for adult onset conditions.
PURPOSE: Predictive genetic testing is offered to asymptomatic adults even when there is no effective prophylaxis or treatment. Testing of young people in similar circumstances is controversial, and guidelines recommend against it. We sought to document descriptive examples of the occurrence of genetic testing in young people for nonmedical reasons, in the countries where guidelines exist. METHODS: Clinical geneticists in the USA, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand were surveyed about the occurrence and outcomes of testing in asymptomatic young people for conditions where no prophylaxis or treatment exists and onset is usually in adulthood. RESULTS: Of 301 responses, details were provided of 49 cases where such testing had occurred. The most common condition tested for was Huntington Disease. In 22 cases (45%), the young person tested was immature, defined as under the age of 14 years. Results were disclosed to only two immature minors and in three cases parents experienced clinically significant anxiety related to how they would pass on information to their gene positive child. In 27 cases (55%), the young person tested was mature. Results were disclosed to 26 mature minors and it was reported that two individuals experienced an adverse event. Consistent follow-up did not take place and findings represent the minimum frequency of adverse events. The majority of respondents agree with existing guidelines but many believe each case must be considered individually. CONCLUSION: Clinicians agree with existing guidelines regarding predictive testing in young people, but choose to provide tests for nonmedical reasons in specific cases.
Adolescent↗
Augmentation mammaplasty: the surgical and psychological effects of the operation and prediction of the result.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of augmentation mammaplasty on women and to determine if it is possible to predict which women will benefit most from the operation. Interviews were conducted with both women who were about to undergo augmentation mammaplasty and those who had undergone the surgery. These interviews were compared with interviews from a control group composed of a normally distributed population. The women who apply for augmentation mammaplasty are a homogeneous group who experience their breast problems in a very similar way. Our study revealed that they are distinctly different from the control group in personality and childhood environment. Most of the women were generally satisfied with the operation even though many had complaints about the technical result. Certain behaviors had changed, but despite these positive results these changes were not radical and in reality the improvement was not as the women initially described it. The women's behavior reactions rarely changed enough to become similar to the reactions of the control group. Using a personality test, it is possible to predict which women will benefit most from the operation. When an assessment of psychiatric problems was made using the neurosis scale in a personality test, the women who scored low on a scale of neurotic self-assertion were satisfied with the operation to a greater extent.
Adult↗
Hypospadias: incidence and effects on psychosexual development as evaluated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test in a sample of 11,649 young Italian men.
PURPOSE: We evaluated the incidence of hypospadias and its effects on psychosexual development in a sample of 11,649 young Italian males. Over the last 30 years only about 30 major publications have addressed these issues and the results of many studies have been contrasting. Some defects in methodology, such as low response rates, heterogeneity of age ranges and the choice of controls, have been the main limitations. Our study was designed to take these problems into account. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two hypospadic subjects and a random sample of 500 nonaffected males selected from the large sample of 11,649 young men (>90% of the 18-year-old males living in the Italian region of Tuscany) were screened by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test, psychological interview and clinical evaluation. RESULTS: The incidence of hypospadias in this representative group of Italian men is 3.6/1,000. No difference was noted in the percentage with altered MMPI compared with the control group. The age at surgical corrections and the number of operations are not related to an abnormal global psychological adjustment. Severity of disease influences a more negative genital appraisal and the number of operations is correlated only with more difficulty in initiating contact with the opposite sex. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for hypospadias has to be strongly pursued in as many cases as possible. In addition, we strongly recommend following up all hypospadics, independently of the severity of their genital malformations, through adolescence to early adulthood, to ensure early detection of subjects with impaired psychological profiles.
Adolescent↗
EURADOS trial performance test for personal dosemeters for external beta radiation.
On the initiative of the European Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) action group 'Harmonisation and Dosimetric Quality Assurance in Individual Monitoring for External Radiation' a trial performance test for whole-body and extremity personal dosemeters broadly representative of those in use in the EU was accomplished. This paper deals with the part of the performance test concerned with exposure to beta radiation. Fifteen dosimetric services participated with whole-body dosemeters intended to measure beta doses (Hp(0.07)) of which 13 used thermoluminescent (TL) detectors and two used photographic films. Eight services participated with extremity dosemeters which all used TL detectors. A description is given of the irradiation set-up, the characteristics of the irradiation fields, the calibration quantity applied and the performance criteria used for the evaluation of the results. The paper discusses in detail the results obtained from the exercise. In particular, based on the replies to a questionnaire issued to each participant, the results are analysed in relation to important design characteristics of the dosemeters taking part in the test.
Beta Particles↗
[Electrocardiographic loading tests in persons with various ECG changes (findings of epidemiological studies)].
The results from a complex of functional electrocardiographic tests (exercise test, transesophageal pacing of the left atrium, dipyridamole test and cold test) were compared with resting ECG data by using epidemiological findings from a study conducted in Novosibirsk. In the absence of other signs of the disease, coronary heart disease was verified in 11.1% of the persons with prominent Q-QS waves, in 10.0% of those with small Q-QS, in 16% of those with slightly altered ST segment and T wave, in 35.3% with marked altered ST-T interval, and in 50% of those with marked altered ST-T interval in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. The total number of cases with coronary heart disease amounted to 20.8% in the presence of ischemic ECG changes.
Adult↗
An assessment of the fakability of scores on the group personality projective test.
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Deception↗
[Use of a computer for the preparation of medical history screening in cardiovascular diseases].
Questionable data may be regarded as significant indicators for a screening. It is the aim of our investigations to develop a screening standard anamnesis in form of a questionaire which allows on the scale of larger groups of population to establish the number of endangered persons and patients who probably suffer from cardiovascular diseases but of the quantity of apparantly healthy persons. In order to recognize regularities of the diagnostics coordination of the individual patient by his answers on the questionnaire the data of 400 diagnostically clarified persons (model experiment) underwent a discriminancy analysis. When the data of unknown test persons are given in, on account of the well-known functions of discriminancy a classification in the groups persons with heart and circulatory diseases or with a healthy heart and circulation or a group diagnosis can be performed, respectively. The evaluation of the data of unknown test persons of a pilot study in 96% resulted in a correct classification in patients with heart and circulatory diseases or persons with healthy heart and circulation, the classification in the above mentioned groups of diagnosis was performed on an average to 57%.
Cardiovascular Diseases↗
HIV-1 counseling and testing sites, Minnesota: analysis of trends in client characteristics.
We report here a summary of the data obtained from two HIV-1 antibody counseling and testing sites in Minneapolis-St. Paul for the first 48 months of operation (24,911 persons tested). The HIV-1 antibody seroprevalence rate for all persons tested was 5 percent. The highest seroprevalence rates were in male homosexual/bisexual intravenous drug users (23 percent) and homosexual/bisexual men (13 percent). There was a significant decrease in the HIV-1 antibody seroprevalence rate among clients during the 48-month period from 14 percent in the first six months to 3 percent in the last six months. This decrease coincided with an increase in the number of low-risk female clients and low-risk heterosexual male clients, and a decrease in the number of homosexual/bisexual males participating in the programs. These findings suggest the need for development and implementation of other strategies to identify and reach persons at highest risk for HIV-1 infection.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Neuropsychologic, intellectual, and personality correlates of chronic marijuana use in native Costa Ricans.
The present cross-cultural study investigated the effects of chronic marijuana usage on higher adaptive brain functions and personality in native Costa Ricans. After extensive standardization in Costa Rica, a battery of neuropsychologic, intelligence, and personality tests was administered to two carefully matched groups of marijuana users and controls (NU = NC = 41). Multivariate analyses of multiple combinations of variables, followed by separate univariate tests on each measure, revealed essentially no significant differences between users and nonusers on any of the neuropsychologic, intelligence, or personality tests. Furthermore, no relationship was found between level of daily use (high vs low) and test performance. These findings were discussed in terms of previous chronic and acute studies of changes in adaptive brain functions and personality as a function of marijuana intake.
Adolescent↗
Positive predictive value of fecal occult blood testing in persons taking warfarin.
BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, some physicians discontinue warfarin prior to fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). Although anticoagulant use is associated with an increased risk of overt gastrointestinal bleeding, the impact of warfarin on the positive predictive value of FOBT is unknown. METHODS: During a 5-yr period, we prospectively studied all patients taking warfarin who were referred for the evaluation of a positive FOBT. For each patient taking warfarin, we enrolled one age- and gender-matched control subject with a positive FOBT who was not taking anticoagulants. A detailed clinical history was obtained, and all subjects underwent colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. RESULTS: Lesions consistent with occult bleeding were identified in 59.0% of the 210 patients in the warfarin group and 53.8% of the 210 control subjects (p= 0.27). Although more lesions were identified by colonoscopy in the warfarin group than in control subjects (36.2%vs 25.7%, p= 0.02), there was no difference in the frequency of lesions identified by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (35.2%vs 39.5%, p= 0.43). Overall, adenomas > or =1 cm in diameter (16.2%) and colorectal carcinoma (9.5%) were the most common lesions identified by colonoscopy, while erosive gastritis (15.5%) and erosive duodenitis (11.0%) were the most frequent lesions found by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Among individuals with colorectal cancer, 83.3% of patients in the warfarin group had early cancers (Dukes' stage A or B) compared with 50.0% of control subjects (p= 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin use did not decrease the positive predictive value of FOBT. These findings suggest that warfarin should not be discontinued prior to FOBT.
Aged↗