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Sexual activities and attitudes of women with vulvar dysesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between sexual activities and attitudes of women with and without vulvar dysesthesia. METHODS: Women with vulvar dysesthesia, 18-60 years old, and ethnically matched women without this disorder were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, completed a 27-page questionnaire, and had a physical examination. We compared sexual activities and attitudes between patients and controls using univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Between January 21, 2001, and December 12, 2002, we enrolled 63 women with vulvar dysesthesia and 62 controls who reported having a current sexual partner. Women with vulvar dysesthesia were less likely than controls to have had, during the previous month, intercourse (66.7% versus 83.9%, P =.03) and orgasms (57.6% versus 78.7%, P =.02), although the association with intercourse was no longer statistically significant after controlling for age, education, and smoking status (P =.07). Of those having had intercourse in the past month, the frequency of this activity was less among patients (3.0 +/- 2.7 versus 6.2 +/- 4.5 episodes, P <.001). Frequencies of orgasms, fellatio, cunnilingus, and masturbation did not significantly differ between patients and controls. Patients rated sex less important and rated themselves more negatively as sexual people than did controls (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Women with vulvar dysesthesia are similar to those without in many sexual activities but are less likely to have had an orgasm in the past month or to have had intercourse at the same frequency as controls. Although some attitudes were similar, sexual interest and self-concept were decreased among those with this disorder.

Adult↗

Sexual dysfunction before antidepressant therapy in major depression.

BACKGROUND: Decreased sexual interest and function both occur as a consequence of antidepressant medication use, and are especially associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). However, few investigators have reported the base rate for disturbances in sexual desire, arousal and orgasm or ejaculation in patients with major depression (MD) prior to antidepressant treatment. The purpose of this report is to define the frequency of sexual dysfunction (SD) in 134 patients with MD and examine the relationship between SD and demographic, clinical and personality variables. METHOD: A consecutive series of 55 male and 79 female MD patients diagnosed by SCID-DSM IV assessment completed a series of psychometric measures including a Sexual Function Questionnaire, which asked about change in sexual interest and function as well as sexual activity during the preceding month. RESULTS: Only 50% of women and 75% of men reported sexual activity during the preceding month. Over 40% of men and 50% of women reported decreased sexual interest. Reduced levels of arousal were more common in both men and women (40-50%) than ejaculatory or orgasm difficulties (15-20%). In women, problems with arousal and orgasm correlated with higher neuroticism and lower extraversion. There was no relationship between SD and personality measures in men. While age at onset of depression and number of prior episodes showed a modest correlation with SD measures, there were no correlations with severity of depression or specific symptoms clusters. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by a relatively small sample of drug free patients with MD, and by the absence of a non-depressed comparison sample, these results emphasize the importance of factors beyond specific drug effects in the assessment of antidepressant related sexual dysfunction.

Adolescent↗

Neuroendocrine response to film-induced sexual arousal in men and women.

The psychoneuroendocrine responses to sexual arousal have not been clearly established in humans. However, we have demonstrated previously that masturbation-induced orgasm stimulates cardiovascular activity and induces increases in catecholamines and prolactin in blood of both males and females. We presently investigated the role of orgasm in producing these effects. Therefore, in this study parallel analysis of prolactin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol concentrations, together with cardiovascular variables of systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were undertaken during film-induced sexual arousal in nine healthy adult men and nine healthy adult women. Blood was drawn continuously via an indwelling cannula and connected tubing system passed through a mini-pump. In parallel, the cardiovascular parameters were recorded continuously via a computerised finger-cuff sensor. Subjective sexual arousal increased significantly in both men and women during the erotic film, with sexual arousal eliciting an increase in blood pressure in both males and females, and plasma noradrenaline in females only. In contrast, adrenaline, cortisol and prolactin levels were unaffected by sexual arousal. These data further consolidate the role of sympathetic activation in sexual arousal processes. Furthermore, they demonstrate that increases in plasma prolactin during sexual stimulation are orgasm-dependent, suggesting that prolactin may regulate a negative-feedback sexual-satiation mechanism.

Adult↗

The association of sexual dysfunction and substance use among a community epidemiological sample.

This study examines the prevalence of DSM-III sexual dysfunctions and their association with comorbid drug and alcohol use in a community epidemiologic sample. The data for these analyses are based on the Epidemiological Catchment Area Project, a multistage probability study of the incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population conducted in 1981-83. Only the sample of 3,004 adult community residents in the St. Louis area was queried on DSM-III sexual dysfunctions of inhibited orgasm, functional dyspareunia (painful sex), inhibited sexual excitement (i.e., lack of erection/arousal), and inhibited sexual desire. There was a prevalence rate of 11% for inhibited orgasm, 13% for painful sex, 5% for inhibited sexual excitement, 7% for inhibited sexual desire, and 26% for any of these sexual dysfunctions (14% for men and 33% for women). The prevalence of qualifying lifetime substance use among the population was 37%, with males meeting more drug and alcohol use criteria than females. After controlling for demographics, health status variables, and psychiatric comorbidity (depression disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and residual disorders), inhibited orgasm was associated with marijuana and alcohol use. Painful sex was associated with illicit drug use and marijuana use. Inhibited sexual excitement was more likely among illicit drug users. Inhibited sexual desire was not associated with drug or alcohol use.

Adult↗

Sexual responsiveness of college students to rape depictions: inhibitory and disinhibitory effects.

Two experiments were conducted to identify the specific dimensions in portrayals of sexual violence that inhibit or disinhibit the sexual responsiveness of male and female college students. The first experiment replicated earlier findings that normals are less sexually aroused by portrayals of sexual assault than by depictions of mutually consenting sex. In the second experiment, it was shown that portraying the rape victim as experiencing an involuntary orgasm disinhibited subjects' sexual responsiveness and resulted in levels of arousal comparable to those elicited by depictions of mutually consenting sex. Surprisingly, however, it was found that although female subjects were most aroused when the rape victim was portrayed as experiencing an orgasm and no pain, males were most aroused when the victim experienced an orgasm and pain. The relevance of these data to pornography and to the common belief among rapists that their victims derive pleasure from being assaulted is discussed. Misattribution, identification, and power explanations of the findings are also discussed. Finally, it is suggested that arousing stimuli that fuse sexuality and violence may have antisocial effects.

Affect↗

A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of ephedrine for SSRI-induced female sexual dysfunction.

The objective of this study was to determine whether ephedrine, an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist previously shown to enhance genital blood flow in women, has beneficial effects in reversing antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Nineteen sexually dysfunctional women receiving either fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine participated in an eight-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of the effects of ephedrine (50 mg) on self-report measures of sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction. Although there were significant improvements relative to baseline in sexual desire and orgasm intensity/pleasure on 50 mg ephedrine 1-hr prior to sexual activity, significant improvements in these measures, as well as in sexual arousal and orgasmic ability also were noted with placebo. These findings highlight the importance of conducting placebo-controlled trials for this condition.

Adult↗

Female genital mutilation and its psychosexual impact.

Two hundred and fifty women, randomly selected from the patients of Maternal and Childhood Centers in Ismailia, were examined gynecologically and interviewed to investigate their psychosexual activity. Results showed that the 80% who were circumcised, complained more significantly of dysmenorrhea (80.5%), vaginal dryness during intercourse (48.5%), lack of sexual desire (45%), less frequency of sexual desire per week (28%), less initiative during sex (11%), being less pleased by sex (49%), being less orgasmic (39%), and less frequency of orgasm (25%), and having difficulty reaching orgasm (60.5%) than the uncircumcised women. However, other psychosexual problems, such as loss of interest in foreplay and dyspareunia, did not reach statistical significance. The study suggests that circumcision has a negative impact on a woman's psychosexual life.

Adult↗

Adjuvant radiotherapy is associated with increased sexual dysfunction in male patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer: a predictive model.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy (RT) on sexual function in patients undergoing oncologic resection for rectal cancer, and to develop a mathematical model for quantifying the risk of sexual dysfunction through time for this group of patients. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected on patients undergoing proctosigmoidectomy (group 1: n = 101) or adjuvant radiotherapy (40-50 Gy) and resection (group 2: n = 100) for rectal cancer at a tertiary referral center between December 1998 and July 2004. Study end points were recorded at 7 time intervals (preoperatively, 4 months, 8 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years after surgery) and included: 1) ability to have an erection, 2) maintain an erection, 3) attain orgasm, 4) dry orgasm, and 5) whether they were sexually active. Multilevel logistic regression analysis for repeated measures was used to identify factors associated with the sexual dysfunction. A predictive model was developed and internally validated by comparing observed and model-predicted outcomes. RESULTS: Radiotherapy had an adverse effect on the ability to get an erection, maintain an erection, attain orgasm, and being sexually active in comparison with patients undergoing surgery alone (7.4%, 12.6%, 16.2%, and 13.7% reduction 8 months after surgery respectively; P < 0.05). The effect of sexual dysfunction deteriorated with age (odds ratio for erectile function, 0.40 per 10-year increase in age; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.49; P < 0.001). A significant variability in sexual function was present among the 7 time points with a maximal deterioration occurring at 8 months after surgery with subsequent slow but not complete recovery (P < 0.001). The predictive model showed adequate discrimination on 4 of the 5 domains of sexual dysfunction (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy has an adverse effect on sexual function, the effect being maximal at 8 months after surgery. The risk of sexual dysfunction can be quantified preoperatively using the proposed index and can assist patients in making better informed choices on the type of treatment they receive.

Aged↗

Sexuality after total vs. subtotal hysterectomy.

BACKGROUND: The effect of hysterectomy on sexuality is not fully elucidated and until recently total and subtotal hysterectomies have only been compared in observational studies. AIMS: To compare total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) to subtotal abdominal hysterectomy (SAH) regarding effects on sexuality. METHODS: In a Danish multicenter trial 319 women were randomized to TAH (n = 158) or SAH (n = 161); 185 women had self-selected TAH (n = 80) or SAH (n = 105) in a simultaneously conducted observational study. Women were followed for 1 year by strict data collection procedures, including postal questionnaires. Results were analyzed by intention to treat (ITT) analyses. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between TAH and SAH at 1-year follow-up in both the randomized trial and the observational study regarding women's desire for sex, frequency of intercourse, frequency of orgasm, quality of orgasm, localization of orgasm, satisfaction with sexual life, and dyspareunia. None of these sexual variables changed significantly from entry to the 1-year follow-up, apart from dyspareunia, which was significantly (p = 0.009) reduced in both intervention groups. Significant (p < 0.05) predictors for satisfaction with sexual life after hysterectomy were the preoperative satisfaction with sexual life [odds ratio (OR) 32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10-125], good relationship with partner (OR 50, 95% CI 9-354), physical well-being (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.09-0.88) and hormone replacement therapy (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Both TAH and SAH significantly reduce dyspareunia without having a negative effect on sexual function. The shift toward SAH seems unwarranted.

Cervix Uteri↗

Sexuality and seeking medical help for erectile dysfunction in young adults with spina bifida.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation between the sexual function of spina bifida (SB) patients and Sharrard classification, touch sensation on the penis, to examine if SB patients who are sexually active have erectile dysfunction (ED) on the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF5), and to clarify if they seek medical treatment for ED. METHODS: Thirty-six male SB patients aged over 18 years were enrolled. A questionnaire was sent to all patients that included the following items: touch sensation on the penis, psychogenic erection, rigidity at erection, ejaculation, orgasm and experience in sexual intercourse. In addition, patients who had experience in sexual intercourse were asked about ED through the use of the IIEF5 and whether or not they sought medical help for their ED. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients responded. The positive rates of psychogenic erection, rigidity at erection, ejaculation and orgasm were 85%, 54%, 88% and 65% respectively. Psychogenic erection and ejaculation correlated with Sharrard classification. Rigidity at erection and orgasm correlated with touch sensation on the penis. Eleven patients had experience in sexual intercourse and six of them were diagnosed as having ED on the IIEF5. There were no factors correlating with ED. None of the patients sought medical advice and none was treated for ED. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual function of SB patients could be predicted by Sharrard classification and touch sensation on the penis to some degree. However, ED did not correlate with sexual function. Therefore, we should not evaluate the neurological loss but instead provide adequate information.

Adolescent↗

Serial neurochemical measurement of cerebrospinal fluid during the human sexual response cycle.

Recent studies examining the neuroendocrine response pattern underlying the human sexual response cycle revealed transient activation of the sympathoadrenal system and a substantial, long-lasting increase in plasma prolactin concentrations following orgasm in men and women. Prolactin has been discussed as being part of a feedback mechanism that signals centers in the central nervous system, such as the dopaminergic system controlling sexual arousal. To further elucidate the central role of neuropeptides, biogenic monoamines and neurotransmitters in human sexual behavior, a serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-sampling technique was implemented using a previously established experimental paradigm for sexual activity in a laboratory setting. In parallel with peripheral endocrine measures, lumbar CSF was drawn via an indwelling spinal catheter during the sexual response cycle in 10 healthy males and 10 age-matched controls, and analysed for prolactin, oxytocin, biogenic monoamines and/or their metabolites as well as inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter concentrations. Parallel to raised peripheral sympathetic activity, norepinephrine also increased in CSF during audiovisual, masturbation-induced sexual arousal and orgasm, and remained elevated for the remainder of the session (F(4,72) = 8.79, P = 0.000). In contrast, none of the other measures, in particular prolactin and dopamine or its metabolites, reflected significant alteration. In conclusion, the human sexual response cycle is characterized by an increase in sympathetic activity in plasma and CSF, and by pronounced secretion of plasma prolactin after orgasm. However, alterations in dopaminergic or peptidergic activity are not found in lumbar CSF, possibly due to local and restricted release in diencephalic and mesencephalic brain regions.

Adult↗

Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts for treating ejaculatory symptoms.

OBJECTIVES: To report our experience with transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TURED) in infertile men with symptomatic ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Before surgery, all patients complained of a decrease in the volume of their ejaculate, 14 of 15 had a non-projectile ejaculation, nine had a genitourinary infection necessitating antibiotic treatment, and five had pain with orgasm. The mean ejaculate volume and total motile sperm count was 1.1 mL and 8.1 million sperm per ejaculate. After surgery, at a mean follow-up of 2 months, 10 men reported having projectile ejaculation, and eight reported a marked improvement in their sensation of orgasm. Overall, 14 men reported a subjective improvement in their ejaculation. The average postoperative ejaculate volume was 2.3 mL and the total motile sperm count was 38.1 million per ejaculate. CONCLUSIONS: Men with symptomatic EDO who underwent TURED showed improvements in their ejaculation, sensation of orgasm, semen analysis values and fertility.

Constriction, Pathologic↗

Primary headaches associated with sexual activity--some observations in Indian patients.

Primary headache associated with sexual activity appears to be relatively uncommon in a clinic-based study in Indian patients. Only 24 patients (M:F 18:6) were encountered over a 20-year period (1985-2004). Of the 18 male patients, 14 (age 33-42 years) had preorgasmic headache of tension-headache type for 2-8 months, one patient (age 58 years) had orgasmic headache of vascular type for 1 month and three subjects (age 19-23 years) had masturbatory headache also simulating tension-type headache for 3-7 weeks. These observations are at variance with those generally reported from western countries. Of the six female patients, four (age 26-32 years) had typical orgasmic headache of the vascular type (for a few months to a few years), only one of whom had been a migraine sufferer. One patient (age 35 years) presented with a single episode of thunderclap headache where angiography had been negative. Another female subject (age 30 years) experienced typical orgasmic headache only during masturbation but not during actual sexual intercourse. Occurrence of sexual headaches in both male and female subjects had been unpredictable. Few had associated migraine and none ever experienced exertional headache.

Adolescent↗

Premenopausal women affected by sexual arousal disorder treated with sildenafil: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether sildenafil is effective in young premenopausal women affected by arousal disorder. DESIGN: A double-blind cross-over study. SETTING: Centre for Sexological Research, Department of Microbiological and Gynaecological Science, University of Catania, Italy. SAMPLE: Fifty-three volunteer women aged 22-28 years affected by arousal disorders. METHODS: The study consisted of three 4-week periods: sildenafil, washout, placebo, by six possible sequences. sildenafil was used at 25 mg or 50 mg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Efficacy was assessed at baseline and once monthly by the Personal Experiences Questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire quantified subjective arousal (primary endpoint), and orgasm, enjoyment, sexual frequency, and the number of sexual fantasies. RESULTS: Fifty-one women completed the study. Mean (SD) usage of sildenafil 25mg and 50mg was, respectively, 2.8 (0.8) and 2.7 (1.3) times weekly, while mean usage of placebo was 2.8 (1.6) times weekly. During both sildenafil dosages, arousal and orgasm improved with respect to placebo (P < 0.001). Therapeutically significant differences were not noted during the treatment with both 50 mg and 25 mg of sildenafil for arousal and orgasm. The frequency of sexual fantasies and of sexual intercourse, and enjoyment, improved in the women treated with sildenafil (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that sildenafil may improve sexual performance of women affected by sexual difficulties such as arousal disorder, and may indirectly improve other aspects of sexual life. Moreover, further studies need to define the use of PDE type 5 inhibitors in this sexual pathophysiology.

Adult↗

Revised definitions of women's sexual dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Existing definitions of women's sexual disorders are based mainly on genitally focused events in a linear sequence model (desire, arousal and orgasm). AIM: To revise definitions based on an alternative model reflecting women's reasons/incentives for sexual activity beyond any initial awareness of sexual desire. METHODS: An International Definitions Committee of 13 experts from seven countries repeatedly communicated, proposed new definitions and presented at the 2nd International Consultation on Sexual Medicine in Paris July 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Expert opinions/recommendations are based on a process that involved review of evidence-based medical literature, extensive internal committee discussion, informal testing and re-testing of drafted definitions in various clinical settings, public presentation and deliberation. RESULTS: Women have many reasons/incentives for sexual activity. Desire may be experienced once sexual stimuli have triggered arousal. Arousal and desire co-occur and reinforce each other. Women's subjective arousal may be minimally influenced by genital congestion. An absence of desire any time during the sexual experience designates disorder. Arousal disorder subtypes are proposed that separate an absence of subjective arousal from all types of sexual stimulation, from an absence of subjective arousal when the only stimulus is genital. A new arousal disorder has provisionally been suggested, namely that of persistent genital arousal. Orgasm disorder is limited to absence of orgasm despite high subjective arousal. Dyspareunia includes partial painful vaginal entry attempts as well as pain with intercourse. Variable reflex muscle tightening around the vagina and an absence of abnormal physical findings are noted in the definition of vaginismus. Women's sexuality is highly contextual and descriptors are recommended re past psychosexual development, current context, as well as medical status. Diagnosing sexual disorders need not imply intrinsic dysfunction of the woman's own sex response system. CONCLUSIONS: The International Definitions Committee has recommended a number of fundamental changes to the existing definitions of women's sexual disorders.

Arousal↗

Women's sexual concerns: data analysis from a help-line.

PURPOSE: To report female sexual problems and concerns, as presented by women calling a help-line, and to evaluate women's help-seeking behavior regarding sexual matters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all telephone calls from women who called for sexual concerns to a help-line dedicated to sexual problems during a 5-year period. During the call, the counselor addresses demographic characteristics of the caller, the sexual problem reported, their sexual function, any previous doctor contacts, coexisting physical and mental health problems, couple's relationship, and lifestyle factors that may influence sexual function. Data processing employed descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis in order to detect possible associations between categorical variables. RESULTS: Of a total of 3,523 calls made by women, 2,287 full forms were analyzed, reflecting a response rate of 64.9%. Most women (46.6%) called for problems encountered by their partners, 45.1% called for their own sexual problems, while 5.9% were calling for their children. Only 34.3% of them had already consulted a doctor. The most frequently reported difficulties were achieving orgasm (25.6%), reduced sexual desire (16.9%), and pain during intercourse (6.1%). Women in the 40-49 age group had the higher odds ratios for the sexual problems reported (reduced sexual desire: odds ratio [OR] 5.0; difficulties achieving orgasm: OR 6.3; pain during intercourse: OR 5.8). Both married and single women had high risk of experiencing low levels of sexual desire (40% and 30%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Women's sexual concerns are not devoted to their sexual problems, but also their partner's and children's problems. Most frequently reported sexual problems are difficulties in reaching orgasm and reduced sexual desire. However, women are reluctant to seek medical advice on their sexual concerns. There is a need for general practitioners and family doctors to become aware of the possibility of a sexual problem and to be trained on how to manage this at a primary care level.

Adult↗

Sexual experience of female partners of men with erectile dysfunction: the female experience of men's attitudes to life events and sexuality (FEMALES) study.

INTRODUCTION: Much research has explored the experience of erectile dysfunction (ED) among men with ED, but far less attention has been paid to the perceptions and sexual experiences of the female partners of men with ED. AIM: The objective of this study was to characterize the attitudes, beliefs, and sexual experience of female partners of men with erectile difficulties. METHODS: Female partners of men with ED who had participated in the Men's Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (MALES) study were recruited for this research via mail or Internet, after their male partners consented to this contact. Female partners of men with ED (N = 293) responded to questionnaire measures assessing their frequency of sexual activity and the nature of their sexual experience, both before and after the development of their partner's ED, and in relation to their partner's use of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. RESULTS: Women reported engaging in sexual activity significantly less frequently after their partner developed ED in comparison with before (P < 0.001). Moreover, significantly fewer women experienced sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm "almost always" or "most times," and significantly fewer women reported satisfaction with their sexual relationship after their partner developed ED, compared with before (P < 0.001). Decreases in female sexual satisfaction and frequency of orgasm were significantly related to the male partner's self-reported severity of ED (P < 0.01). The proportion of women who experienced sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm "almost always" or "most times" was significantly higher in the group whose partners were currently using a PDE5 inhibitor (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Erectile dysfunction has significant adverse effects on the female partner's sexual experience. Women with partners who were currently using PDE5 inhibitors had a more satisfying sexual experience than those whose partners did not use a PDE5 inhibitor.

Adult↗

Lesbian sexuality.

A study was conducted to determine what physical sexual activities lesbians engage in and what attitudes lesbians have toward various aspects of their sexuality. The sample consisted of 286 homosexual women. This article reports results in the following areas: first orgasm, first sexual experience with another women, sexual fantasies, number of sex partners, faking orgasm, sex toys, initiating sex, techniques used to reach orgasm with partners, and the attitudes of respondents toward their own lesbianism, erotica, female genitals, masturbation, emotional involvement with sex partners, monogamy, sex toys, oral sex, tribadism, group sex, and sadomasochism. The study suggests that the sample group has very positive attitudes about their lesbianism, their own bodies, masturbation, and the various ways in which they express sexuality with their partners.

Adult↗