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Improving the quality and ease of tracking invasive procedures.

Documentation of the decision-making process leading up to an outcome of procedures is essential for assessing quality of patient care, supporting reimbursement, determination of appropriate utilization, and discernment of practitioner competence. Currently, doctors document interventions conducted outside the operating room in narratives within the daily progress notes. The free-form narrative typically includes the practitioner directly involved, procedure performed, technique used and outcomes. While hospitals encourage conformity to these documentation standards, the quality and content of the narratives vary greatly by practitioner, frequently leaving significant information missing. Therefore, to improve both quality of documentation in procedure notes and ease of monitoring non-operating room procedures, we developed a multicopy standardized procedure note. The form contains lines for recording the type, location, indication, anaesthesia, findings, and complications of the procedure, plus the persons performing, supervising and undergoing the procedure. Practitioners complete the multicopy note instead of the usual narrative note. We encode all the information from the standardized note into a data base that accumulates information on all procedures done throughout the hospital. The data base is used to generate summary reports to provide feedback to residents, residency directors and practitioners on procedural proficiency. The major advantage of this system is that it simultaneously improves the quality of documentation and ease of tracking non-operating room procedures at our hospitals. In addition, the system collects the information needed for reimbursement coding, hospital quality assurance and utilization review, and practitioner and resident credentialling purposes.

Clinical Competence↗

A systems perspective on OR inventory.

As materiel managers focus their efforts on inventory reduction and control in the Operating Room, computerization offers solutions to some complicated OR-specific practices. Preference cards contain not only items, but also trays or packs, equipment and patient care plans that are physician/procedure specific. Through automation, inventory needs can better be predicted and automatic issuance and return of supplies used or not used during the case can be accomplished by editing an on-line screen version of the card. In addition, charge matrices can be geared not only to classes of items, but also to the time- and acuity-driven OR and Recovery Room. Automation can also create detailed cost data inclusive of supply and equipment use, time of resource use, personnel use, etc. to allow management to know what procedures, specialties and physicians provide profit or loss to the hospital. Finally, when interaction between systems is required, the OR system should be able to translate item names between systems.

Computer Systems↗

Cost finding in the diagnostic imaging service.

The experience with control and reporting system at the "Policlinico A. Gemelli" based on the integrated use of cost and service information drawn from all applications of Hospital Information System, are described. Cost accounting for services based on about 500 operating units and monthly reporting system, inclusive of all management information communicated to all managers, is analyzed. The system design, based on the specific features of Diagnostic Imaging Service especially for internal handling, staff of operating rooms and of emergency service, is described.

Budgets↗

Infrared transmission of electronic information via LAN in the operating room.

Recent advances in technology have brought many kinds of monitoring devices into the operating room (OR). The information gathered by monitors can be channeled to the operating ward information system via a local area network (LAN). Connecting patients to monitors and monitors to the LAN, however, requires a large number of cables. This wiring is generally inconvenient and particularly troublesome if the layout of the OR is rearranged. From this point of view, wireless transmission seems ideally suited to clinical settings. Currently, two modes of wireless connectivity are available: radio-frequency (RF) waves or infrared (IR) waves. Some reports suggest that RF transmission is likely to cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) in medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers or infusion pumps. The risk of malfunctioning life-sustaining devices and the catastrophic consequences this would have on seriously ill patients rules out the use of RF. Here, we report an IR system using IR modems for LAN connectivity in the OR. In this study, we focused on the possible detrimental effects of EMI during wireless connectivity. In our trial, we found no evidence of EMI of IR modems with any of the medical devices we tested. Furthermore, IR modems showed similar performance to a wired system even in an electrically noisy environment. We conclude that IR wireless connectivity can be safely and effectively used in ORs.

Hospital Information Systems↗

A collaborative approach to standards, practices. Setting the stage for continuous quality improvement.

In retrospect, the most important thing we did was work together. We analyzed, refined, and validated our philosophical approach to patient care. We provided an information data base that is readily available for on-the-job reference and serves as a starting point for CQI activities. The very act of joint documentation of practices encourages open discussions about improvements to patient care. One physician states, We know that flaws in the process through which we produce care are everywhere--waste, duplication of effort, unnecessary complexity, and unpredictability . . . I believe that modern total quality management offers enormous hope to a medical care field that is rather desperate. . . . Collaborative practice and CQI activities are one hope. The scope of what nurses and physicians traditionally consider when discussing standards and practices must widen. We should no longer look only at patient care. We must simultaneously focus on how the management of total systems influences quality care for all patients. The CQI process, a proactive method, requires an accurate data base of information that is easily retrieved when looking for systems and individual patient care improvements. Our Computerized Collaborative Standards and Practices Manual is the reservoir for documenting practice plans developed and approved by all the disciplines involved. The process described here began with two closely knit operating room disciplines; this framework, however, offers the potential for expansion into a hospital-wide system of information organization and use.

Anesthesia Department, Hospital↗

A comprehensive computer system for anesthetic record retrieval.

We have developed computer software to store data on all surgical and obstetrical anesthetics administered by our department. The computer system provides information for monitoring the residency training program, department and operating room management, professional fee billing, and research. It imposes little additional workload on our clinical personnel, who use simple codes to record the necessary data directly on the anesthetic record. Department secretarial staff transcribe data from the anesthesia and operating room records into the computer file, which is then available for producing scheduled reports and for answering inquiries from a video terminal. The system employs extensive manual and computer verification to minimize errors and omissions in the data. We report design details and more than 3.5 years experience with this system, which is now used at four affiliated teaching hospitals, has over 50,000 cases on file, and adds more than 1800 cases monthly.

Anesthesia↗

Improving precise positioning of surgical robotic instruments by a three-side-view presentation system on telesurgery.

For faultless collaboration among the surgeon, surgical staffs, and surgical robots in telesurgery, communication must include environmental information of the remote operating room, such as behavior of robots and staffs, vital information of a patient, named supporting information, in addition to view of surgical field. "Surgical Cockpit System, " which is a telesurgery support system that has been developed by the authors, is mainly focused on supporting information exchange between remote sites. Live video presentation is important technology for Surgical Cockpit System. Visualization method to give precise location/posture of surgical instruments is indispensable for accurate control and faultless operation. In this paper, the authors propose three-side-view presentation method for precise location/posture control of surgical instruments in telesurgery. The experimental results show that the proposed method improved accurate positioning of a telemanipulator.

Humans↗

Statistical method to evaluate management strategies to decrease variability in operating room utilization: application of linear statistical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation to operating room management.

BACKGROUND: Operating room (OR) managers seeking to maximize labor productivity in their OR suite may attempt to reduce day-today variability in hours of OR time for which there are staff but for which there are no cases ("underutilized time"). The authors developed a method to analyze data from surgical services information systems to evaluate which management interventions can most effectively decrease variability in underutilized time. METHODS: The method uses seven summary statistics of daily workload in a surgical suite: daily allocated hours of OR time, estimated hours of elective cases, actual hours of elective cases, estimated hours of add-on cases, actual hours of add-on cases, hours of turnover time, and hours of underutilized time. Simultaneous linear statistical equations (a structural equation model) specify the relationship among these variables. Estimated coefficients are used in Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS: The authors applied the analysis they developed to two OR suites: a tertiary care hospital's suite and an ambulatory surgery center. At both suites, the most effective strategy to decrease variability in underutilized OR time was to choose optimally the day on which to do each elective case so as to best fill the allocated hours. Eliminating all (1) errors in predicting how long elective or add-on cases would last, (2) variability in turnover or delays between cases, or (3) day-to-day variation in hours of add-on cases would have a small effect. CONCLUSIONS: This method can be used for decision support to determine how to decrease variability in underutilized OR time.

Humans↗

Hierarchical decomposition of laparoscopic surgery: a human factors approach to investigating the operating room environment.

Hierarchical decomposition of complex behaviour and systems is a valuable research methodology from human factors and information-processing psychology that can be applied to laparoscopic surgery. This article describes results of research on surgeons performing several different laparoscopic procedures, conducted in Vancouver, Canada 1995–98. Through top-down analyses of surgical procedures and bottom-up analyses of tool motions, results included detailed decomposition of the procedures through surgical steps, sub-steps, tasks, sub-tasks and tool motions. Analyses at all levels provided valuable information. In addition to specific surgeon- and technology-related observations, such as the effect of dividing the short gastrics on performance of Nissen fundoplication, gaze patterns of surgeons and factors related to patient safety were analysed. The hierarchical decomposition approach can be extended to other aspects of the complex system that consists of the surgeon and operating room team, the technologies and the operating room environment. Other frameworks for assessment are also considered.

Journal Article↗

Development of a decision support system to assist anesthesiologists in operating room.

The complexity of modern anesthesia procedures requires the development of decision-support systems functioning in a smart-alarm capacity. We developed computer algorithms to detect critical conditions during surgery (light anesthesia or unstable blood pressure), based on computerized anesthesia records containing hemodynamic data (heart rate, mean arterial pressure and systolic arterial pressure). Our analysis indicated that a > or = 12% change in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), compared with the median value of MAP over the preceding 10-min interval, may be chosen as the criterion for detecting LA, with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 91%. The best agreement between human and computer ratings of blood pressure lability (correlation coefficient 0.78) was achieved when we used the absolute value of the fractional change of the mean arterial pressure (magnitude of FCM) between one 2-min epoch and the next 2-min epoch. Work is under progress to develop a decision-support system to alert clinicians in the operating room environment to critical events.

Algorithms↗