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PubMed1992

Prospective study of the influence of social factors in childhood on risk of overweight in young adulthood.

The purpose of the study was to assess prospectively the influence of social factors in childhood on risk of overweight in young adulthood, while taking into account degree of fatness in childhood. A random selection of children 9-10 years of age attending the third school grade in Copenhagen schools in 1974 was performed. Parental school education, householder's occupational status, and quality of dwellings in the rearing area were recorded. Ten years later a follow-up was carried out, and 756 (86%) of the 881 eligible individuals participated. The effect of the social factors on the risk of overweight in adulthood was analysed by logistic regression analysis, including gender and degree of fatness in childhood as covariates. The relationship between the traditional socio-demographic factors (parental education and occupational) and risk of overweight in young adulthood was insignificant, when controlling for degree of fatness in childhood and gender. However, the risk of overweight was highly increased for individuals reared in an area with poor quality of dwellings compared to those from a good area (P less than 0.001), even when controlling for the effect of parental education and occupation (P less than 0.001). In conclusion, rearing area had a much stronger influence on risk of overweight in young adulthood than parental education and occupation.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non compliance to therapeutic prescriptions in paediatric patients: role of social communication.

The aim of this pilot study was to identify prevalent non-compliance behaviour in paediatric antibiotic therapy and to investigate the possible role of its social correlates. Patients' parents were surveyed at two paediatric practices in Catania, Italy, using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The two practices were chosen for their location, in two different urban areas, to represent different sets of parents in terms of social status. Anticipated suspension of prescribed antibiotic therapy was the most frequently encountered form of non-compliance, shown by 41.2% of the parents. After partitioning the sample by mothers' occupational status--housewives versus working women--anticipated suspension revealed a positive association with educational level among the former group and a negative one, although not statistically significant, among the latter. Exposition to mass media messages about bacterial antibiotic resistance appeared to be a key intervening variable in interpreting these results, especially among more educated parents. Non-compliance was also associated with perceived characteristics of doctor-parents communication, particularly, with parents' perceived understanding of prescribed therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Functional transitions in instrumental activities of daily living among older Japanese.

We observed functional transitions in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) over one year among older Japanese and examined factors influencing the deterioration of each IADL. The sources of the study were the first and second panel studies of the Saku Longitudinal Study on Aging, which were done in 1988 and 1989. The study subjects were those participants aged 70 or older. Five IADL items--using public transportation, shopping for daily necessities, preparing meals, paying bills, and managing deposits--were measured in each survey. Deterioration of each IADL item was examined in relation to demographic characteristics such as age, sex, occupational status, living arrangements, and educational status. Of the effective baseline cohort (n = 5,559), 4,892 responded in the second survey (response rate 88%). Over 80% of the respondents who were initially independent in each IADL item remained independent in the second survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that greater age, having no occupation, and living with children at the baseline were associated with deterioration in each item of IADL. Lower educational status was associated with deterioration in each item of IADL except preparing meals. This study indicates that being engaged in work, living separately from children, and having higher educational status are strongly correlated with remaining independent in IADL for older people aged 70 or older.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Who remains childless?

Who are the men and women who are childless in their mid-30s? Life history data for a British cohort born in 1946 show that age at marriage and marital breakdown were clearly associated with childlessness. Women who were only children were more likely to be childless than those with siblings. Further, early menarcheal age, being highly qualified and having a high status occupation were indirectly related to childlessness. For men, particularly amongst those who had experienced a broken marriage, it was the most ambitious, the highly educated and those in professional occupations who were relatively more likely to be childless.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stress, socio-occupational factors and cardiovascular risk: Italian experience].

A short overview about the main results obtained in some Italian studies on stress, occupation and cardiovascular disease is presented. Objective occupational discomfort and stress perception are related to biological changes in cathecolamine excretion and blood pressure. The latter, in males, is proposed as a biological index of stress perception. However it is not clear if these changes are a consistent contribution in increasing prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors, coronary disease severity and incidence, although case fatality seems undoubtedly associated to low socio-occupational status. Consequent directions for future research are proposed.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Predictors of smoking among Mexican-Americans: findings from the Hispanic HANES.

BACKGROUND: This report presents findings from the Hispanic HANES on patterns and predictors of smoking in the Mexican-American subsample. Data are drawn from men and women ages 20-74 years who were administered the Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (N = 3,464). METHODS: Four smoking variables (current, ever, former, and daily consumption) are analyzed in relation to sociodemographic measures, including gender, age, marital status, employment status, occupational prestige, income, acculturation, co-workers' smoking, and presence of others in the home who smoke. All analyses were conducted separately for young, middle-age, and older age groups and for males and females. Multiple logistic and multiple regression analyses were performed, controlling for sociodemographic factors, to identify predictors of smoking. RESULTS: The most important factors found to be associated with smoking were the presence of other smokers in the immediate social environment (home and workplace) and the degree of acculturation (particularly among women). Associations with age, income, and marital status were inconsistent across age and gender groups. With minor exceptions, education, employment, and occupational prestige were unrelated to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support interventions on the basis of age categories, differential acculturation, and social influence, but overall the findings are more striking for their similarity to predictors of smoking in the general population than for their differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The two "faces" of Antillean prostitution.

Prostitutes who operate in the refinery town of St. Nicholas, the second largest urban center in Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, fall into two categories: temporary migrants from Colombia, who live and work for 3-month periods in the saloon-cribs along the main street; and permanently resident Dominican Republicans, who live and work in the village ghetto. The Colombians receive encomia, the Dominican Republicans, opprobria. In addition to addressing the differential statuses, prognoses, and earnings of the two groups, this paper also examines the historical background to the development of the differential assessments and offers ethnographic support for the continuation of the structural oppositions that separate the two groups. It is suggested that local perceptions of "other" people (including prostitutes) are tied to specific social and economic circumstances. Variables such as economic competition, ethnicity, length of employment in a low-status occupation, and the generally favored position accorded to "people like us," in contrast to the negative attitude held toward "people like them," are examined in terms of their relevance to the differential status of the two groups. It is also suggested that the underlying as well as the overt bases for these stereotypical ascriptions may have broader applicability: differential rather than unilateral assessments may indeed be the norm rather than a peculiarly Antillean perception.

Colombia↗
PubMed2000

Impact of occupation on respiratory disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study identified occupations with a marked impact on sick leaves due to respiratory disease. METHODS: A national sick-leave register containing information on all sick leaves exceeding 14 days, physicians' diagnoses, and the occupational status of all manual and service employees in the private sector in Sweden was studied. Sick leaves during 1992-1994 (N=210,755) were analyzed with special attention to respiratory disease and occupation. RESULTS: Respiratory disease accounted for 4.4% of the total number of sick leaves. The incidence of long-term (> or = 90 days) sick leaves due to respiratory disease was 3 times higher in occupations with a high incidence than in those with a low incidence. There was a high correlation (r=0.80) between the incidence of long-term sick leave due to respiratory disease and sick leave due to all other conditions; this finding suggests that market and selection factors may play an important role in determining the overall risk for sick leave in various occupations. The proportion of sick leaves due to long-term respiratory disease out of all long-term disease was compared between occupations. Agricultural workers had a 46% higher proportion of long-term respiratory disease than metal workers. Industrial workers, food industry workers, and painters were also occupations with an increased risk. These findings could not be explained by differences in age or smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: Major differences were found among manual and service occupations regarding long-term sick leave due to respiratory disease. Several occupations, in which exposure to respiratory sensitizers and irritants are known to occur, were among those in which workers had an increased risk for long-term respiratory disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The Vermont health risk survey and the design of community wide preventive health programs.

A Vermont health risk survey was performed to gain information on health knowledge and behaviors of the population. Telephone interviews with 1,594 individuals ascertained respondents' demographic characteristics, preventive health behaviors, and health knowledge. Risk prevalence was obtained on five health risks: alcohol (12%), smoking (33%), lack of exercise (70%), overweight (39%), and non-use of seatbelts (86%). Low income, less education, and blue collar occupation status were associated with increased risks of smoking, lack of exercise, and non-use of seatbelts. Increased prevalence of certain risks are associated with the 18-24 year old age group; 32% of those males reported an alcohol risk and 94% reported non-use of seatbelts. Combined risk scores were increased in groups with low income, less education, and blue collar occupations. These variations in health behaviors by social group were not explained by differences in health knowledge. Design of primary prevention activities needs to be community wide, utilize information on the epidemiology of health behaviors, influence diverse community groups and intervene before risk behaviors are established.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The relationship between parental socio-economic status and episodes of drunkenness among adolescents: findings from a cross-national survey.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral factors such as (excessive) alcohol consumption play a major role in the explanation of social inequalities in health. The unequal distribution of health risk behaviors among socio-economic groups has important consequences for both the current and future health status of the younger generation. However, little is known about socio-economic differences in unhealthy lifestyles during adolescence. The purpose of the present study is to investigate socio-economic differences in adolescent drinking behaviour among 11-15 year old adolescents in Europe and North America. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study 2001/02, a cross-national survey conducted in collaboration with the World Health Organization. The present analysis is based on 69249 male and 73619 female students from 28 countries. The effect of parental occupation and family affluence on episodes of drunkenness was assessed using separate logistic regression models controlling for age. RESULTS: Socio-economic circumstances of the family had only a limited effect on repeated drunkenness in adolescence. For girls only in one out of 28 countries a significant association between family affluence and repeated drunkenness was observed, while boys from low and/or medium affluent families in nine countries faced a lower risk of drunkenness than boys from more affluent families. Regarding parental occupation, significant differences in episodes of drunkenness were found in nine countries for boys and in six countries for girls. Compared to family affluence, which was positively related to risk of drunkenness, a decreasing occupational status predicted an increasing risk of drunkenness. This pattern was identified within a number of countries, most noticeably for boys. CONCLUSION: Parental socio-economic status is only of limited importance for episodes of drunkenness in early adolescence, and this very limited role seems to apply for girls more than for boys and for parental occupation more than family affluence. For future studies it might be important to look at the effects of socio-economic status within the context of other peer, family and school related factors in order to assess to what extent those factors might mediate the effects of social class background.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acculturation and dental health among Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship between acculturation and oral health status, oral health knowledge and frequency of dental visits in subjects of Vietnamese background, 18 years or older, living in Melbourne, Australia. METHODS: Oral health status was measured using the DMFS index. Oral health knowledge was estimated by responses to six specific oral preventive measures: brushing, flossing, use of fluorides, diet, and dental visits. Dental visits was measured by the number of visits in the 12 months prior to the survey. Acculturation was measured along two dimensions, psychological and behavioural, using the Psychological-Behavioural Acculturation Scale. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis to identify the combined effect of eight predictors (age, gender, occupational status, education, reason for migration, proportion of life in the host country, behavioural acculturation and psychological acculturation) against the dependent variables. RESULTS: The analysis was conducted on a sample of 147 subjects and showed significant interactions between the acculturation variables and three outcome measures: dental caries, knowledge of preventive measures and dental visits. Results indicated that acculturation was an important intervening variable. Psychological acculturation was strongly related to the three oral health outcomes, although the effect of behavioural acculturation was also apparent regarding dental status. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers several insights for understanding the mechanisms by which acculturation impacts oral health status. Interventions that simplify the cultural influence of immigrant groups by focusing on socio-demographic differences and even immigration variables to define risk groups might not produce predicted changes in oral health status.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Influence of formal maternal education on the use of maternity services in Enugu, Nigeria.

Although some previous studies have suggested formal maternal education as the most potent tool for reducing the mortality ratio in Nigeria, other studies found that the depressed Nigerian economy since 1986 has marginalised the benefits of education with the result that educated women stopped making use of existing health facilities because they could not afford the cost of health services. This study was carried out to determine the current influence of formal maternal education and other factors on the choice of place of delivery by pregnant women in Enugu, south-eastern Nigeria. It was a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire study of women who delivered within 3 months before the date of data collection in the study area. In an increasing order of level of care, the outcome variable (place where the last delivery took place) was categorised into seven, with home deliveries representing the lowest category and private hospitals run by specialist obstetricians as the highest category. These were further sub-categorised into non-institutional deliveries and institutional deliveries. Maternal educational level was the main predictor variable. Other predictor variables were sociodemographic factors. Data analysis was by means of descriptive and inferential statistics including means, frequencies and chi2-tests at the 95% confidence (CI) level. Out of a total of 1,450 women to whom the questionnaires were administered, 1,095 women responded (a response rate of 75.5%). A total of 579 (52.9%) of the respondents delivered outside health institutions, while the remaining 516 (47.1%) delivered within health institutions. Regarding the educational levels of the respondents, 301 (27.5%) had no formal education; 410 (37.4%) had primary education; 148 (13.5%) secondary education and 236 (21.5%) post-secondary education. There was a significant positive correlation between the educational levels of the respondents and their husbands (r=0.86, p=0.000). With respect to occupational categories of the respondents, 88 (8.0%) of them belonged to occupational class I, 158 (14.4%) to occupational class II, 107 (9.8%) to occupational class III, 14 (1.3%) to occupational class IV and 728 to occupational class V. There was a significant positive correlation between the respondents' and their husbands' occupational levels (r=0.89, p=0.000). There were statistically significant associations between choice of institutional or non-institutional deliveries and respondents' educational level as well as place of residence (urban/rural), religion, tribe, marital status, occupational level, husband's occupational and educational levels, age and parity (p<or=0.05 for each variable). Further analysis of only the respondents who delivered within health institutions showed that there was a significant positive correlation between their educational levels and the level of care where they delivered (r=0.45, p=0.000). Significantly more of them with post-secondary education lived in the urban than in the rural areas, were Christians and were married to husbands of higher educational and economic levels. It is concluded that formal education is still a significant predictor of whether women deliver within or outside health institutions in Enugu, south- eastern Nigeria. Efforts at reducing maternal mortality ratio in Nigeria must increase the adult female literacy rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of cigarette smoking by occupation and industry in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to estimate the most recent prevalence of cigarette smoking by occupation and industry in the US, using the data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. METHODS: Included in NHANES III are data on the cigarette smoking status, occupation, industry, and other demographic information of US non-institutionalized civilians obtained through household interview surveys. The study population included 20,032 adults aged 17 years and older. To estimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking across occupation and industry groups, we used the Survey Data Analysis (SUDAAN) software. RESULTS: The prevalence of cigarette smoking was highest among material moving occupations, construction laborers, and vehicle mechanics and repairers. The lowest smoking prevalence was found among teachers. Among industry groups, the construction industry had the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide information useful for targeting education activities focusing on adverse health effects of cigarette smoking and also for indirect adjustments in analysis of morbidity and mortality by occupation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:233-239, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Socioeconomic status and child development.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most widely studied constructs in the social sciences. Several ways of measuring SES have been proposed, but most include some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. Research shows that SES is associated with a wide array of health, cognitive, and socioemotional outcomes in children, with effects beginning prior to birth and continuing into adulthood. A variety of mechanisms linking SES to child well-being have been proposed, with most involving differences in access to material and social resources or reactions to stress-inducing conditions by both the children themselves and their parents. For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Its effects are moderated by children's own characteristics, family characteristics, and external support systems.

Achievement↗
PubMed1980

Status and status inconsistency of parents on alcohol consumption of teenage children.

In a secondary analysis of data obtained from a national probability sample of junior and senior high school students, two hypotheses derived from previous research were tested. Significant support was found for the hypothesis that the educational and occupational status of working parents is inversely related to the quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion by sons and daughters. The hypothesis that status inconsistency of working parents is positively associated with the quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion by teenage children was found to be supported for sons only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A health promotion programme for oil refinery employees: changes of health promotion needs observed at three years.

The main aim of this three-year follow-up study was to evaluate the long-term effects of a workplace health promotion intervention programme offered by the Neste Oyj corporation's occupational health service. Another aim was to study factors associated with changes in health promotion needs. These were assessed using information obtained by means of questionnaires and laboratory measurements. The target areas assessed were physical activity, musculoskeletal problems, dietary habits, obesity, blood pressure, serum lipids, smoking, quality of sleep and mental well-being. Participants from one oil refinery were offered special health promotion counselling, while those from the other oil refinery studied received only their personal results, written information and instructions. Evaluation of the changes in needs was mainly based on comparison of the results of two examinations performed with an interval of three years. Effects of special health promotion counselling were observed in the target area of physical activity. Elimination of certain health promotion needs was seen in both groups in all of the target areas. The most extensive changes were seen in the target areas of musculoskeletal symptoms, dietary habits, blood pressure and mental well-being. Basic education, occupational status and age-group, as well as the value of tending health were frequent variables explaining the reduction in the need for health promotion activities. Worker participation in health promotion counselling activities provided by occupational health services can be high, as in this study in which the participation rate was 90% and the drop-out rate during the three years only 10%.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Is preterm delivery still related to physical working conditions in pregnancy?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the relationship between working conditions during pregnancy, women's occupation, and preterm birth. DESIGN: This was a retrospective survey. SETTING: The study was carried out in four public maternity units in France in 1987 and 1988. SUBJECTS: 1949 women were interviewed after the delivery during their stay in hospital. Of these, 1002 held a job during pregnancy, but this report is confined to 875 women who had a single live birth and who had worked for more than the first trimester of pregnancy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Information about social and occupational status was obtained through interviews, and data about gestational length were obtained from medical records. The primary results showed that preterm birth did not vary significantly according to working conditions whereas it differed according to occupational group. CONCLUSIONS: Occupation, but not working conditions, affected the incidence of preterm birth. This result is discordant with other studies which underlined the excess of preterm births among women with strenuous working conditions. Reasons for this discrepancy may include (1) change in perception of "strenuous working conditions"; (2) improved working conditions; (3) the development of "preventive" strategies by pregnant women. Occupation is a more reliable indicator of risk than self described working conditions.

Employment↗
PubMed2003

Socioeconomic status and health among the aged in the United States and Germany: a comparative cross-sectional study.

This study investigates socioeconomic status (SES) differences in health among the aged in Germany and the United States. Intra-elderly age differences in the SES-health gradient are also examined. The study uses data from two national telephone surveys conducted in Germany (N=682) and the United States (N=608) using probability samples of non-institutionalised persons 60 years or older. In addition to the traditional indicators of SES (education, income and occupational status), two alternative indicators (assets and home ownership) are utilised. Self-rated health, depression (CES-D) and functional limitations are introduced as health indicators. Results of multiple logistic regression analyses show that income is the best SES predictor of the three health measures among the aged in Germany, whereas education, occupational prestige, assets, and home ownership are not consistently related to health. Respective analyses of the US data demonstrate weaker and less consistent associations of health measures with SES indicators. Consequently, there is a higher percentage of explained variance in health by SES among the aged in Germany compared to the United States. The data also show that social inequalities in health tend to diminish at older ages in the United States, but such disparities vary only slightly by age in Germany. In conclusion, although SES health differences are observed among the elderly in both countries, they are more pronounced in Germany than in the United States where effects are restricted to younger old age. One interpretation of this finding points to higher selective mortality of middle and early old age groups with a low SES in the United States due to stronger health-related deprivation.

Aged↗