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PubMed2005

School health and nutrition: policy and programs.

This paper argues that there is now reliable evidence that ill health and malnutrition affect education access, participation, completion, and achievement, and that school-based health and nutrition programs can provide a cost-effective and low-cost solution. International coordination around this issue has been helped by a consensus framework to "Focus Resources on Effective School Health (FRESH)," developed jointly by UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, Education International, and the World Bank, and launched at the World Education Forum in Dakar in April 2000 aspart of the global effort to achieve the goal of Education for All (EFA). The need for school health and nutrition programs as part of EFA actions is now recognized by both countries and development partners, and examples of successful practical sector programs that have gone to scale are presented for both low- and middle-income countries. This paper argues that, despite this progress, there are two key unresolved issues related to the targeting of nutrition interventions toward school-age children. The first concerns the role of food as an incentive for participation in education, and the second concerns the appropriate target age group for nutrition interventions. It is suggested that finding clear answers to these key policy questions in nutrition could profoundly influence the impact of future school health and nutrition programs.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effects of a nutritional information program on the contents of grocery carts].

In 1988, a chain of supermarkets in Quebec organized and sponsored a campaign to promote healthy eating habits and regular physical activity. Over a six-week period, comprehensive articles were published in a free home-delivered flyer. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the program in changing the buying habits of customers, as reflected by the content of their grocery carts. Data were collected at four points in time in one supermarket. Four independent samples of customers (N = 465) answered a brief questionnaire and the grocery receipt was used to analyze the food items in their shopping carts. The major dependent variables were the portions of various food groups, and fiber and lipid densities per dollar. Results show that, over time, customers lowered the lipid content and increased the fiber content of their purchases. This suggests that the food industry can play an effective role in improving the well-being of their clients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Reduction of global cardiovascular risk with nutritional versus nutritional plus physical activity intervention in Colombian adults.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity/mortality in non-developed countries. Reports of the effects of non-pharmacological interventions on global cardiovascular risk in Latin American adults, however, are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To compare the change in global cardiovascular risk induced by a tailored, Adult Treatment Panel-III compliant nutrition program versus the same program with addition of supervised, regular physical activity in Colombian adults. DESIGN: The study was a randomized, controlled trial. METHODS: Seventy-five Colombian patients aged 40-70 years and with Framingham-estimated global cardiovascular risk of 1% or higher were randomly assigned to a nutritional intervention program or a combined nutritional intervention-physical exercise program for 16 weeks. Patients underwent medical and anthropometric evaluation, bioelectrical impedance, lipid profile and Framingham global cardiovascular risk determination at baseline and at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: The groups were comparable at baseline; 21 persons in the nutritional intervention program group and 27 in the nutritional intervention-physical exercise program group completed the follow-up. Global cardiovascular risk modification (mean+/-SE) was -2.04+/-1.1 absolute percentage points (relative reduction 19.6%) in the nutritional intervention-physical exercise program group, compared with 0.23+/-0.9 (relative increase 2.8%) in the nutritional intervention program group. Mean difference in global cardiovascular risk modification between groups reached borderline statistical significance in ANCOVA (P=0.054). Reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were similar, but the nutritional intervention-physical exercise program group achieved significantly greater improvements in body weight, body mass index, percentage body fat and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a structured nutritional intervention-physical exercise program is more efficacious than a nutritional intervention program in the reduction of global cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors, in only 16 weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Using focus group results to inform preschool childhood obesity prevention programming.

OBJECTIVE: This study about maternal feeding practices and beliefs was conducted as background for the development of a childhood obesity prevention program for multi-ethnic parents in the USA receiving services from a federal government supplemental nutrition program for low-income mothers. DESIGN: Using a grounded theory approach, focus groups were conducted with low-income African American, white non-Hispanic (i.e. the majority Caucasian American population), Hispanic and Vietnamese parents to collect cross-cultural perspectives on: (a) infant and child feeding practices, (b) childhood overweight, (c) healthy dietary intake, (d) physical activity and inactivity, and (e) infant feeding information sources. RESULTS: A content analysis of the data yielded three main themes common to all four groups: (a) lack of awareness of the relationship between increased physical activity and health, (b) the use of food to influence behavior, and (c) the loss of parental control over feeding when a child starts child care or school, and revealed perspectives on age-appropriate food, infant satiety, overweight and information sources that were specific to each group. CONCLUSION: Interventions that enhance parent self-efficacy that build on themes that are specific to ethnic groups toward preventing childhood obesity are needed. There is also a need for culturally appropriate information for governmental nutrition programs that is in the client's own language and takes into account ethnic differences in beliefs and traditions.

Child Nutrition Sciences↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[At the start of the 21st century, we have the means to reduce malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa, but will we do it?].

The number of malnourished children in Africa continues to increase. It has been proven that such tendency could be stopped or even reversed if the lessons learnt from successful community nutrition programs were applied. The authors do not deny the role that poor socio-economic conditions play on malnutrition, and that those conditions need to be improved for a long-lasting impact, but they also argue that it is possible to act in parallel and get positive results, without waiting for macro-economic improvements. Successful projects such as those from Tamil Nadu in India, Iringa in Tanzania, Secaline in Madagacar, the PNC in Senegal, the AIN-C in Honduras, Prosen in Cameroon all applied the same principles and a similar approach. To reach success, international nutrition experts identified eighteen principles which should be used when designing and monitoring a community nutrition program, and there are also five phases to follow during the design stage. Finally, the authors suggest that if nutrition seems to often be underfunded, it is mainly because nutritionists in general have not been able to come up with feasible and well-conceived programmes. A few ideas are provided on how to access financing from health sector programs, by ensuring that the community nutrition programme helps implement certain aspects of those health sector programs. The conclusion is that there is no excuse not to start improving the nutritional status of African children now.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Programming by early nutrition: an experimental approach.

That events during critical or sensitive periods of development may "program" long-term or life-time structure or function of the organism is well recognized. Evidence for programming by nutrition is established in animals, in whom brief pre- or postnatal nutritional manipulations may program adult size, metabolism, blood lipids, diabetes, blood pressure, obesity, atherosclerosis, learning, behavior and life span. Human epidemiological data link potential markers of early nutrition (size at birth or in infancy) to cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in adulthood. However, these retrospective data cannot prove nutritional cause or underpin health policies. After 16 y, however, of ethical, randomized intervention studies of early nutrition in humans with long-term follow-up to test experimentally the nutritional programming hypothesis, we find that humans, like other species, have sensitive windows for nutrition in terms of later outcomes; for instance, perinatal diet influences neurodevelopment and bone mineralization into mid-childhood. Possible biological mechanisms for storing throughout life the "memory" of early nutritional experience and its expression in adulthood include adaptive changes in gene expression, preferential clonal selection of adapted cells in programmed tissues and programmed differential proliferation of tissue cell types. Animal and human evidence supporting nutritional programming has major potential biological and medical significance.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2007

Feeding broiler breeder males. 2. Effect of cumulative rearing nutrition on body weight, shank length, comb height, and fertility.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of 2 planes (low and high) of cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period on performance of broiler breeder males. The low cumulative nutrition program supplied 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP, whereas the high cumulative nutrition program supplied 33,500 kcal of ME and 1,730 g of CP to photostimulation at 21 wk of age. Two diets (LoDiet and HiDiet) were used with a single feeding program in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a single diet with 2 feeding programs (LoFeed and HiFeed) was used. In experiment 1, the 2 diets were blended from 21 to 24 wk to provide a gradual transition to a single common laying breeder diet that was fed during the production period. At 21 wk of age in experiment 2, males were divided into light or heavy BW groups to complete a 2 x 2 factorial design during the production period. The high plane of nutrition increased BW, shank length, and comb height during the rearing period, but the differences disappeared after 28 wk of age. Retrospective analysis showed that the heavy males at 21 wk of age in experiment 2 were also the heaviest males at 8 wk of age. Both low plane groups (LoDiet in experiment 1 and LoFeed in experiment 2) exhibited better fertility during late production. A cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period of 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP was minimally sufficient for subsequent male reproductive performance.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

An interdisciplinary training program in nutrition sciences and cancer.

To address the shortage of health care professionals trained in the nutritional aspects of cancer prevention, the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1988 initiated the Cancer Prevention and Control Training Program (CPCTP), with R25 grant support from the NIH/NCI. The CPCTP has enrolled 11 predoctoral and 12 postdoctoral trainees, of whom 18 have completed training and five remain in the program. The curriculum and other program elements are described, and the trainees' academic achievements and ultimate careers are reported. The CPCTP has become a significant resource for training cancer nutrition professionals.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2004

Demonstration of an E-mailed worksite nutrition intervention program.

INTRODUCTION: Dietary fat and low fruit and vegetable intake are linked to many chronic diseases, and U.S. population intake does not meet recommendations. Interventions are needed that incorporate effective behavior-change principles and that can be delivered inexpensively to large segments of the population. METHODS: Employees at a corporate worksite were invited to participate in a program, delivered entirely by e-mail, to reduce dietary fat and increase fruit and vegetable intake. Behavior-change principles underlying the intervention included tailoring to the participant's dietary lifestyle, baseline assessment and feedback about dietary intake, family participation, and goal setting. Assessment, tailoring, and delivery was fully automated. The program was delivered weekly to participants' e-mail inboxes for 12 weeks. Each e-mail included information on nutrition or on the relationship between diet and health, dietary tips tailored to the individual, and small goals to try for the next week. In this nonrandomized pilot study, we assessed technical feasibility, acceptability to employees, improvement in Stage of Change, increase in fruit and vegetable consumption, and decrease in fat intake. RESULTS: Approximately one third (n = 84) of employees who were offered the 12-week program signed up for it, and satisfaction was high. There was significant improvement in Stage of Change: 74% of those not already at the top had forward movement (P < .001). In addition, results suggest significant increase in fruit and vegetable consumption (0.73 times/day, P < .001) and significant decrease in intake of fat sources (-0.39 times/day, P < .001). CONCLUSION: This inexpensive program is feasible and appears to be effective. A randomized controlled trial is needed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urgent problems of rational nutrition for the immigrant population in Arctic regions and for the natives of the North].

Metabolic changes in newcomers to the Asiatic North have been revealed during their adaptation to a complex of the climatic and geographic factors of high latitudes. The changes were marked by making the most of lipids and less utilization of carbohydrates in energy supply to the adaptation processes. An important role of proteins in energy supply is discussed with emphasis on the changes in vitamin metabolism. The specificity of metabolic changes during adaptation is not taken into account in the nutrition program of the newcomers. This leads to the development of disadaptation shifts in the body. An important role of nutrition in adaptation of both the newcomers and aborigines of Siberia and North is suggested. The many-century experience gained in the nutrition of aborigines should be regarded in the newcomers' nutrition programs that are recommended to be based on protein-lipid diets.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1977

Federal nutrition support programs for children.

In summary, the physician as a concerned citizen, contributing taxpayer, and key provider of child health care can provide responsible leadership in assuring that nutrition support services for children include assessment of their nutritional status, provision of a safe food supply adequate in quality and quantity, nutrition counseling for specific nutritional problems, and sound nutrition education for children, parents, and all other caretakers of children.

Child↗