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PubMed2004

An online learning course in Ergonomics.

For the past two years, the Department of Occupational Therapy at the University of Haifa has offered an online course to third year occupational therapists on the topic of Ergonomics for Health Care Professionals. The development and implementation of this course was funded by the Israeli Ministry of Education. Unique teaching materials, developed and uploaded to the University's server via "High Learn", included interactive and self-directed documents containing graphics, animations, and video clips. Extensive use was made of the discussion forum and survey tools, and students submitted all assignments online. For the final topic, an expert in ergonomics from Boston University delivered a lecture via two-way videoconferencing. The course site included comprehensive library listings in which all bibliographic materials were made available online. Students accessed course materials at the University in a computer classroom and at home via modem. In an accompanying research study, the frequency of student usage of the various online tools was tracked and extensive data were collected via questionnaires documenting students' demographic background, preferred learning style, prior usage of technology, satisfaction with the course and academic achievement. This paper focuses on the results of the research study that examined how the students responded to and coped with teaching material presented and accessed in this format.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

["De re publica otorhinolaryngologica].

"De re publica otorhinolaryngologica" is the title of the article by Ante Sercer published in Lijecnicki vjesnik in 1941, five years after the moving of the Ear, Nose and Throat Department to Salata. In this paper he elaborated his conception of a modern ENT department, and presented what had been done in this regard. Professor Dragutin Masek had a special merit in founding the Department in 1921, and stayed at its head till 1929. His successor prompted its moving from the building of elementary school in Draskovićeva Street to Salata, where other departments of the School of Medicine in Zagreb were situated. At the beginning of the 20th century, the issue of the construction of a territorial hospital which would serve as the University Hospital of the future School of Medicine emerged. Our ancestors showed great enthusiasm in overcoming the obstacles to the construction of the University Hospital in Salata. We chose only a small number of important facts by which we tried to demonstrate of the Department in the period in which the heads after D. Masek and A. Sercer were Branimir Gusić and Zvonimir Krajina. The most important current activities of the Department are further briefly described. Although the Department developed the programs which naturally follow from the respectable history, in agreement with creative potentials of its employees, and professional and scientific standards within the European Union, for the third time in the modem history we had to resists the unacceptable moving into restricted and unfavorable settings at the other location. Recently, plans of building the "eastern comb" on Rebro, and the moving of the Department to Rebro, have been offered. On several occasions the council of our Department gave negative evaluation of these plans and suggested solutions when the project became available "post hoc". Modest investments at the present location would provide the Department with a part of necessary conditions for further continuing development, appropriate to its impressive historical development and current value in Croatian, European and world otorhinolaryngology. It is well known that only the experts in a profession know the specific determinants and developmental requirements in their field. By defending its rights and duty to influence the design of developmental directions of the specialty, the Department has also today shown that it is worthy its past.

Croatia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contemporary surgical treatment of sellar region tumors].

Due to improved diagnostics, and primarily neuroradiological methods, an increased incidence of sellar region tumors is marked, among which the most common are pituitary adenomas. Sellar region tumors cause dysfunctions of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis as well as surrounding neurovascular structures. Despite the development of pharmacological and radiation therapy, surgical treatment is in these cases still a dominant therapeutical method. The author displays an overview of contemporary surgical methods for the treatment of sellar region tumors, as well as an overview of other adjuvant methods, especially pharmacological. Described are the results of over 1200 patients surgically treated during the past 20 years for sellar region tumors, as well as their complications and adverse effects. The author argues for respecting modem consensus on standardization of results of treating sellar region tumors as well as the consensus on professional and technical equipment of doctors and institutions that deal with this complex work.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Classification of malignant tumors of suprarenal glands].

The extent of diagnostic possibilities of medical technique, permitting to reveal the majority of suprarenal tumors, and the most modem information technologies as well demands creation of the suprarenal tumors applicable classification, well-adopted for physician in practice and also for scientist dealing with analysis of the investigation results in these pathology. Taking into account hormonal activity of majority of tumors, influencing the patients management tactic, the authors propose the insight on suprarenal tumor diagnosis of their own.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[History of the study of biodiversity of photosynthesizing bacteria].

The tendencies in the study of anoxygenic photosynthesizing bacteria (APB) are considered in the review in the historical aspect, since APB discovery till present day. The contribution made by the researchers of the Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, to the study of the phylogeny, ecology, and morphophysiological diversity of APB is noted. At present, the molecular-biological approaches play a decisive role in ecology and taxonomy. The most important task at the modem stage of the development of microbiology is to maintain the continuity of the historically formed classical approaches in the study of APB diversity.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed2004

[Immunossupresive drugs in renal transplantation].

Modem immunosupressive agents have greatly reduced incidence and severity of acute renal allograft rejection. One-year graft survival rate of 95% can be easily achieved with optimal immunosuppressive regimens. However, long-term kidney transplant survival has improved poorly. At present, chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) and recipients death (mainly due to circulatory complications, neoplasms and infections) are most common reasons of graft loss in the second and subsequent years after transplantation. Moreover adverse effects of immunosuppressive drugs (nephrotoxicity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, post-transplant diabetes mellitus) can account for development of CAN. Regimens with combination of at least two drugs are administered to recipients, as it allows for using minimal effective doses and reduces the risk of adverse effects. Narrow therapeutic window of most immunosuppressive agents forces clinicians to adequately monitor serum concentration of the drug or its metabolite. Early postransplant period requires higher doses, which then are reduced. Immunosuppressive regimen is individualized, to minimize the risk of acute rejection, but also to avoid overimmunosuppression and its complications. Presently there are two trends in immunosuppressive schemes: first one to withdraw glycocorticosteroids and the other one to reduce dose or withdraw calcineurin inhibitors, mostly because of their nephrotoxicity.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2005

[Exploring relationship between traditional effects of traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmacological activities by "co-effect compounds"].

The compound that distributes in the herbs with one common effect was named as "co-effect compound" (CEC). The CECs of three traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) effects, purgative, relieving pain and clearing heat, had been found and studied. A strong corresponding relationship was found between the pharmacological activities of CECs and the TCM effect they belong to. The study shows that it may be a feasible method to connect traditional effect of TCM with modem pharmacological activity.

Anthraquinones↗
PubMed2005

Technology at work in home care marketing strategies.

In today's very competitive home care marketplace, an agency must be able to effectively differentiate itself This capability may be the single most important thing an agency can do to market its services. How a business stacks up against its competition dictates the difference between rapid growth and stagnation. Fortunately, modem technology provides many opportunities to establish competitive and strategic advantages in today's market.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Development of teleconsultations systems for e-health.

Two prototype telemedicine systems have been developed: 1) a wireless system for status assessment of cardiology patients (WSCP), 2) a system for medical image management and teleconsultations (IMTS). The former system enables the patient to record an ECG on a personal digital assistant (PDA), view it and send it via a wireless connection. The doctor on duty is then able to view the received ECG and make appropriate decisions, also to apply for consultation by sending the received ECG to the PDA of a cardiology expert. The system logs all performed operations. The hardware used in the system consists of personal computers (PCs), PDAs, analog-digital converters, ECG sensors and GPRS modems. Software consists of programs for patients, doctors on duty, cardiology experts and administration, along with a central database. The second system is intended to be used by professional doctors for management of collected images and for teleconsultations via videoconferencing in order to obtain a second opinion. The system provides an integrated environment eliminating the need to jump between many applications. By using the system, doctors are able to acquire images from analog and digital cameras, process and enhance them, as well as upload them to local or remote databases. Doctors are also able to design custom database forms. The teleconsultation part of the system supports video and audio over ISDN and TCP-IP, using both a hardware codec (Zydacron Z360) and a software codec (based on MS Netmeeting). Images are sent from one client to another using the standard protocol T.120. Images become synchronized immediately upon reception by another client.

Computers, Handheld↗
PubMed2004

[Applications of polyvinyl alcohol in modern preparations of TCM].

As a drug additive, polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) has merits of solubility, easy forming, strong conglutination, high thermal stability, low toxicity and no irritation. In these years, PVA has been applied wider and wider in medicine industry. In the study of modem preparations of TCM PVA, as film material of membrane and pellicles, is very promising owing to its easy forming and excellent toughness. PVA is good polymer matrix for suppositories and gel, because it can not only carry drug but also improve the properties of preparations on application and technology. It can be said that PVA is an excellent carrier. At the present, PVA is mainly applied in vitro preparations of TCM, but its applications will be spread with further research. The prospective applications of PVA in osmotic pump controlled release preparations, drug carried microspheres and swelling controlled release system are foreseen.

Delayed-Action Preparations↗
PubMed2004

The French language virtual medical university.

The work program of the French Language Virtual Medical University started about 2 years ago, and entered into a real active phase of development and implementation in 2002. Various national programs and organizational initiatives should accelerate and facilitate further appropriation of modem pedagogical approaches by knowledge providers and all users of the FSVMU, so as to advance on the way of virtual education. The French Language Virtual Medical University under the auspices of both the National Conference of Deans of Medical Schools and the International Conference of Deans of French-Speaking Medical Schools has been developed to create a major Internet portal for French-speaking distance medical learning and teaching. This construct should be representative of all medical schools in France and French-speaking countries. Contents will also be translated into English, Spanish and Arabic. All medical disciplines with their various levels of teaching are to be included. Cross-related fields are also going to be present in order to offer full range programs. The latter are intended to provide both initial and continuing education for medical students as well as all other categories of health professionals and medical and scientific research workers. To develop the appropriate technology and make such a portal, on one hand correspond to the specific educational requirements and proper training for health professionals, and on the other hand provide a general access to e-learning in all schools of medicine; in keeping with such goals, the following approaches should be stressed upon. To build a virtual space where individual patients, their families, patient associations as well as the general public, can obtain medical information of good quality for the purposes of both education and prevention. Providing such categories with reliable and validated sources of information, and offering an ethical basis for the increasing practice of e-medicine, represent in today's and tomorrow's world one of the great modern challenges for the medical community. Beyond the sole medical domain, the model offered by the FSVMU should be useful for the French-speaking Universities in all the fields of knowledge and training which are candidate to benefit from new educational means and methods.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2005

[The present and future of controlled transport of the drug into the organism].

The problems of the systems of controlled (and thus also targeted) transport of the drug into the organism is one of the burning questions of contemporary biogalenics. Various more or less successful solutions were elaborated and applied, beginning with the retardette via the so-called intelligent hydrogels to various automatically controlled implants. Modem microfluidic intelligent biomicrosystems, composed of mutually interconnected microtanks, microjets, micropumps, or microcylinders, are very promising. A natural component of the complex biomicrosystem is a sensory subsystem for the collection of information from the bio-environment and a processor for the control of the process of drug supply to the organism. The present technologies of such Bio-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (BioMEMSs) make it possible to revolutionize drug transport not only by facilitating precise dosing and long-term control of the immediate amount of the supplied drug on the basis of the current condition of the patient, but also to target the drug to the site of its pharmacological effect. Though at present there are still many unsolved problems, transition from laboratory conditions to clinical practice has started, and it is only a matter of five to ten years that intelligent BioMEMSs will gradually become a routinely used dosage microform. The paper briefly surveys the present state and the next development of intelligent systems of drug supply into the body of the patient, termed Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems, Intelligent DDSs, or briefly IDDSs.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2004

Colorado potato beetle larvae on potato plants expressing a locust proteinase inhibitor.

The natural defence system of plants often involves inhibitors of digestive enzymes of their pests. Modem and environmental-friendly methods try to increase this plant resistance by expressing heterologous protease inhibitors in crops. Here we report the effects of expressing a gene from desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) encoding two serine protease inhibitors in potato on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae. The gene encoding both peptides on a single chain was used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of potato plants. The presence of the active inhibitor protein in the leaves was verified. The feeding bioassays in the laboratory showed that despite the low level of the peptide in leaves, CPB larvae on transgenic plants have grown slightly but significantly more slowly than those on control potato plants. The results support the notion that expression of multifunctional proteinase inhibitors of insect origin in plants might be a good strategy to improve insect resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Integrating genomic knowledge sources through an anatomy ontology.

Modern genomic research has access to a plethora of knowledge sources. Often, it is imperative that researchers combine and integrate knowledge from multiple perspectives. Although some technology exists for connecting data and knowledge bases, these methods are only just beginning to be successfully applied to research in modem cell biology. In this paper, we argue that one way to integrate multiple knowledge sources is through anatomy--both generic cellular anatomy, as well as anatomic knowledge about the tissues and organs that may be studied via microarray gene expression experiments. We present two examples where we have combined a large ontology of human anatomy (the FMA) with other genomic knowledge sources: the gene ontology (GO) and the mouse genomic databases (MGD) of the Jackson Labs. These two initial examples of knowledge integration provide a proof of concept that anatomy can act as a hub through which we can usefully combine a variety of genomic knowledge and data.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2004

[New development of modern photometric determination of trace aluminium in environmental samples].

In this paper, new development of modern photometric determination of aluminium in environmental samples in recent years was reviewed and discussed. The new development in modem photometric determination of aluminium in environmental samples was emphasized, including micelle photometric method, dual-wavelength photometric method, derivative photometric method, catalytic photometric method, solid phase photometric method and flow injection photometric method. Reaction systems of determination and it's conditions, molar absorption coefficient (epsilon) or the limit of detection, the scope of determination and applications of the ordinary photometric method, and the micelle photometric method were summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of photometric methods were discussed. The development trend of photometric method was prospected for the detection of trace aluminium in environmental samples.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2005

[Molecular-genetic method of identification of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

Above two million people annually die worldwide of tuberculosis. There has been a serious uptrend in the tuberculosis morbidity observed during the recent decade in Russia. The growing prevalence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens is highly dangerous. A timely diagnosis reduces significantly the risk of epidemics. The use of molecular methods cuts the time of tuberculosis diagnosis, including its resistant forms, from several weeks to several days. The presented survey contains a discussion of modem methods used for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the main anti-TB drugs.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Prediction of race using characteristics of dental morphology.

Historically, forensic anthropology has concentrated on race determination using skeletal morphological variation. Conversely, dental anthropology has been concerned with worldwide patterns of dental morphological variation. This paper represents a synthesis of the goals of forensic anthropology with the methods of dental anthropology. Dentitions of modem African Americans (n = 110) and European Americans (n = 155) were observed using methods based on the Arizona State University dental morphology standards. Of 136 characters observed, eight were found with frequencies that were very different between the groups. Based on these eight characteristics, probability tables were created for determining an individual's social race, using both Bayesian prediction and logistic regression. These tables are applicable for determining the probability that an unknown individual can be categorized as African American or European American. This method was tested on 40 individuals known to belong in one of these two ancestral groups. Correct assignment of race was made in 90% of cases.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2000

Trace elements and the European skeleton through 5000 years.

For our research, one thousand forty-four samples were taken from the femurs of 522 skeletons from 25 sites in Europe from the Neolithic Age (4000-5000 B.C), from La Téne Period, the Roman Era (500 B.C-400 A.D.), the Middle Ages and from contemporary cadavers. We found the following distribution of elements in the longitudional axis of long bones (the femurs and the tibias). The elements Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, Co and Sn cumulated in the epiphysis. On the other hand, we found that Ca, Sr, Na and K prevailed in the central part of the diaphysis. In the central parts of the cross-section the highest concentration of the metal element Pb was in the external layer from the historical femurs. It was the same with cadavers of the recent population. A specific shift from Neolithic farming to agricultural intensification in the Roman Era was also apparent in the skeletons. Special sources of the above mentioned elements were found both in Celtic and Germanic tribes. Meat is the main source of zinc. Zinc is also important for the growth of the skeleton. When we investigated the development of the human skeleton during the last 5000 years we found the highest concetrations of Zn in communities with a good supply of animal food, whereas the lowest concentrations were paralleled with well-developed agriculturists. We assume the Neolithic gracilization, which is in the background for the increase of agricultural populations, is directly linked with the concentration of Zn and other elements essential for growth (Cu, Fe and others). The individuals most vulnerable to zinc deficiency include infants, adolescents during rapid growth phases and women during pregnancy and lactation. Trace elements in the bones of the La Téne period designate two areas of Celtic diet patterns--a "French one" (Roulier, Mont Trote and Acy Romance) and a "Czech one" (Karlov, Radovesice and Jenisův Ujezd). At Czech sites levels of zinc increased westward towards the Germanic region. Over the Germanic territory in the region of the Saala River there are similar supply trace element sources for bones of the Germanic tribes for a period of more than 1000 years. The dietary customs and environment that formed this development were preserved from 400 B.C. to the period of the Merovingians. A specific ratio of Zn and Sr can be found not only in men, but also in woman and children. At the beginning of our era lead emerged as a civilization element. This element influenced the diet until the 20th century. Since the beginning of the 20th century it occurs much less in the population. On the contrary, we have found significant presence of tin in human bones. Cadavers of the modem population indicate a high content of tin, considerably higher than those in the populations from the beginning of our era (as much as 40 microg.g(-1) bone).

Bone and Bones↗