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PubMed1979

Synthesis of spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] as potential central nervous system agents. 5. Conformationally mobile analogues derived by furan ring opening.

Synthesis and antitetrabenazine activity of 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines and 4-(benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidines, prepared as simplified and possibly more readily synthesized analogues of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1 (3H),4'-piperidine], are reported. Several 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines display antitetrabenazine activity comparable to imipramine or amitriptyline but are two- to fourfold less active than analogous 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. Structure--activity relationships for 4-[2p(arylmethyl)phenyl]piperidines are generally similar to the profile established for 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. Significant antitetrabenazine activity is associated only with derivatives where the arylmethyl group is ortho to the piperidine ring. 4-(Benzyloxy)-4-phenylpiperidines and 4-[2-(arylmethyl)phenyl]-4-piperidinols and the corresponding methyl ethers and esters display weak to modest antitetrabenazine activity. 4-[2-(Arylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives, at best, exhibit modest antitetrabenazine activity, with the exception of 4-[2-(phenylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is approximately equipotent with amitriptyline. The results of these investigations allow certain speculations to be made with respect to the role of the furan ring in the 3-arylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines] and antitetrabenazine activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Clonogenic potential and phenotypic analysis of CD34+ cells mobilized by different chemotherapy regimens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Since limited data concerning quantitative and qualitative differences of CD34+ cells collected after different mobilization schedules are available, we investigated phenotype, proliferative capacity and primitive progenitor cell content of CD34+ cells mobilized with four different regimens. DESIGN AND METHODS: The number, phenotype, and progenitor cell content of CD34+ cells were investigated in 46 patients mobilized with cyclophosphamide (CY) 7 g/m(2) plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, 5 microg/kg) (CY7+G-CSF) (n=16), CY 4 g/m(2) plus G-CSF (CY4+G-CSF) (n=8), IVE [ifosphamide (2.5 g/m(2) for 3 d), etoposide (150 mg/m(2) for 3 d), epirubicin (100 mg/m(2) on day 1)] plus G-CSF (IVE+G-CSF) (n=9), or G-CSF (10 microg/kg) alone (n=13). RESULTS: The number of CD34+ cells collected per liter of processed blood was significantly higher in the CY7+G-CSF group than in the CY4+G-CSF and G-CSF groups (p </= .005), but not the IVE+G-CSF group. As compared to patients in the CY4+G-CSF group, those mobilized with CY7+G-CSF and IVE+G-CSF produced significantly lower percentages of CD34+ cells lacking CD38, CD33, CD45RA, and HLA-DR (p </= .016, at least). In addition, CY4+G-CSF mobilized CD34+ cells had a significantly higher plating efficiency than the cells mobilized in other ways (p </= r .036). In the G-CSF group, colony-forming cells and long-term culture-initiating cells were significantly lower than in the CY groups (p </= .0014 and </= 013, respectively). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that: (i) different mobilization regimens allow the collection of CD34+ cells with distinct phenotypic and proliferative features; (ii) evaluation of the absolute number of CD34+ cells by itself is not a reliable indicator of the clonogenic content of blood mobilized with different chemotherapy regimens; (iii) because of the substantial impact that chemotherapy regimens have on the quantity and quality of collected CD34+ cells, anticancer effects and optimal blood progenitor cell yields should be evaluated for each chemotherapy schedule.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2002

The effects of spinal anesthesia vs epidural anesthesia on 3 potential postoperative complications: pain, urinary retention, and mobility following inguinal herniorrhaphy.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of spinal (n = 113) vs epidural (n = 31) anesthetic techniques on 3 common postoperative complications: pain, urinary retention, and mobility for patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy. The study design was a retrospective chart review. Data were collected on 144 subjects who underwent herniorrhaphy between January 1 and December 31, 1999, had an ASA classification of I to III, and were older than 18 years. The local anesthetics used to provide spinal anesthesia were 5% lidocaine, 0.75% bupivacaine, and 1% tetracaine solutions. The anesthetics used to provide epidural anesthesia were a solution of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine or 3% chloroprocaine with epinephrine. Results revealed that pain was not significantly different between the 2 anesthetic groups (P = .65); however, subjects in the epidural anesthesia group were able to ambulate (P = .008) and void (P = .02) sooner than subjects in the spinal anesthesia group. This study demonstrates that epidural anesthesia results in less urinary retention and earlier mobility than spinal anesthesia in men undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy. Minimizing postoperative complications is essential in order for the nurse anesthetist to provide a satisfactory anesthetic experience. This study's findings suggest that epidural anesthesia optimizes recovery for the patient undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Two types of prostacyclin receptor coupling to stimulation of adenylate cyclase and phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in a cultured mast cell line, BNu-2cl3 cells.

Prostacyclin (PGI2)-mediated signal transduction was examined in interleukin 3 (IL-3)-dependent BNu-2cl3 mast cells. Iloprost, a stable PGI2 analogue, induced the accumulation of intracellular cAMP and IP3, and an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Pretreatment of the cells with a protein kinase C activator, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, suppressed the iloprost-induced IP3 accumulation and Ca2+ mobilization, but inversely potentiated the cAMP accumulation, suggesting that neither of these signal transduction pathways of iloprosts is the result of a secondary effect of activation of the other. Removal of IL-3 from the culture medium reduced the iloprost-induced IP3 accumulation and Ca2+ mobilization, while it had no effect on the iloprost-induced cAMP accumulation at all. These results taken together suggest that BNu-2cl3 cells express two types of PGI2 receptor; one couples to stimulation of adenylate cyclase, its expression being independent of IL-3, while the other couples to phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, its expression being dependent on IL-3.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1997

Dynamic Electrophoretic Mobility of Spherical Colloidal Particles in Concentrated Suspensions

A theory for the dynamic electrophoretic mobility &mgr; of spherical colloidal particles in concentrated suspensions in an oscillating electric field is proposed on the basis of Kuwabara's cell model. The dynamic mobility depends on the frequency omega of the applied electric field and the particle volume fraction phi as well as on the reduced particle radius kappaa (where kappa is the Debye-H&uuml;ckel parameter and a is the particle radius) and the zeta potential zeta. A mobility formula which involves numerical integration is obtained for particles with zero permittivity and low zeta. It is found that the mobility magnitude decreases with decreasing kappaa as in the static case (omega = 0) and as in the single particle case (phi --> 0) and that it decreases with increasing omega as in the single particle case. However, the phi dependence of the mobility magnitude is much more complicated. Namely, for small kappaa the mobility magnitude decreases with increasing phi as in the static case. For large kappaa it increases with increasing phi. For moderate kappaa and not very low omega the mobility magnitude may exhibit a maximum. In all cases the omega dependence of the mobility magnitude becomes less as phi increases, that is, the dynamic mobility at any omega approaches the static mobility as phi increases. An accurate mobility formula without involving numerical integration applicable for all kappaa at zero particle permittivity and low zeta is also derived. This formula is applicable even for high zeta at kappaa --> infinity unless the dynamic relaxation effect becomes appreciable. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Signal transduction in lymphocytes after low dose radiation.

Mice were given whole-body irradiation (WBI) with 75 mGy X-rays which had previously been found to stimulate immunologic functions. This low dose radiation (LDR) potentiated [Ca2+]i mobilization in thymic and splenic lymphocytes in response to Con A and anti-CD3 McAb and activated protein kinase C in T and B lymphocytes of the spleen. The expression of TCR/CD3 molecules on the thymocytes was enhanced after LDR indicating an expedited maturation and differentiation process in the thymus. The changes in TCR/CD3 expression and [Ca2+]i mobilization in response to McAb-CD3 after LDR was found to be highly correlated. Meanwhile the transcription of c-fos and c-jun genes was up-regulated beginning 3 hours after LDR. The expression of IL2R in active thymocytes was potentiated 24 hours after LDR which coincided with the previous finding of increased secretion of IL2 by splenocytes after WBI with 75 mGy X-rays. It is first reported in the present paper that LDR could stimulate immunologic functions through facilitation of the signal transduction process in the lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of prior therapy on the in vitro proliferative potential of stem cell factor plus filgrastim-mobilized CD34-positive progenitor cells.

The quantity of hematopoietic progenitors in an apheresis collection is defined by the number of CD34(+) cells or granulocyte macrophage colony-forming units present. These parameters are believed to give roughly equivalent information on graft quality. We here report that the in vitro proliferative potential of r-metHuSCF (stem cell factor) plus filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; r-metHuG-CSF) mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD34(+) cells obtained from previously heavily treated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients inversely correlates with extent of prior therapy. CD34(+) cells were enriched using the CellPro Ceprate system and placed in liquid culture for 4 weeks in the presence of either r-metHuSCF, IL-3, IL-6, filgrastim (S36G), or S36G plus erythropoietin (S36GE) with a weekly exchange of media and cytokines with reestablishment of culture at the starting cell concentration (Delta assay) and enumeration of progenitors. Starting with 4 x 10(4) CD34(+) cells from apheresis samples from patients who had received <10 cycles of prior chemotherapy, progenitors were detectable in culture at 4 weeks 81% of the time as compared to 14% with CD34(+) cells from patients who had received >10 cycles and 5% for >10 cycles plus radiotherapy. The total number of progenitors generated over the duration of culture (area under the curve) was calculated using the trapezoidal rule as a novel measure of the proliferative potential of the enriched PB CD34(+) cell population. The median area under the curve of CD34(+) cells from patients receiving <10 cycles of prior chemotherapy was 7.4 and 5.7 (x10(5)) using S36G or S36GE, respectively, 1.8 and 1.9 if the patients received >10 cycles of prior chemotherapy, and 1.4 and 1.2 if the patients received >10 cycles of prior chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (P < 0.001). These data show that prior therapy impacts on the quality of PB CD34(+) cells as measured by their ability to generate committed progenitors over a number of weeks in liquid culture.

Antigens, CD34↗
PubMed2006

Enalapril increases ischemia-induced endothelial progenitor cell mobilization through manipulation of the CD26 system.

Enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, reduces cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, whether the beneficial effect of enalapril is mediated in part through endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the role of the CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) system in enalapril-modulated EPC mobilization. C57 BL/6 mice were divided into control and enalapril-treated groups. Peripheral EPCs were enumerated before and after ischemic stress. CD26/DPP IV activity and stroma-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) levels were measured in the blood and the bone marrow. In response to ischemic stress, the enalapril group displayed a significant increase in circulating EPCs (with a 3.6-fold increase of sca-1+KDR+ cells and a 2.2-fold increase of c-kit+CD31+ cells versus controls at 12 h). Enalapril also caused a sixfold increase in the contribution of bone marrow-derived EPCs to the ischemia-induced neovascularization. In the bone marrow, enalapril did not alter CD26+ cell numbers; however, it did amplify DPP IV activity. In the blood, through the anti-inflammatory effect, enalapril significantly decreased CD26+ cell numbers, leading to a decrease in total DPP IV activity. These phenomena were associated with a lower SDF-1alpha concentration in the bone marrow but higher in the blood in the enalapril group, compared to the controls. All these findings were not demonstrated without ischemic stress. The effect of enalapril on EPC mobilization could be substantially blocked by Diprotin-A, a DDP IV antagonist. This study demonstrates that one of the pleiotropic effects of enalapril on the cardiovascular system involves the modulation of circulating EPC numbers via the CD26/DPP IV system, which may serve as a potential target for mobilizing EPCs for therapeutic purposes.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed1992

Isolation and screening of plasmids from the epilithon which mobilize recombinant plasmid pD10.

This study examined the potential of bacteria from river epilithon to mobilize a recombinant catabolic plasmid, pD10, encoding 3-chlorobenzoate degradation and kanamycin resistance. Fifty-four mobilizing plasmids were exogenously isolated by triparental matings between strains of Pseudomonas putida and epilithic bacteria from the River Taff (South Wales, United Kingdom). Frequencies for mobilization ranged from 1.7 x 10(-8) to 4.5 x 10(-3) per recipient at 20 degrees C. The sizes of the mobilizing plasmids isolated ranged from 40 kb to over 200 kb, and 19 of 54 were found to encode mercury resistance. Plasmid-encoded resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was also found but not resistance to UV light or various heavy metals. Eight plasmids of epilithic bacteria, analyzed by comparing restriction fragmentation patterns, showed significant differences between those isolated from different independent matings. Optimal temperatures for mobilization of pD10 were between 15 and 25 degrees C. Four mercury resistance plasmids were found to be broad host range, transferring mercury resistance and mobilizing pD10 readily to representative species of beta- and gamma-purple bacteria. In general, frequencies of pD10 mobilization by plasmids of epilithic bacteria were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than conjugal transfer frequencies. Thus, there is a high potential for exchange of recombinant genes introduced into the epilithon by mobilization between a variety of bacterial species.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1985

Predictive value of laryngeal electromyography in patients with vocal cord paralysis of neurogenic origin.

Laryngeal electromyography can provide prognostic information when evaluating patients with vocal cord dysfunction. Twenty-four patients were studied to determine the predictive capacity of this test. Six patients had bilateral vocal cord paralysis, constituting a total of 30 vocal cords examined. Sixteen of these cords had decreased or absent motor unit potentials, fibrillations, or positive waves. None of these patients recovered function. Fourteen cords demonstrated either normal motor unit or polyphasic potentials. Return of mobility was evident in 11 of these cords. The combined total was 27 of 30 cords correctly predicted, demonstrating a 90% accuracy rate.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1996

General vectors for archaeal hyperthermophiles: strategies based on a mobile intron and a plasmid.

Although there are currently no cloning and expression vectors available for archaeal hyperthermophiles, small cryptic plasmids have been characterized for these organisms as well as viruses and introns capable of spreading between cells. Below, we review the recent progress in adapting these genetic elements as vectors for Pyrococcus furiosus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. An efficient and reliable transformation procedure is described for both organisms. The potential of the mobile intron from Desulfurococcus mobilis, inserted into the bacterial vector pUC18 to generate a new type of vector, was investigated in S. acidocaldarius. A polylinker was inserted upstream from the open reading frame encoding the homing enzyme I-DmoI. Both the polylinker and a 276 bp fragment of the tetracycline gene from pBR322 could be inserted into the intron-plasmid construct and spreading still occurred in the culture of S. acidocaldarius. Experiments are in progress to test the co-mobility of the alcohol dehydrogenase and beta-galactosidase genes from Sulfolobus species with the intron. A shuttle vector pCSV1 was also produced by fusing the pGT5 plasmid from Pyrococcus abyssi and the bacterial vector pUC19 which, on transformation, is stable in both organisms without selection. Growth inhibition studies indicate that both P. furiosus and S. acidocaldarius are sensitive to the antibiotics carbomycin, celesticetin, chloramphenicol and thiostrepton as well as butanol and butylic alcohol. Spontaneous mutants resistant to these drugs have been isolated carrying single site mutations in their 23S rRNA gene; they include mutants of S. acidocaldarius resistant to chloramphenicol, carbomycin and celesticetin with the mutation C2452U and thiostrepton-resistant mutants of P. furiosus carrying the mutation A1067G (both numbers corresponding to Escherichia coli 23S rRNA). These mutated genes are being developed as selective markers. Moreover, two beta-galactosidase genes from P. furiosus have been cloned as possible phenotypic markers; one of these exhibits maximum activity at 95 degrees C with O-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside as substrate.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

CD34+ cells from mobilized peripheral blood retain fetal bone marrow repopulating capacity within the Thy-1+ subset following cell division ex vivo.

Ex vivo cell cycling of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), a subset of primitive hematopoietic progenitors (PHP) with engrafting capacity, is required for transduction with retroviral vectors and to increase transplantable HSC numbers. However, induction of division of HSC ex vivo also may lead to differentiation and loss of in vivo marrow repopulating potential. We evaluated mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) PHP for maintenance of stem cell function after ex vivo culture under conditions that we show can induce cycling of a majority of PHP with minimal differentiation. The following methods were combined: cell labeling with the division tracking dye carboxyfluorescein-diacetate succinimidylester (CFSE), analysis of primitive cell surface marker expression, an ex vivo PHP assay, and an in vivo marrow repopulating assay. MPB-purified CD34+ Thy-1+ cells were labeled with CFSE dye and cultured for 112 hours in serum-deprived medium in the presence of the cytokine combinations of thrombopoietin (TPO), flt3 ligand (FL), and c-kit ligand (KL), or TPO, FL, and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Both cytokine combinations supported division of greater than 95% of cells within 112 hours with an average 2.1-fold (TPO, FL, KL) or 1.3-fold (TPO, FL, IL-6) increase in total cell numbers. An average of 21.6% (TPO, FL, KL) and 27.4% (TPO, FL, IL-6) of the divided cells still expressed the Thy-1 marker after 112 hours. Functional assays were performed to compare cultured and uncultured cells. CD34+ Thy-1+ CFSElo (post division) cells showed maintenance of cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) frequency (a mean of 1/9.0) relative to the starting population of uncultured CD34+ Thy-1+ cells (a mean of 1/8.4). In contrast, CD34+ cells that had lost Thy-1 expression during culture (CD34+ Thy-1 CFSElo) showed a mean 5.8-fold reduction in CAFC frequency (a mean of 1/52.5). Only the Thy-1-expressing fraction of cells post culture could engraft in vivo in the SCID-hu bone assay. Because the majority of HSC functional activity post culture was found in the CD34+ Thy-1+ fraction, we focused on this fraction for subsequent analysis. CFSE labeling allows segregation and purification by flow cytometry of cells having undergone discrete numbers of divisions during culture. Very few cells that divided more than four times in culture still expressed Thy-1. Cells that retained expression of Thy-1 during culture retained CAFC activity relative to fresh CD34+ Thy-1+ cells, after undergoing at least two divisions. CAFC frequency decreased after four divisions in culture with TPO, FL, and KL or after three divisions in TPO, FL, and IL-6. We then compared populations of Thy-1+ cells that had undergone sequential numbers of divisions in culture for their ability to engraft in the SCID-hu bone assay. Engrafting ability was retained throughout four divisions in both cytokine combinations. These data demonstrate that primitive MPB CD34+ cells maintain HSC function coincident with Thy-1 expression while undergoing two to four divisions under these culture conditions. Essentially all CD34+ Thy-1+ cells divided under the conditions tested, promoting susceptibility to retroviral transduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The mechanism of nitrogen monoxide (NO)-mediated iron mobilization from cells. NO intercepts iron before incorporation into ferritin and indirectly mobilizes iron from ferritin in a glutathione-dependent manner.

Nitrogen monoxide (NO) is a cytotoxic effector molecule produced by macrophages that results in Fe mobilization from tumour target cells which inhibits DNA synthesis and mitochondrial respiration. It is well known that NO has a high affinity for Fe, and we showed that NO-mediated Fe mobilization is markedly potentiated by glutathione (GSH) generated by the hexose monophosphate shunt [Watts, R.N. & Richardson, D.R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 4724-4732]. We hypothesized that GSH completes the coordination shell of an NO[bond]Fe complex that is released from the cell. In this report we have extended our studies to further characterize the mechanism of NO-mediated Fe mobilization. Native PAGE 59Fe-autoradiography shows that NO decreased ferritin-59Fe levels in cells prelabelled with [59Fe]transferrin. In prelabelled cells, ferritin-59Fe levels increased 3.5-fold when cells were reincubated with control media between 30 and 240 min. In contrast, when cells were reincubated with NO, ferritin-59Fe levels decreased 10-fold compared with control cells after a 240-min reincubation. However, NO could not remove Fe from ferritin in cell lysates. Our data suggest that NO intercepts 59Fe on route to ferritin, and indirectly facilitates removal of 59Fe from the protein. Studies using the GSH-depleting agent, L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulphoximine, indicated that the reduction in ferritin-59Fe levels via NO was GSH-dependent. Competition experiments with NO and permeable chelators demonstrated that both bind a similar Fe pool. We suggest that NO requires cellular metabolism in order to effect Fe mobilization and this does not occur via passive diffusion down a concentration gradient. Based on our results, we propose a model of glucose-dependent NO-mediated Fe mobilization.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Soilaluminum, iron, and phosphorus dynamics in response to long-term experimental nitrogen and sulfur additions at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA.

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) containing compounds affects soil chemistry in forested ecosystems through (1) acidification and the depletion of base cations, (2) metal mobilization, particularly aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe), (3) phosphorus (P) mobilization, and (4) N accumulation. The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) is a long-term paired whole-watershed experimental acidification study demonstrating evidence of each of these acidification characteristics in a northeastern U.S. forested ecosystem. In 2003, BBWM soils were studied using the Hedley fractionation procedure to better understand mechanisms of response in soil Al, Fe, and P chemistry. Soil P fractionation showed that recalcitrant P was the dominant fraction in these watersheds (49%), followed by Al and Fe associated P (24%), indicating that a majority of the soil P was biologically unavailable. Acidification induced mobilization of Al and Fe in these soils holds the potential for significant P mobilization. Forest type appears to exert important influences on metal and P dynamics. Soils supporting softwoods showed evidence of lower Al and Fe in the treated watershed, accompanied by lower soil P. Hardwood soils had higher P concentrations in surface soils as a result of increased biocycling in response to N additions in treatments. Accelerated P uptake and return in litterfall overshadowed acidification induced P mobilization and depletion mechanisms in hardwoods.

Acids↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of pharmaceutical formulations using atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography and nano-electrospray ionisation.

The hyphenation of liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry is reported using a custom-made dynamic nano-electrospray ionisation (nano-ESI) interface. The analysis of pharmaceutical actives is described, including beta blocker (timolol), antidepressant (paroxetine), analgesic (paracetamol) and opiate (codeine) preparations. On-line ultraviolet diode array (UV) spectroscopic detection was used prior to sample ionisation, to evaluate chromatographic and nano-ESI interface performance. Active drug responses were characterised by chromatographic retention time and electrophoretic ion mobility drift time, and selected ion mobility responses were used to evaluate method performance. Limits of detection for active drugs were in the low-nmol to pmol range. Quantitative responses were investigated using a series of standard solutions of caffeine, showing good linearity (R(2) = 0.9982, n = 6) and reproducibility (RSD = 2.3 %, n = 6). The analysis of an over the counter pharmaceutical formulation demonstrates the potential of ion mobility spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography and nano-electrospray ionisation for the rapid determination of active drugs, as a result of the electrophoretic separation and selectivity afforded by IMS.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2004

Fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries involving wood chippers--United States, 1992-2002.

Tree damage from storms and routine tree-trimming operations prompt the need for disposing of branches and brush. Mobile wood chippers shred branches and tree trimmings into mulch. Branches are fed into a chute, in which rotating blades macerate the wood. Mobile chippers pose potential dangers to operators, who can become caught in the feed mechanism and pulled into the rotating chipper knives or struck by the hood of the machine while it is being opened or closed with the knives still rotating. This report summarizes data describing fatal and nonfatal injuries related to occupational wood chipper use, which indicate that those working with mobile wood chippers are at risk for serious injury and death, but that these injuries can be prevented through proper training, machine maintenance, and the use of personal protective equipment.

Accidents, Occupational↗