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PubMed1994

Europe without internal frontiers and international migration.

"This paper documents the process by which the freedom of movement of workers has been established in the European Community and uses data on migrant flows and stocks to assess whether such freedom of movement has had a significant effect in increasing intra-Community migration. Although the evidence suggests that the presence of Community workers increased in newly admitted Community member States, such as the United Kingdom during the 1970s and, more recently, Greece, Portugal and Spain, the numbers involved are small in relative terms. In contrast, the enactment of freedom of movement provisions has not contributed to a noticeable increase in the outflow of workers from the poorer to the richer member States."

Demography↗
PubMed1985

International migration, remittances and real incomes: effects on the source country.

"This article deals with the impact of remittances from emigrants on real incomes for different groups in their country of origin in a two-by-two model with one traded and one nontraded good. It is shown that emigration does not necessarily raise the real income of the emigrants themselves. If the traded good is capital intensive, nonmigrant workers gain and capitalists lose, whereas if it is labor intensive, the outcome depends on what happens to the price of the nontraded good. The result of a rise is that capitalists gain and workers lose, while a fall has the opposite effect."

Demography↗
PubMed1991

International migration and welfare in the source country.

"In a recent paper, Rivera-Batiz (1982) points out that the economic effects of migration should be studied in the presence of non-traded goods in the source country.... We will show that Rivera-Batiz's explanations do not consider all the aspects of ownership and transfer of inputs by migrants. Consequently, we will show that if...additional issues are taken into account, the non-migrants can turn out to be actually better off as a result of emigration."

Commerce↗
PubMed1994

[The effects of international migration on the receiving countries, the countries of origin, and immigrants].

"This article points out that the societies who lack labour force and those who have a surplus, share common interests which may lead to organised or spontaneous migratory flows. Today, emigration is incapable of correcting the weaknesses of the socioeconomic structures of the host societies or of being a means of developing the societies of origin. The latter have in reality only benefited from 'passive' gains. In the future, countries providing labour force must endeavour to improve their understanding of the advantages of emigration for their development and take initiatives in order to improve the integration of population transfers in their economic and social development." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Household economy and gender differences in international migration: a case study of Bolivians in Argentina].

The author analyzes household economy and sex differentials among Bolivian immigrants in Argentina. "While male Bolivian (mainly from Cochabamba) immigrants come to Argentina in search of better job opportunities, female immigration does not result generally from an individual decision, but from the adjustment to family, implying a loss in status and independence as compared to their place of origin. Job opportunities for Bolivian female workers are reduced mainly on account of their poor literacy levels; thus they often work for very low wages, deprived of any social benefits." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1995

[Restructuring in Mexico and the United States and international migration].

"This article relates some of the new trends in Mexican migration to the United States to the various moments, forms and intensities of restructuring in both countries. It states that the new forms of precarious employment in Mexico have to do not just with the size of migrant flows and migrants' socioeconomic characteristics, but with the responses of host populations. It ends by stating that Mexican migrants will become more and more irritating to middle class Americans if the types of jobs being created in Mexico do not change." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1988

A note on international migration, non-traded goods and economic welfare in the source country.

"This note extends the work of Rivera-Batiz to the case where capital is collectively owned and the decision to emigrate entails both a withdrawal of labor services from the source-country and the surrender of the ownership of capital. In this framework, which seems to have wide real-world relevance for socialist, labor-managed and peasant economies, it is found that emigration helps increase the welfare of the non-migrant. This result, which seems quite robust to its specifications, is exactly the opposite of that of Rivera-Batiz and points to the need for great caution in drawing policy conclusions with regard to issues pertaining to emigration."

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International migration, "middle classness" and the state.

"This paper examines the issues of who is likely to migrate and why, and what happens when people migrate, by viewing the migratory process as a strategy formulated and implemented by networks of kin for culturally surviving the redefinitions of contemporary political systems within the context of the capitalist world economy. Specifically the argument presented is that people move across the juridical boundaries of contemporary nation-states as part of household strategies designed to maintain membership in a specific social stratum. For a substantial number this social stratum is a middle class. Self-identification with a social stratum, in other words, takes precedence over self-identification with, and commitments to, nation, region or ethnic group."

Behavior↗
PubMed1993

[International migration in Central America in the 1990s: causes, implications, and consequences].

"After [reviewing] the demographic and historical backgrounds as well as the situation in each individual country in the area, the author concludes that migrations in Central America have been originated and influenced mainly by social and economic causes, as well as by social-political conflicts in the area, the latter affecting especially El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Panama. Although bringing some relief to the families through remittances of money earned abroad, the general effects are negative for countries of origin, due to the loss of labor [and] ruptures in family relations. On the other hand, they significantly influence labor markets in the countries of destination, such as Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico and the United States. The countries in the area must now prepare themselves to receive many of those migrants back home." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1995

International migration and remittances to a Lebanese village.

"A number of hypotheses concerning remittances from foreign emigrants are developed and tested using questionnaire survey data from Lala, a Lebanese village. According to the theory, a rural family engages in an implicit insurance-type contract with the potential migrant because both are averse to risk.... Results from testing the hypotheses are somewhat consistent with the proposition that, after a period of adjustment, migrants do begin to remit, thereby providing their families with an insurance against the uncertainties of life in the country of origin. However, the level of remittances does not appear to depend on the potential to inherit from a family's wealth. Moreover, families do not seem to invest in their migrants so as to improve their farm lands and to undertake risky agricultural techniques. The long-term remittance commitment of migrants to their residual families suggests that migrants' altruism may be a more significant motivating factor than self-interest." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Asia↗
PubMed1987

International migration versus foreign investment in the presence of unemployment.

"This paper extends the standard (two-factor, one-good) model of international factor movements, to include unemployment due to a minimum-income guarantee within the capital-abundant country. From this country's perspective, we establish important departures from previous (full-employment) results. Most notably, our analysis shows that: (1) free factor mobility is worse than no mobility; (2) the optimal degree of labour migration is zero; and (3) national welfare can always be maximized by an optimal flow of capital. The analysis is then extended to examine: (1) illegal migration; (2) subsidization of employment; and (3) alternative views of unemployment."

Demography↗
PubMed1995

Data on international migration in Asia: 1990-1994.

The author reports on a project to compile and publish a comprehensive source of data on migration in Asia. The project "is the result of cooperation among editors in identifying correspondents and in designing the tables that they would ideally provide." Information is provided on workers deployed, 1990-1994; intra-regional migration flows; number of nationals abroad; foreign population; occupations of international migrants; and limitations and improvements of data collection.

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Migration and international relations: cooperation and control in the European Community.

"In this article I have developed a political-economic framework for understanding international migration in postwar Europe and the United States." The author begins by reviewing four theories of international relations and gives a short critique of their main assumptions. He "finds that international migration reveals a contradiction between the main economic purpose of the postwar international order--to promote exchange--and the national perquisites of sovereignty and citizenship."

Americas↗
PubMed1998

DNA bound to polypyrrole films: high-resolution imaging, DNA binding kinetics and internal migration.

We have studied the time-dependent uptake of 35S radiolabeled DNA with electrochemically prepared polypyrrole films. The two distinct polypyrrole film surfaces, a rough (solution polymeric growth face, R) and a smooth surface (electrode face, S) were characterized by low-resolution AFM and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These studies showed the presence of steep contours and defects in the form of large and small surface holes and valleys on the rough surface of polypyrrole. The void dimensions ranged from the nanoscale to micron size. By contrast, the smooth surface was flatter and largely devoid of significant structural defects and exhibited closer packing of the polypyrrole chains over large areas. Both surfaces were comprised largely of chains whose average diameters were 1.0-1.2 +/- 0.3 nm. The surface characterization studies were complemented by time-dependent DNA uptake studies which showed a t1/2-dependent total uptake of 35S DNA at higher levels on the rough surface compared to the smooth surface. This is consistent with the apparent higher effective surface area of the rough surface compared to the smooth. Using a proportional counter the time-dependent ratio (R/S) of the 35S DNA detected from the rough surface of the polypyrrole disk to that detected from the smooth surface suggested that DNA was migrating into the disk interior from its uptake surface. The rough side defect dimensions measured by TEM were more than sufficient to allow for the penetration and migration of DNA into the disk interior. Both R/S ratios were extrapolated and found to intersect at an R/S value close to 1.0, suggesting a kinetic process leading ultimately towards a nearly uniform radiolabeled DNA distribution in the disk. These kinetic results were in agreement with the surface characterization studies and suggest a model in which sizeable internal pores exist throughout the electrochemically prepared polypyrrole, that could account for the DNA migration effect. This was confirmed by TEM of the interior of a polypyrrole disk produced by Argon ion milling.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

Minor psychiatric morbidity and internal migration in Brazil.

Studies of non-psychotic disorders in migrants have shown inconsistent results. This paper reports the findings of a case-control study carried out in three cities in Brazil to investigate the association between migration and minor psychiatric morbidity (MPM). Two hundred and seventy-six cases and 261 controls were selected from a survey of 6740 people aged 15 years or more. Diagnoses were made using the DSM-III Symptom Checklist. A statistically significant increase in risk of MPM in migrants was found by univariate analysis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-2.57. After controlling for gender, age, educational level, marital status, place of residence and position in the labour market, the overall increase in risk of MPM disappeared (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.64-1.64), but a statistically significant increase in risk was present only in migrant unemployed women. This finding did not support models that explain risk in migrants by viewing migration as associated with cultural change and stressful life events. On the other hand, models based on the concept of selection- displacement from the labour market are more consistent with the present findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

International migration of health manpower in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper concerns itself with a few questions related to the impact of the emigration of health manpower on the health status of individuals and economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper evaluates the harmfulness of the migration from Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis leads to some observations about the effect of the quality of the migration on Africa's health care system development and the appropriateness of some of Africa's policies for controlling the migration.

Africa↗
PubMed2003

Women, international migration and self-reported health. A population-based study of women of reproductive age.

Although our knowledge of the relationship between migration and health in women is increasing, we still have a limited knowledge of the migration and health of women of reproductive age. A cross-sectional analysis of a simple random sample of 10,661 women aged 20-49 in Sweden in 1980-1985 and 9585 such women in 1992-1997 was carried out to assess their health. The risk factors for self-reported, poor health and psychosomatic complaints for female refugees and women from Finland, Southern Europe, Western countries and Sweden were examined. Country of birth was a significant risk factor for poor self-reported health and psychosomatic complaints, with women from Southern Europe, female refugees and Finnish women being at higher risk in this respect than Swedish women. The increased risk remained significant after adjustment for demographic and socio-economic factors. Swedish-born women, female refugees, and Finnish women reported poorer health and had more psychosomatic complaints (not Finns) in the 1990s than in the 1980s.

Adult↗