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Results for “Maxillofacial Development”

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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The genetic basis of normal and abnormal craniofacial development.

In recent years our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms behind animal development has increased exponentially, and it has become apparent that these mechanisms have been conserved to an astonishing extent during evolution. In this review some important groups of developmental regulatory genes are introduced, and their roles are discussed in the context of craniofacial morphogenesis. Transcription factors regulating both the identity and patterning of embryonic structures and the development of individual organs are often called master regulatory genes. These genes, as well as other transcription factors, are parts of signaling networks mediating cellular communication, including inductive interactions between nearby tissues. Experimental studies, in particular the genetic analysis of mouse development, continue to demonstrate important roles for increasing numbers of these developmental regulatory molecules, including the actual signals, their receptors, and transcription factors in the development of the jaws, cranial bones, and teeth. Molecular genetic studies have shown that mutations in the genes of the signaling networks cause a variety of human craniofacial defects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Craniofacial growth in a whole rat head transplant: how does a non-functional head grow?

To evaluate factors intrinsic to the regulation of craniofacial bone growth, we have developed a new experimental model in which the whole head of an infant rat is transplanted to the body of an isohistogenic rat by means of microvascular anastomosis. In our model, the transplanted head has neither scars nor any moving soft tissue that could modify growth around facial bones. Using this model, we evaluated the growth pattern of the craniofacial complex by means of serial roentgenographic cephalometrics. Ten transplantations were performed using 10-day-old rats as donors and 8-week-old rats as recipients. Cephalograms were taken from the lateral direction at 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after transplantation. Several reference points were selected to analyze the growth pattern. In the present study, we conclude that the size and form of the bony complex are mainly determined genetically. There is craniofacial skeletal growth in the absence of muscle function and brain growth. Further, both the nasal cartilage and the sutures appear to be autonomous growth centers having intrinsic growth potential. Genetic or epigenetic information plays an important role at the skeletal level, but it also affects the muscles through the medium of the muscular tonus responsible for posture and other related phenomena.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1990

Study of the internal structure of the infantile zygomatic bone.

External measurements of the zygomatic bone have been reported, but there are no reports on the internal structure. We studied the internal structure of the zygomatic bone and determined the changes in cortical bone width, cortical bone ratio to total cross-sectional area, and trabecular bone width through six periods of tooth growth and development. Zygomatic bone were fixed in resin and sliced, then the cross-sectional specimens were photographed with soft X-rays. The images were analyzed with an image processor. The specimens included the surrounding cortical bone and its internal spongy substance. The cortical bone width, cortical bone ratio, and trabecular bone width increased significantly from the period of deciduous dentition to the first early period of mixed dentition, but leveled off after that. This indicates that in addition to the growth and development of the zygomatic bone itself, its structure is also affected by the forces generated in the maxilla by mastication.

Bone Density↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Precocious puberty in a monozygous twin: report of case.

This report describes some effects of premature production of sex hormones observed in a boy with precocious puberty. The data presented are compared with corresponding skeletal and oral factors in an unaffected monozygous twin brother.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed1987

Earliest evidence of cartilage and bone development in embryonic life.

Some aspects of the development of cartilage and bone during embryonic life are discussed in this review and an attempt is made to show that studies of development, even when performed on species far removed from humans, are relevant to clinical orthopedic surgery. Initially, some definitions of skeletal tissues and cells are presented to illustrate the nontrivial problem of how to tell whether cells are capable of becoming osteoblasts or chondroblasts and of depositing bone or cartilage. This leads to a discussion of the best criteria to use to identify differentiating osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. Cytodifferentiation is immediately preceded by the appearance of the membranous skeleton, consisting of the mesenchymal condensations in which bone and cartilage will develop. Condensation formation in normal development and defective condensations leading to abnormal skeletogenesis are related to cellular properties of mesenchymal cells. The remainder of the review is on the development of membrane bone in the craniofacial skeleton, subperiosteal bone in embryonic avian long bones, and subperiosteal and endochondral bone in developing mammalian long bones. In each case the emphasis is on the embryologic origins of the skeletogenic cells, cell migration, and the factors and influences involved in the initiation of cell differentiation. The relevance of developing systems to clinical practice is stressed throughout.

Animals↗