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PubMed1991

[Unexplained findings in anthropologic study material from Egypt. Addenda to Herodotus' "Historian", Lib. II, 86-88 and Egyptian "Sparagmos"?].

The authors report on recently excavated mummified human remains from Buto and Minshat Abu Omar in the Nile Delta (Lower Egypt). There is evidence that besides the conventional mummification techniques described for example by Herodotus rather invasive methods have been applied, i.e. maceration and dissection of the soft tissue, partly followed by modelling the skeleton with a thin layer of mud. This practise remembers of certain mutilated anthropological material of predynastic origin discovered towards the end of the last century by W.M. Flinders Petrie, which additionally seems to show significant parallels to ancient Egyptian mythological and religious texts (Pyramid texts, Coffin texts, Book of the Dead, etc.). Probably the presented findings, dated between 700 B.C. and 400 A.D., must be explained as a local rebirth of an archaic but non-specific Egyptian custom, preceding the inauguration of mummification in Egypt. The main task of this paper is to introduce important new material and to ask those missions also involved in archaeological fieldwork in Egypt for paying special attention to this subject.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1991

Multiple personality and forensic issues.

As clinicians become more sophisticated regarding MPD, we can expect many more cases to come to the court's attention, especially among violent offenders. This is because violence and MPD have very similar origins in early extraordinary physical and sexual abuse. As offenders become more knowledgeable, we can also expect to encounter more and better malingering. At this time, however, we are far more likely to overlook the problem than we are to overdiagnose it. Why is it that MPD is recognized so infrequently in the offender population? Probably because so many of its characteristics are similar to the symptoms associated with antisocial personality. For example, amnesia for behaviors is dismissed as lying, fugue states appear to be attempts to evade justice; finding things in one's possession looks like stealing; self-mutilation and suicide attempts seem manipulative; and the use of different names at different times and in different circumstances is interpreted as the conscious use of aliases in order to evade the law. Even the dramatic, at times heart-wrenching emotional catharses relating to abuse revealed during hypnosis are so painful that the average person has difficulty accepting that they happened and, therefore, dismisses them as exaggeration or total fabrication. Most often, the diagnosis is missed because the clinician does not even consider it a possibility. In this article we have reviewed some of the ways in which courts have approached the issue of MPD and some of the problems specific to its diagnosis in forensic settings. The clinician must keep in mind that in cases in which issues of mental illness are raised, the law reflects that which it is taught by alleged experts. The case law on multiple personality is still sparse, leaving much room for new data and new interpretations of these data. The current tendency to treat each alternate as though it were a whole and responsible individual as opposed to an imaginary construct, a symptom of a mental illness, reflects the confusion among clinicians as well as attorneys regarding the phenomenon of MPD. As we continue to learn more about the disorder and its forensic implications, we must be careful to avoid presenting to the court clinical impression as fact or mythology as truth.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1991

Myths of competitive reform.

During the 1980s, private economists and government policy-makers promoted market competition as a means of controlling costs and improving quality in the health services industry. However, inflation-adjusted costs rose faster during the 1980s than during the 1970s, and most of the expected benefits were not realized. Competitive reform failed because government and private payors were unwilling or unable to force providers to compete primarily on price and quality. Despite its failure to control costs, competitive reform has created a "mythology" that continues to influence health policy to the detriment of effective reform.

Cost Allocation↗
PubMed1978

Hypoglycemia: an overview.

Hypoglycemia was not described as a human clinical syndrome until exogenous insulin was discovered. Much of our current knowledge of the symptoms of hypoglycemia derived from the reactions of schizophrenics to insulin coma therapy in the late 1920's. The diagnosis of hypoglycemia cannot be made simply on the basis of a blood glucose level since many asymptomatic persons have levels below 50 mg/100 ml. The diagnosis should be made only if symptoms occur at the glucose nadir and are relieved by the administration of glucose. The most common organic cause of hypoglycemia is functioning islet-cell tumor. By far the most prevalent type of hypoglycemia is idiopathic (function), a condition whose pathophysiology is not understood and which has given rise to a popular lay "mythology."

Adenoma, Islet Cell↗
PubMed1991

Contraception in the perimenopause.

Pregnancy in women aged 40 and above is frequently unplanned and the legal abortion rate is high in this age group. Contraception and fertility are shrouded in popular mythology and many women do not appreciate either their risk of conception or the range of methods available to prevent conception. Either hormonal or non-hormonal methods of contraception may be appropriate.

Contraception↗
PubMed1990

The healing bird.

The legend of the caladrius, a bird with prognostic and healing powers, first appeared in early Indian writings as the haridruva--a yellow bird that cured jaundice. In classical Greek mythology it was a nondescript bird but in the medieval bestiaries it became pure white. The caladrius is used in the coats of arms of the South African Medical and Dental Council and also the Medical University of Southern Africa. These appear to be the first use of this medically significant bird in modern heraldry.

Emblems and Insignia↗
PubMed1990

The M-I-D-D-L-E G-R-O-U-N-D: a model for interinstitutional integration.

This article describes the creation and implementation of a model to integrate nursing education and nursing service. This model for interinstitutional integration of professional nursing presents five areas for collaboration between service and education. Mythology, creativity, innovative planning, and systems theory are used to bring together two systems to form a new whole called M-I-D-D-L-E G-R-O-U-N-D.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1989

[The inception for the prevention of alcohol embryopathy since 3000 years ago?].

The etiology of alcoholic embryopathy-maternal use of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy-only is known about 20 years. But already 3,000 years ago the authors of the Old Testament warned the wife of Manoah to drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy (judges 13,2-25). Investigation of the historical, ethnological, ideological and mythological background of this law shows, that this text reflected ideas of social alternatives and reforms from the 9th century before our time-but not any knowledge about embryo- and fetotoxic effects of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy.

Bible↗
PubMed1988

[Magical thinking in suicidal acts].

This paper declines the anthropological and philosophical background for understanding the less understandable: suicide. Though 'understanding' (in terms of the one who wants to understand) implies the rules of its own (i.e. rationalistic) casted beyond the reefs of knowing the author tries to find traces to make up a new perspective of the horizon. With examples from his therapeutical work, and quoting mythology, and historically famous cases thinking within the terms of suicide is delined, and consequences hereof are stated.

Fantasy↗
PubMed1987

Threads of cultural nutrition: arts and humanities.

Cultural nutrition encompasses a wide sweep of food-related themes within three major categories: arts and humanities, social sciences, and biological-natural sciences. The paper, first of three, considers the arts and humanities. Topics include food and diet expressed through art, film, music, and dance. The essay then examines food and diet in representative works of literature, both ancient and modern. The place of food and diet within folklore, mythology, and religion is treated, with consideration of symbolic roles played by food throughout the human life cycle, especially with birth and infancy, coming-of-age, marriage, and death. Religion, a major theme in cultural nutrition, is explored and the food-dietary patterns of Jews, Christians, Moslems, Hindus, and Shintos are treated. Ethics and philosophy are examined as both relate to programs of international food relief and vegetarianism. The essay concludes with a review of work by historians, especially themes of famine and approaches taken to refeed populations during combat and hostilities.

Culture↗
PubMed1987

On charm.

This paper undertakes a psychoanalytic investigation of charm. Mythology, art, literature, music, high and popular culture all bear witness to the importance of charm for the human psyche. As an attribute of personality, charm gives its possessor extraordinary power since we are all susceptible to its magic. In fact charm and magic refer to the same phenomenon, the promise of blissful sleep at the breast of Mother, the omnipotent charmer. Analysts may be especially susceptible to charm with its promise of conflict-free blissful sleep. Clinical material is presented to show how analytic work on charm can yield important therapeutic results. The charm of the psychoanalytic situation provides the opportunity for a psychoanalytic understanding of charm.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Analytic therapy by the wake-dream].

The author goes through process of treatment by Robert Desoille's Wake-Dream analysis in an effort to expose the psychodynamics involved. In the first place, he approaches the problem of commencement of therapy up to the constitution of the framework inherent to the Wake-Dream. This presupposes a peculiar dissociation into several "me"; and a work method that may be thought of as progressive set up of a "personal mythology", through the various method stages, which in turn entails the task of binding and integrating every temporal and spatial dimension of psychism. The technique's therapeutic mechanics are based essentially in this work method. He also deals with the problem of transference and resistance and with the segregation of process phases just as they arise in medicine. On the basis of a text by Freud and of the aforementioned criteria, he supports the "analytical" nature of the Wake-Dream (in a sense similar to the term in psychoanalysis), in spite of the fact that the latter is not derived from psychoanalysis and is completely different from it as regards technique. Wake-Dream and psychoanalysis are bradly coincident as far as theorical hypotheses supporting them are concerned.

Dreams↗
PubMed1985

[Psychodynamic relevance of sibling relations].

Sibling relations, including the relations of both parents and children with their siblings, are of as great importance in assessing the normal or abnormal development of a child as in understanding family psychodynamics. Sibling interaction is one of the "universals" in a biography; it was even dealt with in mythology. Despite numerous studies, there is little conclusive evidence about the subjective and psychodynamic significance of birth order. Diagnostic and therapeutic assessments must be made with the particular case in mind, which also presupposes that investigators take into account resistance they themselves may have to the topic of siblings. The author discusses the points that can be of importance with regard to siblings.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1975

Kuru.

Kuru is a progressive, invariably fatal cerebellar degeneration which occurs in a limited area of the New Guinea Highlands. The word kuru is derived from a term in the Fore language meaning to shake from fear, and it stems from the trembling which is a conspicuous symptom. Few neurologic diseases have attracted the attention of specialists in so many disciplines. No rare disease can have aroused more interest among the laity. Apart from an extensive scientific and anthropological literature, kuru has been the source of inspiration to journalists and travel writers, and it even occupies a prominent position in the plot of a popular novel. The facts concerning kuru are no less remarkable than the mythology that has grown up around it.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A dialectical view of creativity.

This paper draws into alignment two time-honored psychoanalytic concepts which are addressed in diametrically different ways to the question of human origins. These are the family romance and the primal scene. Traditionally these terms have not been seen as related to each other, and while properly understood as opposites they may also be seen as complementary. Creativity offers the ideal area for certain connections to be examined. As a revision of origins by means of casting oneself as an orphan and adding another set of lofty , Olympian -style parents, the family romance also revises for the individual the critical sexual act which brought him into existence, the primal scene. It is this act of our animal heritage, from which the child is the excluded party, that also disturbingly reveals the parents in their necessarily lowly actions . Thus Freud's three-part formula can be invoked and implemented: the painful reality from which the artist turns is preeminently a primal scene; the fantasy ( daydream ) of choice to which he turns is the family romance . By working through certain accompanying, often cultural illusions, the artist finds his way back to reality, which often amounts to a corrected apprehension of the Primal Scene , archetypally the Sphinx 's riddle, the answer to which is adult sexuality and an important step toward ego-identity. Between the subjective pole of the family romance and the objective pole of the primal scene the artist's work develops. Properly specified, the two concepts serve as important organizers and regulators of creativity. In order to place creativity within a cultural context, I have examined two areas beyond the perimeters of art. Both in the psychotic condition of Schreber and in the tribal condition of the Dogon , the family romance and the primal scene exist in overlapping or undifferentiated states. I have hypothesized that in no small part the evolution of culture depends on mankind's understanding himself by learning to distinguish between supernatural and natural explanations of origins. The individual also faces the task of sorting out subjective and fanciful notions of his origin from objective and perceptual accounts. In this process he may wander afield and end up concocting his own personal mythology. The artist concentrates the subjective and objective aspects of origins around the poles of the family romance and the primal scene . In this he is not unique. But he draws on mythic and cultural traditions in such imaginative ways as to represent his fantasies indirectly and in such symbolic modes as can be most widely shared.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Transplantation of organs and tissues. The idea and practise in the course of time (author's transl)].

The idea of organ transplantation is old and can be traced back to mythology. Even the practice of skin grafting is already over two thousand years old. Nevertheless, today we are perhaps only at the beginning of the phase of broad clinical realization of transplantation surgery. It became possible by accurate scientific working out of the basic immunological problems in this century. At the present time, between the possible organ and tissue transplantations a wide range from a high probability of success (eg cornea) to extensive lack of success (eg lung, small intestine) is to be seen. This is due particularly to the still unsolved immunological problems. Among the organ transplantations in the strict sense only renal transplants can be said to be the fully recognized clinical method of treatment today.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relation between yoga and psychotherapy].

Western psychotherapy and Yoga overlap insofar as both systems are based upon religious and mythological facts, and--on the level of psychotherapeutical praxis--on the technics of hypnosis, auto- and heterosuggestions and/or meditation. It is 50 years ago that the west considered the psychotherapeutical effects of theayoga-systems, first of all of Hatha- Yoga. Even today a theoretical foundation by means of proper comparison of the two structures is missing. In present-day India Yoga fulfills psychohygienical functions without being a psychotherapy in our sense. There are various techniques of magic in use, which replace the experimental psychological-psychotherapeutical methods in the West. The acceptance of meditation could only be successful if the metaphysical and sociocultural context would be integrated at the same time. The traditional function of Yoga guarantees its continuity even in the modern industrialized society of India. Neither the theoretical nor the pratical fundaments allow a direct transfer at present.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

[Sexuality and genito-urinary cancers].

In mythological terms, cancer symbolizes death and suffering, and sexuality, on the other hand, symbolizes life and pleasure. This diagnosis whether explicit or not, calls for two-fold reflection. Firstly the individual is faced by the inexorable approach of death and is called to bury his fantasies of immortality. Secondly, it also constitutes a threat to the body-image, and this may have profound repercussions on sexuality. The author investigates the impact of genito-urinary cancers and also cancers of the breast, which are included on the basis of its symbolic nature, on the patient's personal life: conjugal dynamism, socio-professional life and, in particular, physiological changes of sexual function.

Attitude to Death↗