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PubMed1998

Role of cognitively stimulating home environment in children's academic intrinsic motivation: a longitudinal study.

The short- and long-term, and direct and indirect, relations between cognitively stimulating home environment and academic intrinsic motivation were investigated in a longitudinal study from childhood through early adolescence. Structural equations modeling was used to test the hypothesis that home environment positively predicts academic intrinsic motivation over this period. It was also hypothesized that home environmental processes would positively predict motivation controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). When children were age 8, home environment (comprising both direct observations and parent report) and SES were measured. Academic intrinsic motivation was assessed at ages 9, 10, and 13. Results supported the hypotheses. Home environment had statistically positive and significant, direct and indirect paths to academic intrinsic motivation from childhood through early adolescence, indicating both short- and long-term effects across these ages. Moreover, home environment was significant above and beyond SES. The findings revealed that children whose homes had a greater emphasis on learning opportunities and activities were more academically intrinsically motivated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The Effects of Autonomy on Motivation and Performance in the College Classroom

The goals of this study were to extend the literature about classroom autonomy in several ways. First, since previous research on autonomy has tended to focus on younger learners, we examined whether the positive effects of autonomy on motivation and performance would be replicated in a college sample. Second, we tested to see whether the well-established links between intrinsic motivation and autonomy would also be found using motivational constructs that play key roles in learning (specifically, task value, self-efficacy, and test anxiety). Third, we sought to trace the effect of autonomy on changes in student motivation over the course of a semester. Finally, we examined the role of autonomy on course performance. We found that experiences of classroom autonomy in the college classroom were more closely related to motivational factors than to performance. While the immediate experience of autonomy may not be directly facilitative of high course grades, autonomy does seem to foster intrinsic goal orientation, task value, and self-efficacy, all of which are critical components of "continuing motivation." The data presented here lend further support for the benefits of fostering autonomy within academic settings.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Constructing and Validating Motive Bridging Inferences

Understanding Jane left early for the birthday party, She spent an hour shopping at the mall requires detecting that the first statement motivates the second. The validation model states that before accepting this bridging inference, the reader validates it with reference to relevant knowledge. In particular, a mediating idea is first derived from the text outcome and its candidate motive. If the mediating idea is supported by general knowledge, then the inference has been validated. In tests of this anaylsis, experimental subjects read motive or control sequences and then answered questions probing the knowledge hypothesized to validate the motive inferences, such as Do birthday parties involve presents? Five experiments confirmed that understanding motive sequences facilitates validating knowledge. A control procedure also refuted a priming counterexplanation of these effects (Experiment 1). Validation processing obtained for motive-outcome statements separated by two to four sentences in coherent sequences (Experiments 2 to 4). Inferred and explicit validating knowledge had a similar representational status (Experiment 3). Whereas proofreading abolished the validation effect, a reading strategy promoting causal processing did not enhance it (Experiment 4). A delayed priming procedure indicated that validating knowledge is integrated with the text representation (Experiment 5). The implications of these findings for the constructionist and minimal inference analyses were explored. The validation effects were simulated using construction-integration model.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Satiation restores brood care motivation in the female mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor (Cichlidae).

The maternal mouthbrooder Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor takes up her eggs during spawning and carries them continuously in her mouth for 10-11 days at 27 degrees C. Then the young-by that time able to swim-are released from the mouth. The duration of mouthbrooding is controlled by an internal timing program in the mother [12]. In non-first-spawners brood care motivation (= readiness to take up brood into the mouth and keep it there) disappears within a few hours after brood removal. At the same time hunger-which is reduced to half of the normal level when brood care motivation is present-increases to the normal level [15]. In females without brood care motivation, satiation by food intake or by a water solution of 15 mg/l diethylpropion (an anorectic amphetamine-derivative), restores brood care motivation during a sensitive period of approximately 11 days after spawning. The point of release of adopted brood from the mouth depends on the duration of previous brood deprivation, but not on the state of brood care motivation nor on the hunger state during brood deprivation. The results suggest that above a certain level hunger inhibits brood care motivation. By contrast, the hunger state seems not to influence internal timing of mouthbrooding.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Emergency department brief motivational interventions for alcohol with motor vehicle crash patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study compares the effect of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster given to emergency department (ED) patients with subcritical injuries from a motor vehicle crash with the effect of brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster in patients treated for non-motor vehicle crash-related injuries. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial (n=539) was conducted at an urban Level I trauma center of brief intervention (1 ED session of brief intervention), brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster (1 ED session plus booster session), or standard care for injured ED patients with an alcohol use problem who were being discharged home. At 12 months, alcohol-related negative consequences and injuries were measured. We performed a secondary analysis comparing motor vehicle crash-injured patients and non-motor vehicle crash-injured patients in the study sample. RESULTS: Subcritically injured ED patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol use who received brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster had fewer alcohol-related negative consequences and alcohol-related injuries than those receiving brief intervention or standard care at 12-month follow-up (previously reported). A secondary analysis of this result showed that motor vehicle crash patients (n=133) given brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster (n=34) had fewer alcohol-related injuries than those receiving standard care (n=46; P =.001). Moreover, there were no significant differences in alcohol-related injuries among the non-motor vehicle crash-injured patients who received brief intervention or standard care. CONCLUSION: Brief motivational intervention for alcohol plus a booster is a useful intervention for subcritically injured ED patients with harmful or hazardous alcohol use. Its effects may be moderated by the cause of injury.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

[The feeling of responsibility as core motivation for care giving--why daughters care for their mothers].

The willingness of daughters to care for their mothers in Germany is still very high. Time and again daughters cite as reasons a certain self-evidence and a moral duty as core and relatively unspecific motives. A reconstructing case study which had as primary goal the analysis of the transition from daughter to caregiving daughter (Geister, 2004) offered the possibility to research the motives of these women more precisely. This paper, which focuses on only one aspect of the study, shows the correlation between the feeling of responsibility and the motivation to caregiving, utilizing the example of two women. The data was obtained by biographical narrative interviews with twelve caregiving daughters. Evaluation was done in accordance with the method of biographical case reconstruction by Gabriele Rosenthal (1987; 1995). The results of the two case reconstructions led to the conclusion that the motivation of these women to care for their mothers was embedded in their life history. These findings also apply to the other ten interviewed women. During the course of their lives a feeling of responsibility arose usually long before the necessity for caregiving occurred. The feeling of responsibility nurtured the development of a caring attitude towards the mother, which was expressed in caring and increasingly help providing activities by the daughter. Caregiving embodied the intensification of this responsibility motivated care. The awareness of personal responsibility for the mother implicits the acceptance of possible caregiving. Further concept developments about the support for caregiving daughters should more strongly consider their individual motives of responsibility.

Caregivers↗
PubMed2006

Symptoms, clinical and physiological findings motivating home mechanical ventilation in patients with neuromuscular diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the relationship between symptoms, clinical signs and physiological abnormalities that were motivating the initiation of home mechanical ventilation in patients suffering from neuromuscular diseases. METHODS: From The Swedish Home Mechanical Ventilation Register we identified 352 patients with neuromuscular diseases and we looked at circumstances (acute vs elective) and clinical motives for starting ventilatory support. RESULTS: Home mechanical ventilation was commenced electively in 268 patients (76%) and among these daytime sleepiness was the most common motive, being reported in 56% of the patients. In the 24 children with spinal muscular atrophy, however, 96% started ventilation electively and cough insufficiency was the most common motive. The patients were moderately hypercapnic (PaCO(2): 7.0 kPa, SD 1.3). None of the clinical motives were related to the PaCO(2) level. Average PaO(2) was above 8 kPa in all groups, but lowest in the patients with post-polio and dystrophia myotonica. Mean vital capacity was close to 40% of predicted, but significantly lower in the Duchenne patients (26% of predicted). CONCLUSION: Daytime sleepiness was the most common clinical symptom motivating home mechanical ventilation in this group of patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency secondary to neuro/myopathies. Respiratory function testing is therefore suggested to be included in the diagnostic work up of daytime sleepiness in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Motive force of the migrating pseudoplasmodium of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum.

Motive forces of migrating pseudoplasmodia (slugs) of Dictyostelium discoideum were determined by application of a double-chamber method. The motive force of a whole slug was proportional to its volume, the value per unit volume being 5.85 x 10(-6) dyne/cm3 (58.5 N cm-3). The motive force was independent of temperature (13.5--26 degrees C) and decreased during prolonged migration. Motive force per unit volume of an anterior isolate of a slug was much larger than that of a posterior isolate, their weighted mean being approximately equal to that of a whole slug. These results agree well with the predictions previously made using a model based on analyses of migrating velocities of slugs. The motive force per unit volume of either isolate was soon regulated to reach the normal value of an intact slug after several hours of isolation, concurrently with conversion of cell types between prestalk and prespore cells. The possibility that motive force of each cell is determined by its cell type is discussed in relation to cell sorting.

Dictyostelium↗
PubMed1982

The motive force of the migrating pseudoplasmodium of Dictyostelium discoideum under dark and light conditions.

As a contribution to the understanding of the mechanism of the collective motion of the cell mass in the migrating pseudoplasmodium its motive force has been determined. The measurements in the present paper were made by an original method using centrifugal force. The maximum value of the motive force of a migrating pseudoplasmodium in the dark was estimated as 0.6-1.6 dyn. This value is comparable to the motive force of protoplasmic streaming in Physarum polycephalum. In addition, the motive force in phototactic migration, which has not previously been estimated, was measured. Illumination from the front increased the motive force, whereas illumination from the back produced the opposite results. That is to say, illumination could directly influence the motive force. Furthermore, some interesting results were obtained by measuring the changes in the velocity of the pseudoplasmodia placed under four conditions (combinations of illuminated or non-illuminated, and parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the external force). These results suggest the necessity of taking into consideration the direct effect of light upon the motility of the cells in the migrating pseudoplasmodium.

Cell Movement↗
PubMed2000

Confrontational analysis of motivation in medical terminology.

The work was directed to emphasize the role of motivation in the process of term formation in medicine. The authors present a confrontational analysis of a sample of medical terms. The aim of analysis is to show motivation in term formation in six different languages, that is in English, German, Russian, Slovak, Spanish and Latin. It is emphasized that there is a broad influence of ancient Greek and Latin terms, the basic source of much of our medical terminology. As for the motivation, terms are divided into three groups: the terms with direct, indirect and neutral motivation. The groups show different portions of motivation in the formation of the terms. The result of the analysis is the discovery that in the six compared languages, there are applied the same motivation elements, which are expressed by means of the same language elements. (Ref. 22.)

Linguistics↗
PubMed1992

Motivational congruency and discrepancy between certified athletic trainers and noncertified student athletic trainers in the state of hawaii.

In March 1992, a survey to assess motivational preference was sent to all certified athletic trainers who were practicing in the State of Hawaii and all noncertified student athletic trainers who were enrolled in the athletic training curriculum at the University of Hawaii. The return rate was 80% for certified athletic trainers and 100% for student athletic trainers. The findings of the study indicated that a motivational discrepancy exists for the following motivational stems: freedom on the job, job growth, benefits and wages, being appreciated, helping the organization obtain goals, receiving raises, being an integral part of the work team, job security, and feedback on job performance (p <.05). Further, the study indicated differences in rating the importance of motivators between the certified and the student athletic trainers concerning freedom on the job, opportunity for advancement, benefits and wages, and job security (p <.05). The differences in motivational factors between the two groups indicated that the students are more concerned with intrinsic types of motivators and less concerned with extrinsic rewards. Further investigation needs to include mainland populations and students in approved/accredited curriculums.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of motivational and emotional aspects of work on the structure of operator's errors].

The paper studies a motivation effect on an effectiveness of occupational activities of the operators with a different level of anxiety. To do this, the role of professional motivation under co-existence of competing motives as well as the dynamics of interactions of the operators with different level of anxiety under complicated working conditions have been studied. It is indicated that the results of operator activity depends on hierarchical structure of motivation sphere. Emotional tension induced by the main motive may lead to an increment of by-work failures. In a motives conflict situation highly anxious operators are more immune to disturbances than the low anxious persons. A reliability of joint activity of the operators exhibiting a close level of anxiety is higher than in operators with different values of an anxiety level.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Virtual Reality Education for Hospitalized Pediatric Patients Improves Intrinsic Motivation: A Prospective, Randomized Crossover Study.

Hospitalized children experience educational disruption and reduced motivation during prolonged admissions. Despite the availability of in-hospital schools, many cannot participate due to illness severity or isolation precautions. This pragmatic, randomized crossover trial evaluated whether bedside virtual reality (VR) lessons improve intrinsic motivation among inpatients aged 5 to 25 years unable to attend the hospital school. Participants completed both VR-based educational sessions and standard of care (SOC) conditions on consecutive days. The primary outcome was intrinsic motivation, with secondary outcomes including educational self-efficacy, well-being, self-esteem, and parental experience. Of 156 enrolled patients, 100 were analyzed (mean age 11.5 [SD = 4.1 years]; 43.9% female). Intrinsic motivation scores were higher in the VR condition than SOC (P = .0048), and parental satisfaction was also greater (P = .0008). Bedside VR education represents a feasible, acceptable, and scalable adjunct to inpatient learning, supporting intrinsic motivation and caregiver satisfaction during hospitalization.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05725395, date first registered November 22, 2022.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Motivational deficit in childhood depression and hyperactivity.

A recent theory states that the immediate cause of adult depression is low motivation, where motivation is the multiplicative product of a person's expectation for a reward times his value for that reward. The present experiment supported the extension of this theory to childhood depression. The expectations, values, and motivations of three groups of children (Ns = 18; mean ages = 10) were measured: A depressed group and a hyperactive control group were selected from a population of clinically disturbed children, while normal controls were selected from regular classrooms. As predicted, the depressed children exhibited reduced motivation, primarily because their expectations were pessimistic. Unexpected findings were that the depressives' expectations were not abnormally irrational; and that hyperactives exhibited optimistic expectations, inflated values, and, hence, inflated motivation--especially for tangible rewards. Cognitive therapy techniques that focus upon expectations were recommended for the treatment of both depressed and hyperactive children.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Motivating factors for male forensic patients with personality disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Treatability is currently a crucial component for detention under the Mental Health Act (England and Wales) for the Psychopathic Disorder (personality disorder) classification and there is continuing debate about the nature and assessment of treatability of individuals with personality disorder. Previous research has identified motivation to engage in treatment as a significant factor in the assessment of treatability; however, motivation is not a static predictor but a state of readiness or eagerness to change, which may fluctuate from one time or situation to another. While previous studies have explored factors within the individual that are used to assess treatability, this study aims to explore what, if any, aspects of an inpatient forensic setting influence patients' motivation to engage in treatment. METHOD: The study examines patients' experiences of engaging in treatment in an inpatient forensic Personality Disorder Directorate using a qualitative approach to identify possible service-, ward- and therapist-level influences on patients' motivation to engage. RESULTS: Preliminary categories were identified across the data, including: support, treatment, safety, external belief, belonging, internal motivation and therapeutic relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for the service are identified and areas for further qualitative exploration are highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The compensatory role of food-motivation in the maze learning performance of lactationally undernourished rats.

To test the hypothesis that the motivational effects of neonatal undernutrition might conceal the detrimental effects on learning, we tested previously undernourished and normally nourished Sprague-Dawley rats on learning of a novel maze pattern under either latent learning (nonappetitive) or food-motivated conditions. Under the nonappetitive conditions, the previously undernourished rats learned significantly less than the normal controls, but when motivated for food, the undernourished rats performed as well as the controls. When learning performance measures are sensitive to motivation, differential motivation between undernourished and normal subjects must be controlled or eliminated.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders: a pilot study.

UNLABELLED: Eating disorder patients are notoriously ambivalent about treatment and often lack motivation to change. These characteristics may decrease the number of patients entering treatment and increase the number of patients dropping out of treatment prematurely. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this pilot study was to develop and evaluate a motivational enhancement therapy (MET) group program for eating disorder patients. The goal of the MET intervention was to increase participants' motivation to change, which might be expected to increase the success of future treatment of patients with eating disorders. METHOD: Nineteen individuals who were referred for specialized treatment took part in the study. The intervention was based on existing literature in the field of addictions and modified for eating disorders. RESULTS: The motivational measures suggested that the participants' motivation to change increased following the intervention. A decrease in depressive symptoms and an increase in self-esteem were also found. DISCUSSION: The results of this study suggest that MET could be valuable for the treatment of eating disorder patients and provide a rationale to conduct further research in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Motivational patterns of management team members in a large hospital.

Management teams have been introduced as a means of solving conflicts and providing highly required co-ordination between professional groups, sub-units and their individual leaders in large, complex organizations such as hospitals. This study examines the motivational patterns of the three members of management teams of four clinical departments at a large university hospital. A strong professionalism was the dominant motivational orientation of all nurse managers (nursing directors of the clinics) and to a great extent also of the physician managers (head physicians of the clinics). The business managers' dominant motivational pattern was hierarchy in two out of the four teams, and professionalism in two teams. The respective comparison groups had rather similar motivational patterns in common with their leaders: ordinary physicians and nurses had a professional and administrative staff hierarchic orientation. The comparison group of mid-level managers from private firms was also hierarchically oriented, although task orientation was also often high in their motivational pattern. The results are consistent with the educational background and differences in the tasks of the groups studied. The role of different professional cultures in determining and designing efficiently functioning management teams is an important task for further research.

Conflict, Psychological↗